TPO 12 Lecture 3　Music history　　Narrator　　Listen to part of a lecture in a music history class. The professor has been　　discussing Opera. 　　Professor　　The word opera means work, actually it means works. It’s the plural of the word　　opus from the Latin. And in Italian it refers in general to works of art. Opera　　Lyric or lyric of opera refers to what we think of as opera, the musical drama.　　Opera was commonplace in Italy for almost thousands of years before it　　became commercial as a venture. And during those years, several things　　happened primarily linguistic or thematic and both involving secularization.　　Musical drama started in the churches. It was an educational tool. It was used　　primarily as a vehicle for teaching religion and was generally presented in the　　Latin, the language of the Christian Church which had considerable influence　　in Italy at that time. But the language of everyday life was evolving in Europe　　and at a certain point in the middle ages it was really only merchants, Socratics　　and clergy who can deal with Latin. The vast majority of the population used 　　their own regional vernacular in all aspects to their lives. And so in what is now　　Italy, operas quit being presented in Latin and started being presented in　　Italian. And once that happened, the themes of the opera presentations also　　started to change. And musical drama moved from the church to the plaza right　　outside the church. And the themes again, the themes changed. And opera　　was no longer about teaching religion as it was about satire and about　　expressing the ideas of society your government without committing yourself　　to writing and risking imprisonment or persecution, or what have you.　　Opera, as we think of it, is of course a rather restive form. It is the melodious　　drama of ancient Greek theater, the term ‘melodious drama’ being shortened　　eventually to ‘melodrama’ because operas frequently are melodramatic, not to　　say unrealistic. And the group that put the first operas together that we have　　today even, were, they were…well…it was a group of men that included Gallo　　Leo’s father Venchesil, and they met in Florence he and a group of friends of　　the counts of the party and they formed what is called the Camarola Dayir　　Bardy. And they took classical theater and reproduced it in the Renaissance’s　　time. This…uh…this produced some of the operas that we have today.　　Now what happened in the following centuries is very simple. Opera originated　　in Italy but was not confined to Italy any more than the Italians were. And so as　　the Italians migrated across Europe, they carried theater with them and opera　　specifically because it was an Italian form. What happened is that the major　　divide in opera that endures today took place. The French said opera　　auto-reflect the rhythm and Kevin of dramatic literature, bearing in mind that　　we are talking about the golden age in French literature. And so the music was　　secondary, if you will, to the dramatic Kevin of language, to the way the rhythm　　of language was used to express feeling and used to add drama and of course　　as a result instead of arias or solos, which would come to dominated Italian　　opera. The French relied on that what is the Italian called French Word 1 or　　French Word 2 in English. The lyrics were spoken, frequently to the　　accomp**nt of a harpsichord.　　The French said you really cannot talk about real people who lived in opera　　and they relied on mythology to give them their characters and their plots,　　mythology, the past old traditions, the novels of chivalry or the epics of chivalry　　out of the middle Ages. The Italian said, no this is a great historical tool and　　what a better way to educate the public about Neo or Attalla or any number of　　people than to put them into a play they can see and listen to. The English　　appropriated opera after the French. Opera came late to England because all 　　theaters, public theaters were closed, of course, during their civil war. And it　　wasn’t until the restoration in 1660 that public theaters again opened and　　opera took off. The English made a major adjustment to opera and exported　　what they had done to opera back to Italy. So that you have this circle of　　musical influences, the Italians invented opera, the French adapted it, the　　English adopted it, and the Italians took it back.　　It came to America late and was considered to elites for the general public. But　　Broadway musicals fulfilled a similar function for a great long while. George　　Champon wrote about opera, “If an extraterrestrial being or two appear before　　us and say, what is your society like, what is this Earth thing all about, you　　could do worse than take that creature to an opera.” Because opera does, after　　all, begin with a man and a woman and any motion
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1&woman:i’m&not&swimming&in&the&lake&unless&it&warms&up&outside&today.& man:me&neither.unfortunately&I&think&it’s&supposed&to&stay&as&cold&all&day.& Q:What&can&be&inferred&about&the&speakers?& 2&man:that&sweater&is&so&unusual,and&yet&it&looks&familiar.Did&I&just&see&& you&& wearing&it&yesterday?& woman:well,not&me.but...see,it&belongs&to&my&roommate&Jill,and&she&is&in&& your&chemistry&class.& Q:What&does&the&woman&imply?& 3&woman:this&toothache&is&killing&me!&i&was&hoping&it&would&just&go&away&& but&it’s&getting&worse&by&the&minute.&what&did&you&say&the&name&of&your&& dentise&was?& man:i&told&you&last&week&to&make&that&appointment.& Q:what&does&the&man&imply?& 4&man:you&wanna&go&to&a&lecture&tonight&over&int&he&science&auditorium?it’s&& some&guy&who&spent&a&year&living&in&antarctica.& woman:no&kidding!i’m&doing&a&report&on&Antarctica&for&my&geography&& class.maybe&i&can&get&some&good&information&to&add&to&it.& Q:what&does&the&woman&mean?& 5&woman:i’d&really&like&to&learn&how&to&play&chess,&but&it&looks&so&& complicated.it&seems&like&it&will&take&a&really&long&time&to&learn.& man:well,it&takes&a&long&time&to&get&good&at&it.but&we&can&go&over&the&& basics&the&afternoon&if&you&want.& Q:what&does&the&man&imply?& 6&man:d&you&think&u&can&lend&me&that&novel&when&you&are&finished&with&it?& I’ve&benn&looking&all&over&for&a&copy,but&apparently&it&sold&out&at&all&the&& bookstores.& woman:oh,it’s&not&mine.it&belongs&to&Alive.but&i’ll&see&what&she&says.& Q:what&will&hte&woman&problaly&do?& 7&woman:umm...are&you&going&to&try&some&of&this&chocolate&pudding?it’s&& incredible.& man:well,&to&be&honest&with&you,i’ve&never&been&a&big&fan&of&chocolate.& Q:what&does&the&man&imply?& 8&woman:&why&don’t&we&go&catch&the&new&Italian&film&at&the&Pin&Street&& cinema?& man:that’s&a&little&out&of&the&way,don’t&u&think?it’s&playing&just&up&the&& street&of&the&Grow&of&Two,you&know.& Q:what&does&the&man&suggest&they&do?& 9&woman:hi,i&know&Doctor&Wilson’s&out&of&town&at&a&conference,but&i&was&& wondering...um...since&she&won’t&be&back&till&next&week,if&u...if&u&could&& check&in&your&computer&records&"n"(and)&find&out&how&i&did&on&her&mid-term&& exam?& man:i’m&sorry,miss.but&i’m&not&authorized&to&give&out&that&kind&of&& information.& Q:what&does&the&man&mean?& 10&man:you&wouldn’t&believe&the&line&at&the&auto&inspection&center.i&waited&& more&than&two&hours&to&get&through&it.& woman:that’s&what&u&get&for&waiting&until&the&last&day&of&the&month.& Q:what&does&the&woman&imply?& 11&woman:&you&know,&i’ll&be&conducting&my&psychololgy&experiment&this&Sat.&& and&i’m&going&to&have&my&hands&full.so&i&was&sondering&if&you&could&help&& me.maybe&you&could&register&the&subjects&and&ask&’em(them)&a&few&questions&& as&they&come&in.& man:i’ve&got&some&work&of&my&own&to&do.but&i&guess&i&can&make&some&& time.just&let&me&know&what&i’m&supposed&to&do.& Q:what&does&the&man&mean?& 12&woman:&did&you&ever&get&around&to&cashing&that&refund&check&from&the&& bookstore?& man:oh,gosh!you&konw&what,i&must’ve&misplaced&that&in&my&desk&somewhere.&& but&thanks&for&reminding&me.my&funds&are&running&low,so&i’d&better&idn&it&& soon.& Q:what&will&the&man&probably&do?& 13&woman:&it&sounds&like&Kare&isn’t&happy&at&allwith&her&new&roommate.did&& she&say&why?& man:believe&me,i&tried&to&find&out.but&i&simply&couldn’t&pin&her&down.& Q:what&does&the&man&mean?& 14&woman:oh,Professor&Jackson,I&was&wondering...but&uh...well,if&uh...if&i&& had&a&chance&yet&to&uh...lookat&my&thesis&proposal?& man:well,i&know&you&gave&it&to&me&over&a&week&ago,but&to&be&honest,i&have&& been&swamped&with&other&things.& Q:what&does&the&professor&imply?& 15&woman:that’s&a&shame&about&your&car.talk&about&bad&timing!& man:yeah.and&just&a&few&months&ago&i&put&400&dollars&into&it&and&i&hoped&it&& would&make&it&through&another&year.& Q:what&can&be&inferred&about&the&man’s&car?& 16&man:this&stew&is&delicious.i’d&love&to&be&able&to&make&it&myself& woman:&why&not?&you&can&get&all&the&ingredients&at&any&supermarket.here,let&& me&get&a&pencil&and&paper.& Q:what&will&te&woman&probably&do&next?& 17&woman:so&how&was&the&dramma&club’s&new&production&last&night?&did&i&miss&& out&on&anything&good?& man:hardly,i&kept&looking&at&my&watch&the&whole&time.& Q:what&does&the&man&mean?& 18&woman:i&feel&you&haven’t&gotten&that&program&to&run&on&your&computer&& yet.want&me&go&over&the&instruction&manual&with&you?& man:that&would&be&great.&you&need&a&Ph.D.&to&understand&it.& Q:What&can&be&inferred&about&the&man?& 19&woman:how&do&i&get&one&of&those&green&buckets&everyone&here&puts&out&of&& the&curb&ofr&paper&recycling?& man:oh,just&call&up&the&sanitation&department,the’ll&deliver&a&bucket&at&no&& charge.& Q:what&does&the&man&suggest&the&woman&do?& 20&man:there’s&nothing&i&like&better&to&get&me&started&in&the&morning&than&& a&big&breakfast,eggs,bacon,homefried&potatoes...& woman:not&me!all&that&fatty&food&will&give&me&a&stomachache.i&prefer&& something&light,like&fruit&or&a&yogurt.& Q:what&does&the&woman&mean?& 21&woman:what’s&the&problem,paul?you&really&look&panicked.& man:i&am&speaking&to&a&group&of&high&school&students&about&engineering&this&& afternoon.but&i&have&no&idea&how&i&am&going&to&simplify&some&of&the&& soncepts&for&them.& Q:what&can&be&infeered&about&the&man?& 22&woman:well,&i&am&never&doing&this&again!seven&courses&in&one&semester&is&& just&too&much.i&don’t&have&a&minute&to&myself!& man:wlel&i&hate&to&say&this,but&...i&told&you&so.& Q:what&does&the&man&mean?& 23&woman:do&you&think&we&can&use&your&pickup&truck&to&take&the&telescopes&& out&to&the&field&again&this&weekend?& man:to&be&honest,i’ve&got&a&lot&of&dents&in&my&truck&from&the&last&field&& trip.maybe&someone&else&can&help&out&this&time.& Q:what&does&the&man&imply?& 24&man:d&you&think&Dr.Luby&will&lead&a&theater&trip&to&Broadway&in&New&York&& City&again&this&year?& woman:i&don’t&think&so.&i&know&so!and&i’ve&already&signed&up&for&it.& Q:what&does&the&woman&mean?& 25&woman:tomorrow&we&are&having&our&first&test&in&my&history&class.i’m&& really&worried&about&it.you’ve&taken&one&of&Dr.Parker’s&tests,haven’t&u?i&& hear&they’re&impossilbe&to&pass.& man:i&don’t&know&who&you’ve&been&talking&to.my&experience&was&just&the&& opposite.& Q:what&does&the&man&imply?& 26&man:i&haven’t&turned&on&my&air-ocnditioner&at&all&this&summer.& woman:that’s&surprising,considering&how&hot&it’s&been&lately.& Q:what&does&the&woman&find&surprising?& 27&woman:hey,congratulations&on&winning&the&essay&contest.that&thousand-& dollar&prize&money&should&really&come&in&handy.& man:you&bet!i’ve&already&put&it&aside&to&cover&the&increase&my&landlord&& just&announced&for&next&year.& Q:what&does&the&man&mean?& 28&woman:you&know,we&never&went&over&chapter&16&in&class.&what&do&you&think&& the&odds&are&that&Dr.&Bomb&will&include&it&ont&he&test?& man:he’s&been&long&to&do&things&like&that.&so&i&wouldn’t&put&it&past&him& Q:what&does&the&man&say&about&Dr.Bomb?&
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