The prediction of subjective wellness among the old-old: implications for the "fourth-age" conception.
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):719-29. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbt052. Epub
2013 Jun 5.The prediction of subjective wellness among the old-old: implications for the "fourth-age" conception.1, 2, 3, 4, 3.1School of Psychological Sciences and Herczeg Institute on Aging, Tel Aviv University, Israel. shmotkin@post.tau.ac.il.2The Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.3Herczeg Institute on Aging, Tel Aviv University, Israel.4Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.AbstractOBJECTIVES: As the "fourth-age" conception suggests that the adaptability of psychosocial capabilities is disrupted at old-old age due to failures in maintaining balanced functions, this study examines the predictability of subjective wellness outcomes by factual dysfunction markers of health among old-old people across 12 years.METHOD: Participants were self-respondents in a 3-wave survey that sampled the older (age 75-94) Jewish population in Israel. Wave 1 (N = 1,369, mean age = 83.5) preceded Wave 2 (N = 687, mean age = 85.4) by 4 years and Wave 3 (N = 164, mean age = 91.6) by 12 years.RESULTS: The dysfunction markers (comorbidity, medication consumption, doctor's visits, and difficulties in activities of daily living [ADL]) predicted subjective wellness by relating to an increase in depressive symptoms, as well as to a decrease in life evaluation and self-rated health, beyond adjustment for sociodemographics. However, in most cases, an interaction finding indicated that dysfunction markers were weaker predictors of age-related change in subjective wellness among older participants.DISCUSSION: At old-old age, the results point to reduced predictability of subjective wellness by factual dysfunction. This finding supports the fourth-age model. Still, researchers should consider an alternative interpretation, by which increasing independence between factual and subjective indicators is protective, rather than debilitating, among old-old people.(C) The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals..KEYWORDS: A D F Old- Subjective wellness.PMID:
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] The relationships between dysfunction markers and (a) depressive symptoms, (b) life evaluation, and (c) self-rated health (in T scores) as a function of age (younger and older participants are defined as being 1 SD less than and more than the mean age, respectively).J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. ):719-729.Publication TypesMeSH TermsGrant SupportFull Text SourcesMedical
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External link. Please review our .The Fourth Power and the Fourth Root of 2x2 Matrix--《Journal of Changchun Teachers College》2003年02期
The Fourth Power and the Fourth Root of 2x2 Matrix
ZHAO Hong (Department of Mathematics,Changchun Teachers College,Changchun 130032,China)
In this paper, we give the expressions of the fourth power and the relationship among the elements of the fourth power of a 2x2 matrix and also discuss the existing conditions and expressions of the fourth root of the matrix.
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The fourth round of heavy smog to hit Beijing in four weeks has sent more people to the hospital with respiratory（呼吸的） illnesses and led to calls for laws to control the pollution.Pan Shiyi, a celebrity real estate developer said he is planning to propose (提案) a Clean Air Act to the local government. As a representative to the Beijing Municipal People's Congress, he started an online survey at 9:20 a.m. Within three hours, more than 25,000 web users, or 99 percent of total respondents（应答者）, welcomed his proposal on Sina Weibo, China's Twitter.They have good reasons to stand alongside Pan. The latest round of haze（雾霾）reduced visibility to under 500 meters in many parts of the city. The smog has also led to a great increase in respiratory illnesses, particularly among children and the elderly. Anxious parents and doctors almost all blame the smoggy air for the illnesses. Though most schoolchildren are home for the winter holidays, the bad air can easily move indoors. Besides, ordinary medical masks fail to provide adequate protection, so some people have turned to gas masks and respirators（呼吸器）.The causes of the scary smog are rather mysterious, though experts blame excessive emissions and the mountains around Beijing that trap pollution in winter, unless there is adequate wind to clear it away. Some critics have pointed fingers at China’s top two oil firms, China National Petroleum Corp and China Petrochemical Corporation, saying the companies’ outdated production technologies produce large quantities of substandard, high-polluting gas fuel.Meanwhile, concerned Beijingers have moved their brainstorming sessions to cyberspace. If Pan’s proposal for a Clean Air Act is adopted, netizens say the new law should include items providing for “car-free days” in times of smog, higher standards for vehicle fuel, stricter restrictions on industrial and exhaust gas emissions, and more effective protection for the public.Beijing is not the only city that has ever lost the blue sky. Five days of thick fog caused thousands of deaths in Britain in December 1952, urging the government to pass the first Clean Air Act in 1956, which introduced smokeless zones and cleaner fuels to reduce pollution. That may provide some experience for Beijing to refer to.【小题1】What can we learn from the passage?A．People are clear about the causes of the smoggy weather.- ^" U4 I2 S( G% L2 Y9 e B．Children staying indoors will not get respiratory illnesses.( E" Y* Z4 c, ?( B1 P6 _/ ^ C．Smog is worse for people with lower resistance to diseases.$ ?( J0 ?& \8 L4 j3 c D．Masks can give people protection against the smoggy weather./ c- _9 O
i3 @9 @8 J- ^ 【小题2】Britain is mentioned in the last paragraph to ______.A．suggest Beijing should learn from other countries* R' b
i3 Z" V8 J" \ B．let people know many places have this problem$ f
`5 ^( c4 \) V# M- `$ `0 V5 B C．tell people the situation in Britain is worse7 ^: ?& V* D$ E# L% _/ K$ c D．call on the government to pass Britain’s Clean Air Act- K; Z! W1 D/ j( g, X# f 【小题3】What’s the best title for this passage？A．The Use of Gas masks and Respirators( R0 j, D* i8 Q B．Beijingers Call for Clean Air Act 7 c3 e5 Z) h# A$ N' ?; I C．Effective Protection for Blue Sky4 c+ Q; H7 D
`# e$ P$ I D．The Mysterious Causes of the Scary Smog1 g$ C2 a' E3 [" W1 g+ I, Q5 i4 h
答案【小题1】C【小题2】A【小题3】B
解析试题分析：本文叙述了北京由于连续几天的雾霾天气，引起了一些人的呼吸道疾病，也引起了一些人的呼吁的心声，让中国立法来控制中国的严重的污染，得到了网民的大量拥护。中国可以借鉴英国的措施来治理污染。【小题1】推理判断题。根据The smog has also led to a great increase in respiratory illnesses, particularly among children and the elderly.可知雾霾,对疾病的抵抗力较低的人是更糟的，故选C。【小题2】细节理解题。根据That may provide some experience for Beijing to refer to.故选A。【小题3】标题归纳题。根据全文可知北京人呼吁立法来治理污染，故选B。考点：环保类短文阅读。点评：标题是文章中心思想的精炼表达，多为词组或短语，涵盖性强。做这类题目时，要在阅读全文的基础上，以文章话题为核心，通过比较选项的概括性或覆盖面，得出正确的标题。正确标题的归纳范围要恰如其分，避免过于具体或断章取义。错误的干扰往往是局部信息，以事实，细节替代，概括大意。