在OG里test1的听力里business management那篇 里提到的by function
在沪江关注出国留学的沪友anni0415遇到了一个关于新托福的疑惑，并悬赏15沪元，已有2人提出了自己的看法。
知识点疑惑描述：
company structure...不太明白
最佳知识点讲解
知识点相关讲解
我不会是上词典查的，希望对你有帮助。。。company
：公司。陪伴。
而structure
的意思是 。结构，建筑。你看看对你有没有用哦。
—— 王语妍
一种公司是按功能分类的 比如 财务部门 行政部门 销售部门
另一种公司是按项目分的
比如项目A团队
—— kikoydl
相关其他知识点
CopyRight & 沪江网 2015&SAT语法OG解析——TEST&5
1. Having done...S V O表示having done这个动作发生在V之前。即come this
far发生在did not之前，所以选C。
doing...S V O表示两个动作同时发生
to do...S V O表示to do的动作在未来发生。
2. 虚拟语气，与过去事实虚拟。
3.就前原则，of前面是effects复数和句意排除ABDE
4.A缺动词，B whether＞if，C 中whether信息丢失，Dwhether信息修饰。
注意：SAT语法中，be动词以及及物动词后如果接从句，要么接that从句，要么接whether从句。
5.推崇句型S V O,doing/done。
A选项插入语，缺动词。B选项缺动词，C选项did后面不可以接it，只能接so或such，E选项run-on句型
6.having/this作代词都是自杀词。
7.主语有and，复数，接复数动词。排除CE，B选项the one who is
reading啰嗦，D选项reading冗余
8.推崇句型A/An +N. S V O,同位语优先。
9.因果关系优先because
10.A选项which就近指代出错，B选项两个it谁指代谁不清楚，C选项make sth. do sth.不可以接to
do，E选项and没有平行，并且by lasting的lasting没有主语。尽管D出现了its
lasting，但是ABCE都有语法错误，所以语法＞简洁性。
11.固定搭配：the reason is that，A选项it单复数指代出错。
16. how to preserve，表示的目的
17.连词意思错，when改为because
21. B改为to catch，固定搭配use sth. to do sth.
25. with改为and，考察a with b和a and b的区别，a and b两者都为重点，a with
文章结构：
第一段：关键词Letter，第三句为主旨句。
第二段：提出事例the pastons
第三段：深入分析历史背景，但没有提到letters
第四段：回归letters将事例与主题结合。
30. 关键词no,典型response标志词。
第三句关键词letters，第四句关键词：book，能够将两者联系起来的只有A。并且前后为并列关系，并没有转折关系。
32. 合并句子高频答案：主从句。前后两句为解释说明关系，后面的句子就是解释the
pastons的，所以最简洁的合并方式就是主从句。
33. 第六句为第三段主旨，表明各地之间交流困难，并且有时间标志词middle
ages，连接两句最和谐的应该举出时间标志，所以选择E
34. 做题技巧：直接更改代词。
35. 第三段为背景介绍，第一段为想象，全篇都用第一人称，最后一段直接引用。
section 10
根据时态排除DE，句子中表示一个将来的情况，应该用would，后面一句仅仅是对treaty的修饰而已，并没有虚拟情况，说明这个treaty将会保证永久的和平。
2. 插入语高频答案，A 缺动词，B run on，D
consisting就近修饰到了state，应该修饰sanctuary,E and不平行。
3. 平行结构，原句哪儿错改哪儿，permanently不能修饰到lose
weight,因为体重不可能永久减下去，而应该是永久保持下去，所以把permanently挪到句末就可以了。
4.no sooner ...than固定搭配，并且要平行，C用了被动语态。
5.the reason is that固定搭配
6. not any more固定搭配，被动句和被动句也要平行，原句就用的被动句。
7. A it指代一句话 B they指代不明
C选项被动语态，D选项by为介词，介词短语不可以做主语。此处representing做could have的主语。
8.B选项offers单复数错误，C选项plus非正式用法，D选项as well as冗余，E选项this。
9.同位语第一大推崇句，A选项主语与动词之间只用了一个逗号。
B选项缺动词，C选项who指代出错，E选项the editor与前面One of the first
people不匹配，并且体现不出来JF为Crisis magazine的编辑
10. AB选项的代词its指代错误。C选项宾格+doing。根据时间关系选出D选项。E have
done表示已经发生
11.since完成时时态，从去年开始到现在用现在完成时。B中since后面接名词的时候since做介词，所以run
on，C where指代地点，D run on， since then是副词，E 时态不对，应该用完成时。
12. 逻辑主语，动词＞动名词
13.not only but also固定搭配
14. 前后两句主语同
已投稿到：
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35SAT OG阅读文本TEST4
Thepassagesbelowarefollo；Theeighteenth-centurybot；IamahereticaboutLinnaeus；6.ComparedtotheauthorofP；7UnliketheauthorofPassag；(B)literaryallusion(C)hi；8Bothpassagesemphasizewh；(A)Th
The passages below are followed by questions ba questions following a pair of related passages may also be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Questions 6-9 are based on the following passages. Passage 1The eighteenth-century botanist Carolus Linnaeus'
enormous and essential contribution to natural history
was to devise a system of classification whereby any
plant or animal could be identified and slotted into
5 an overall plan. Yet Linnaeus himself would probably
have been the first to admit that classification is only
a tool. and not the ultimate purpose. of biological
inquiry. Unfortunately, this truth was not apparent
to his immediate successors, who for the next hundred 10 years were to concern themselves almost exclusively
with classification. Passage 2I am a heretic about Linnaeus. Ido not dispute the
value of the tool he gave natural science, but I am wary
about the change it has effected on humans' relationship 15 to the world. From Linnaeus on. much of science has
been devoted to sorting masses into individual entities
and arranging the entities neatly. The cost of having so
successfully itemized and pigeonholed nature is to limit
certain possibilities of seeing and apprehending. For 20 example. the- modem human thinks that he or she can
best understand a tree (or a species of tree) by examining
a single tree. But trees are not intended to grow in isolation.
They are social creatures. and their society in tum supports
other species of plants. insects. birds. mammals. and micro- 25 organisms. all of which make up the whole experience of
the woods. '6. Compared to the author of Passage 2. the author
of Passage l regards Linnaeus with more (A) cynicism (B) bafflement (C) appreciation (D) nostalgia (E) resentment7 Unlike the author of Passage l, the author of Passage 2 makes use of (A) scientific data(B) literary allusion (C) historical research (D) personal voice (E) direct citation8 Both passages emphasize which of the following aspects of Linnaeus' work?(A) The extent to which it contributed to natural science(B) The way in which it limits present-day science (C) 'Die degree to which it revived interest in biology (D) 'l`he decisiveness with which it settled scientific disputes(E) The kinds of scientific discoveries on which it built `9 The author of Passage 1 would most likely respond to the opening of Passage 2 (lines 12- I7) by arguing that the author of Passage 2 has(A) demonstrated that Linnaeus should be better known as a scientist than he currently is(B) minimized the achievements of those scientists who built on Linnaeus' work(C) refused to appreciate the importance of proper classification to scientific progress(D) failed to distinguish the ideas of Linnaeus from those of his followers(E) misunderstood Linnaeus` primary contribution to natural historyQuestions 10-15 are based on the following passage. The following is an excerpt from a translation of a novel written in Spanish by an author from Colombia. In a fanciful manner. the novelist portrays the townspeople of an isolated village.Dazzled by so many and such marvelous inventions, the
people of Macondo did not know where their amazement
began. They stayed up all night looking at the pale electric
bulbs fed by the electric plant that Aureliano Triste had
5 brought back when the train made its second trip, and it
took time and effort for them to grow accustomed to itsobsessive noise.They became indignant over the living images that the
prosperous merchant Bnino Crespi projected on the screen 10 in the theater with the lion-head ticket windows, for the
character who had died and was buried in one film, and for
whose misfortune tears of affliction had been shed, would
reappear alive and transformed into an Arab sheik in the
next one. The audience. who paid two cents apiece to share 15 the difficulties of the actors, would not tolerate such an
outlandish fraud and they broke up the seats. The mayor,
at the urging of Bruno Crespi, explained in a proclamation
that the cinema was a machine of illusions that did not
merit the emotional outbursts of the audience. With that 20 discouraging explanation many felt that they had been the
victims of some new trickery and they decided not to return
to the movies. considering that they already had too many
troubles of their own to weep over the acted-out misfor-
tunes of imaginary beings.25
Something similar happened with cylinder phonographs
brought from France and intended as a substitute for the
antiquated hand organs used by the band of musicians. For
a time the phonograph records had serious effects on the
livelihood of the musicians. At first curiosity increased the 30 business on the street where they were sold and there was
even word of respectable persons who disguised them-
selves as workers in order to observe the novelty of the
phonograph at firsthand. but from so much and such close
observation they soon reached the conclusion that it was 35 not an enchanted mill as everyone had thought and as some
had said, but a mechanical trick that could not be compared
with something so moving, so human, and so full of every-
day truth as a band of musicians. It was such a serious
disappointment that when phonographs became so popular 40 that there was one in every house they were not considered
objects for amusement for adults but as something good for
children to take apart.On the other hand, when someone from the town had
the opportunity to test the crude reality of the telephone 45 installed in the railroad station, which was thought to be
a rudimentary version of the phonograph because of its
crank. even the most incredulous were upset. It was as if
God had decided to put to the test every capacity for sur-
prise :ind was keeping the inhabitants of Macondo in a 50 permanent alternation between excitement and disappoint-ment. doubt and revelation, to such an extreme that no one
knew for certain where t.he limits of reality lay. 10 The word &obsessive& (line 7) most nearly means
(A) enthusiastic
(B) persistent
(C) obvious
(D) infatuated
(E) hardworking11 The &fraud& (line 16) that upset the citizens of Macondo
was related to the(A) excessive charge for admission(B) outlandish adventures of the characters on the screen
(C) fact that the events depicted on the screen did not actually
occur(D) types of difficulties the actors faced
(E) implausible plots of the stories that were told 12 The citizens lost interest in their phonographs (A) the machines lacked the heart and soul of true musicians
(B) few people were able to operate them(C) the machines were too difficult to observe firsthand (D) many musicians lost their jobs because of(E) the children were breaking them faster than were made13 The citizens of Macondo were distressed by the of the
telephone because they(A) did not know where it had come from(B) had expected a more socially beneficial invention(C) could envision the changes it would bring to daily village life
(D) no longer felt able to make the usual assumptions about their world(E) were fearful that it would have serious effects on their continued employment14 The aspect of the new inventions that most disappointed the citizens was that these inventions (A) were not all fashioned with a crank (B) did not have any real educational value (C) were not at all what they seemed to be (D) were meant purely for entertainment (E) were so intricate they were difficult to operate 15 The major purpose of the passage is to(A) illustrate the influence the distinguished residents of Macondo had on the other citizens(B) describe the new scientific inventions that were introduced to Macondo(C) depict a diverse crowd reacting in unison to a magical performance(D) describe the people's responses to the influx of technical advances(E) delineate old-fashioned ideas about the virtue of nature over technologyQuestions 16-24 are based on the following passage. This passage is by a choreographer who worked with the influential dancer and choreographer Martha Graham (). It focuses on the use of space and gesture in dance.I am not an adept aesthetician, and I could not presume
to analyze Nlartha?s sense of design or approach toward
design. But I believe she dealt with the elements of line and
direction with the instincts of a mathematician or physicist.
5 adding to each their emotional relations. For example. a
straight line rarely, if ever, occurs in nature, but it does
occur in art, and it is used in art with various telling
effects. Direction works similar magic. An approaching
body produces one kind of emotional line, a receding or 10 de the meeting of two forces produces
visual. kinesthetic, and emotional effects. with a world of
suggestibility around them like a penumbra that evokes
many ideas and emotions whenever these forms are manip-
ulated. Basic human gesture: assume, therefore. an almost 15 mystic power. The simple maneuver of turning the face
away. for example, removes personality, relationship. Not
only mat, it seems to alter the relation of the individual to
present time and present place, to make here-and-now
other-where and other-time. It also shifts the particular 20 personality to the general and the symbolic. This is the
power of the human face and the human regard. and the
meeting of the eyes is probably as magic a connection as
can be made on this earth. equal to any amount of electrical
shock or charge. It represents the heart of dynamism. life 25 itself. The loss of that regard reduces all connections to
nothingness and void.&Turning one`s back& has become a common figure of
speech. It means withholding approval. disclaiming. negat-
ing: and, in fact. in common conduct the physical turning 30 of the back is equated with absolute negation and insult.
No back is turned on a royal personage or :r figure of high
respect. This is linked with the loss of visual contact and
regard. One cuts dead by not meeting the eyes.We know much about emotional symbols. Those used 35 by the medieval and Renaissance painters were understood
by the scholars and artists of the time-but. more wonder-
ful. they mean to us today spontaneously just what tl1 they seem to be permanent. We dream. Jung`
tells us. in terms and symbols of classic mythology. And 40 since. according to Jung, all people share a “collective
unconscious.& people from disparate traditions nonetheless
dream in the same terms. ls it not also likely. then, that
certain space relations, rhythms. and stresses have psy-
chological significance. that some of these pattems are 45 universal and the key to emotional response. that their
deviations and modifications can be meaningful to artists
in terms of their own life experiences and that these over-
tones are grasped by spectators without conscious arzalysis?
These matters are basic to our well-being as land and air 50 animals. As plants will tum to sunlight or rocks or moisture
according to their nature, so we bend toward or escape
from spatial arrangements according to our emotional
needs. Look around any restaurant and see how few people
will sit at a center table unless the sides are filled up. Yet 55 monarchs of old always dined dead center and many Limq
in public.The individual as a personality. then, has a particular :
code in space and rhythm, evolved from his or her life Q
history and from the history of the human race. It is just
60 the manipulation of these suggestions through time-space
that is the material of choreography. ?
*A Swiss psychologist ()16. The first two sentences (lines l-5) are characterized, respectively, by
A disclaimer and assertion B invocation and definition C apology and confession D authority and hypothesis E rebuttal and analysis17. In lines 5-6. the statement &a straight line rarely, if ever. occurs in nature” emphasizes the author?s recognition of the
(A) choreographer?s need for spectacular effects
(B) choreographer?s use of mathematical forms
(C) choreographer?s estrangement from nature(D) impossibility of performing certain choreographer motions
(E) universality of geometrical forms18. By saying that the meeting of two forces produces effects that
have &a world of suggestibility around
them& (lines l l-12) the author means that the physical event
(A) provokes unwarranted suspicions (B) reveals the motives of the artist (C) acts on the gullibility of the audience (D) lulls the audience into complacent acceptance (E) evokes a vast number of associations19. The authors main point about &human gestures& (line 14) is that they(A) are not subject to an individuals control( B ) are difficult to analyze without scientific terminology (C) provoke different responses in people(D) carry powerful. universally understood messages (E) evolve with changes in cultural hierarchy 20 The author mentions &the meeting of the eyes& ' (lines 2|-22) to suggest the(A)effect that tank or status has on gestural meaning (B)difficulty of controlling emotional symbols(C)degree to which body language is not a function of personality(D)extent of the power of individual human contact (E)nature of artistically pleasing events21 The author suggests which of the following about the work of &medieval and Renaissance painters& (line 35) ? (A) It was influenced by its royal patronage.( B) It was conceived more spontaneously than is modem art. (C) It should be cherished for its unique symbolism.(D) It contains symbols that are immediately accessible to contemporary viewers.(E) It is an unsophisticated version of symbolism developed later by choreographers.22 As used in line 43. &stresses& most nearly means (A) emphases (B) loads (C) anxieties
(D) influences (E) sounds23 As used in line 48. &grasped& most nearly means (A)adhered to (B) seized on (C) controlled (D) held (E) understood24 The author suggests that people in a restaurant (lines 53-54) are expressing their emotional need for (A) unhindered interaction (B) relative privacy (C) respect from strangers (D) approval from others (E) reclusive isolationThe passages below are followed by questions ba questions following a pair of related passages may alsobe based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stared or implied in the passages
Questions 9~l0 are based on the following passage.
When the tide was in and the water rose up to within
a foot of the lawn. we children boasted that we could fish
out of our bedroom windows. This was not quite true. But
it was true that, from our front lawn, the house was full of
5 waves. When the tide was up and the sun was shining. the
white front of the house was in movement with reflected
waves. The tall windows became so solid in color and
form, gold and blue. that the house seemed to be hill of
S until, of course. one turned round and saw the teal 10 sea. so miraculously real that it startled.9. What does the narrator mean by the comment “the
house was full of waves” (lines 4-5)(A) The house ws decorated with a nautical theme. (B) The children enjoyed drawing pictures of the sea. (C) The house mirrored the movements of the sea.(D) 'The basement of the house sometimes killed with water. (E) The house appeared as if it had been damaged by the sea. 10. In context. the tone of lines 5-10 (“When . . . startled&) is best described as one of (A) awe and fear (B) mischief and curiosity (C) sadness and confusion (D) wonder and delight (E) uncertainty and impatienceQuestions 11-12 are based on the following passage.
Recently excavated artifacts from Pakistan have inspired
a reevaluation of one of the great early urban cultures--the
enigmatic Indus Valley civilization. one of the four great
early Old World state-cultures, along with Mesopotamia,
5 Egypt, and China's Yellow River civilization Much less
is known about the Indus civilization than these other states
because linguists have yet to decipher the Harappan script
found on recovered objects. Attempting to understand these
vanished people and their social structures, my colleagues 10 and I have drawn clues from the miscellaneous objects we
uncover and sites we excavate. In this effort, the Harappan
writings have not
we have gleanedinsights by examining the context of the writing's use. 11. A major assumption of the passage is that(A) the spot within an excavated site where an object is found is a clue to its social significance(B) it is a great help in understanding a civilization tobe able to decode its language'(C) there are similarities among the social structures of ancient urban civilizations(D) an effective archaeologist should learn the language of the civilization being studied(E) ancient languages are all very difficult to decipher12. 'The author?s tone in the final sentence is best described as(A) frustrated (B) resigned (C) ambivalent(D) somewhat encouraged (E) unshakably confidentQuestions 13-24 are based on the following passages. These were two passages. written in the 1990’s. address the ways in which environmental consent: have been made public. Passage 1There is nothing wrong with attempting to make the
often difficult and complex Endings of science available
to a wider audience. but environmental popularizers often
present a one-sided picture and hide important scientific
5 disagreements on issues relevant to environmental quality.
The zeal to draw firm conclusions from the results of sci-
entific research frequently prompts speculative matters
to be left out or presented with greater authority than they
deserve. The partisanship implicit in these failures is most 10
often excused by the originality of the author?s perspective
on the subject or a passionate commitment to do good.
How could one regret the “minor” confusions that might
arise from such noble impuises?But using one-sided and incomplete accounts of the state 15 of scientific knowledge has led to projections, predictions,
and warnings that. not surprisingly, have been falsified by包含各类专业文献、外语学习资料、专业论文、文学作品欣赏、生活休闲娱乐、35SAT OG阅读文本TEST4等内容。　
　SAT OG阅读文本TEST5_日语学习_外语学习_教育专区 暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|举报文档 SAT OG阅读文本TEST5_日语学习_外语学习_教育专区。... 　SAT OG阅读文本TEST3_日语学习_外语学习_教育专区 暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|举报文档 SAT OG阅读文本TEST3_日语学习_外语学习_教育专区。3 Each passage below... 　SAT OG阅读文本TEST1_英语学习_外语学习_教育专区 暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|举报文档 SAT OG阅读文本TEST1_英语学习_外语学习_教育专区。2 The passages below... 　SAT OG阅读文本TEST2_日语学习_外语学习_教育专区 暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|举报文档 SAT OG阅读文本TEST2_日语学习_外语学习_教育专区。2 The passages below... 　 暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|举报文档 SAT og test 4满分范文解析_其它语言学习_外语学习_教育专区。来源:互联网SAT og test 4 满分范文解析本篇范文的作者展示... 　SAT OG Test 4语法题_英语考试_外语学习_教育专区 暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|举报文档 SAT OG Test 4语法题_英语考试_外语学习_教育专区。OG Test 4 Section... 　SAT官方指南OG词汇TEST 4_英语考试_外语学习_教育专区 暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|举报文档 SAT官方指南OG词汇TEST 4_英语考试_外语学习_教育专区。OG TEST 4 ... 　SAT官方指南OG词汇TEST 3_英语考试_外语学习_教育专区 暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|举报文档 SAT官方指南OG词汇TEST 3_英语考试_外语学习_教育专区。OG TEST 3 ... 　SAT OG Test 6 语法题_英语考试_外语学习_教育专区 暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|举报文档 SAT OG Test 6 语法题_英语考试_外语学习_教育专区。OG Test 6 ...