喜剧 / 剧情
塔玛拉·詹金斯
劳拉·琳妮 / 菲利普·塞默·霍夫曼 / 菲利普·博斯科
& 2005－, all rights reservedFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
album, see .
track listing
"The Long and Winding Road" is a
written by
(credited to ). It is the tenth track on ' album . It became the group's 20th and last number-one song in the United States on 13 June 1970, and was the last single released by the quartet. "The Long and Winding Road" was listed with "For You Blue" as a double-sided hit when the single hit number one on the US
While the released version of the song was very successful, the post-production modifications by producer
angered McCartney to the point that when he made his case in court for , he cited the treatment of "The Long and Winding Road" as one of six reasons for doing so. New versions of the song with simpler instrumentation were subsequently released by both the Beatles and McCartney.
McCartney originally wrote the song at his farm in Scotland, and was inspired by the growing tension among the Beatles. McCartney said later "I just sat down at my piano in Scotland, started playing and came up with that song, imagining it was going to be done by someone like . I have always found inspiration in the calm beauty of Scotland and again it proved the place where I found inspiration."
McCartney recorded a
of the song, with Beatles' engineer Alan Brown assisting, in September 1968, during the recording sessions for .
The song takes the form of a piano-based ballad, with conventional chord changes. The song's home
but it also uses C minor. Lyrically, it is a sad and melancholic song, with an evocation of an as-yet unrequited, though apparently inevitable, love.
The "long and winding road" of the song was claimed to have been inspired by the B842, a thirty-one mile (50 km) winding road in Scotland, running along the east coast of
into , and part of the eighty-two mile (133 km) drive from . In an interview in 1994, McCartney described the lyric more obliquely "It's rather a sad song. I like writing sad songs, it's a good bag to get into because you can actually acknowledge some deeper feelings of your own and put them in it. It's a good vehicle, it saves having to go to a ."
The opening theme is repeated throughout, the song lacks a traditional chorus, and the melody and lyrics are ambiguous about the opening stanza's
it is unclear whether the song has just begun, is in the verse, or is in the bridge.
The final lyrics of the released single end with McCartney singing "yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah," recalling the early lyrics associated with the group in such songs as "" and others.
The Beatles recorded "The Long and Winding Road" on 26 and 31 January 1969, the day after the group's final performance on the roof of their Apple headquarters, with McCartney on piano,
on bass guitar,
on guitar,
on drums, and
on . This was during a series of sessions for an album project then known as Get Back. Lennon, who played bass only occasionally, made several mistakes on the recording. Some writers, such as , have postulated that the disenchanted Lennon's ragged bass playing was purposeful.
In May 1969, , who had been asked to mix the Get Back album by the Beatles, selected the 26 January recording as the best version of the song. The Beatles had recorded a master version as part of the 'Apple studio performance' on 31 January, which contained a different lyrical and musical structure, but this version was not chosen for release. Bootlegs of the recording sessions of that day, and the film, show the band recording numerous takes of the song in a concerted effort to create a master. For both the 1969 and 1970 versions of the Get Back album, Glyn Johns used the 26 January mix as released on the
album in 1996. When the project was handed over to
he also chose the 26 January recording. In the spring of 1970, Lennon and the Beatles' manager, , turned over the recordings to Phil Spector with the hope of salvaging an album, which was then titled Let It Be.
Spector made various changes to the songs, but his most dramatic embellishments occurred on 1 April 1970, the last ever Beatles recording session, when he turned his attention to "The Long and Winding Road". At , he recorded the
accompaniment for the song. The only member of the Beatles present was Starr, who was busy recording drum overdubs for "" and "" before being called back in later by Spector once he'd got his arrangement down. Already known for his eccentric behaviour in the studio, Spector was in a peculiar mood that day, as balance engineer Peter Brown recalled: "He wanted tape echo on everything, he had to take a different pill every half hour and had his bodyguard with him constantly. He was on the point of throwing a wobbly, saying 'I want to hear this, I want to hear that. I must have this, I must have that.'" Brown and the orchestra eventually became so annoyed by Spector's behaviour that the orchestra refused to play any further, and at one point, Brown left for home, forcing Spector to telephone him and persuade him into coming back after Starr had told Spector to calm down.
Finally, Spector succeeded in remixing "The Long and Winding Road", using 18 , four , four , three , three , two , and a choir of 14 women. The orchestra was scored and conducted by , who would later work with McCartney on his album, . This lush orchestral treatment was in direct contrast to the Beatles' stated intentions for a "real" recording when they began work on Get Back.
When McCartney first heard the Spector version of the song, he was outraged. Nine days after Spector had overdubbed "The Long and Winding Road", McCartney formally announced . On 14 April, he sent a sharply worded letter to
business manager , demanding that the inclusion of the
be eliminated and that the other added instrumentation be reduced. McCartney concluded the letter with the words: "Don't ever do it again." These requests went unheeded, and the Spector version was included on the album.
In an interview published by the
in two parts on 22 and 23 April 1970, McCartney said: "The album was finished a year ago, but a few months ago American record producer Phil Spector was called in by Lennon to tidy up some of the tracks. But a few weeks ago, I was sent a re-mixed version of my song 'The Long and Winding Road' with harps, , an orchestra, and a women's choir added. No one had asked me what I thought. I couldn't believe it." The Beatles' usual producer, , agreed, calling the remixes "so uncharacteristic" of the Beatles. "It was an insult to Paul," engineer
recalled. "It was his record. And someone takes it out of the can and starts to overdub things without his permission." McCartney asked Klein to dissolve the Beatles' partnership, but was refused. Exasperated, he took the case to court, naming Klein and the other Beatles as defendants. Among the six reasons McCartney gave for dissolving the Beatles was that Klein's company, , had caused "intolerable interference" by overdubbing "The Long and Winding Road" without consulting McCartney.
Spector claimed that he was forced into remixing "The Long and Winding Road", because of the poor quality of Lennon's bass playing. While the poor quality of the bass playing has been noted by other sources (in his book , a track-by-track analysis of the Beatles' records,
described it as "atrocious" to the point of sabotage), its basis as the full-scale re-working of the track by Spector has been questioned. McCartney has argued that Spector could have merely edited out the relevant mistakes and rerecorded them, a technique Spector used elsewhere on the album. Specifically, it would have been a simple matter of having McCartney overdub a more appropriate bass part to replace the Lennon bass line that was judged to be inadequate, or even using the more polished version initially rejected by Glyn Johns.
The controversy surrounding the song did not prevent a chart-topping single from being released in the United States on 11 May 1970, joined by "" on the B-side. 1.2 million copies were sold in the first two days, and the song began its ten-week-long chart run on 23 May. On 13 June, it became the Beatles' twentieth and final number one single in America, according to
magazine. This is the all-time record for number of number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. They achieved these twenty number one singles in a mere space of 74 an average of one number one single per 3.7 months, another all-time record. At just 27 years old, George Harrison thus became the youngest artist ever to achieve these all-time records on the US charts. "The Long and Winding Road" brought the curtain down on the Beatles' seven consecutive years of domination in America that began with "" in 1964.
The original Glyn Johns mix of the 26 January take without the orchestration and Spector overdubs was included on
released in 1996. This version included a bridge section spoken, rather than sung, by McCartney.
Main article:
In 2003, the remaining Beatles and Yoko Ono released , touted as the band's version of Let It Be remixed by independent producers. McCartney claimed that his long-standing dissatisfaction with the released version of "The Long and Winding Road" (and the entire Let It Be album) was in part the impetus for the new version. The new album included a later take of "The Long and Winding Road", recorded on 31 January. With no strings or other added instrumentation beyond that which was played in the studio at the time, it was closer to the Beatles's original intention than the 1970 version. This take is also the one seen in the film .
Ringo Starr was impressed with the Naked version of the song: "There's nothing wrong with Phil's strings, this is just a different attitude to listening. But it's been 30-odd years since I've heard it without all that and it just blew me away." Spector himself argued that McCartney was being hypocritical in his criticism: "Paul had no problem picking up the
movie soundtrack, nor did he have any problem in using my arrangement of the string and horn and choir parts when he performed it during 25 years of touring on his own. If Paul wants to get into a pissing contest about it, he's got me mixed up with someone who gives a shit."
Uncredited – 's orchestral and choral arrangements
After its original release, "The Long and Winding Road" became a staple of McCartney's post-Beatles concert repertoire. On the 1976 , where it was one of the few Beatles songs played, it was performed on piano in a sparse arrangement using a . On McCartney's
and since, it has generally been performed on piano with an arrangement using a
mimicking strings, but this string sound has been much more restrained than on the Spector recorded version. The live performance recording of the Rio de Janeiro concert at April 1990 is on the album . McCartney also played the song to close the .
McCartney and producer
re-recorded "The Long and Winding Road" with instrumentation incorporating a lead saxophone, for the soundtrack to McCartney’s 1984 film,
A second new studio recording of the song was made by McCartney during the 1989
album sessions and released that year as a
to the single "".
singles chronology
"Suspicious Minds"
Music video
Music video
, a winner of
released a cover version on
on 23 September 2002. The single was a double-A side record containing "The Long and Winding Road"/"" with the Beatles song performed by , the winner of the same Pop Idol series with
the runner-up in the same series adding his own voice contribution. The official credits to the song are 'Will Young with Gareth Gates'.
Gates also performed the
song as a solo as the other side of the double-A side single.
The single "The Long and Winding Road/Suspicious Minds" reached the top of the
where it stayed for
(charts of 29 September 2002 and 6 October 2002).
Chart (2002)
UK Singles Chart
"The Long and Winding Road" has been covered many times over the years by a wide variety of artists, including:
on her album
on his album
on his album The Long and Winding Road (1970).
on her album
on his album
on her album
on their album
on her album
on her album
on her album
on the film documentary soundtrack album
on his album
on his reggae album Revolution (1985).
on his album Sings Beatles and Dylan: Old & New, Together & Apart (1987).
on her cross-over album Heart to Heart (1992).
on her album Mina Canta I Beatles (1993).
on the compilation album
on her album Midnight Train to Georgia: Janus Years (1995).
on the album Manuel Barrueco plays Lennon & McCartney (1995).
on the b-side of
45 "The Only Reason Under The Sun" (1996).
on the compilation album Tenors on Tour (1997).
on the "", as a tribute for Linda McCartney's memory (1999).
on her album
on their album
on their extended disc You (2001).
on his album
on her album Judy Collins Sings Lennon & McCartney (2007).
on his album
on her album
on the compilation album Abbey Road: A Tribute to the Beatles (2009).
on her album
(aka Cat Stevens) on the 2014 album .
Casey Man Kong Lum, In search of a voice: karaoke and the construction of identity in Chinese ..., (Routledge, 1996), , p56
. 100 Greatest Beatles Songs. Rolling Stone.
(Canoe Sun Media). October 7, .
Badman, Keith (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After The Break-Up
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(2000). The Beatles Anthology. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.  .
Calkin, Graham (2001a). . Graham Calkin's Beatles Pages 2010.
Calkin, Graham (2001b). . Graham Calkin's Beatles Pages 2010.
Cross, Craig (2005). The Beatles: Day-by-Day, Song-by-Song, Record-by-Record. iUniverse, Inc.  .
Cross, Craig (2006).
. The Beatles Interview Database. .
(1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: .  .
Lewisohn, Mark (1996).
(booklet). . London: . 34451.
Lewisohn, Mark (1996). The Complete Beatles Chronicle. Chancellor Press.  .
(2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand).  .
Marck, John T (2004). . I Am The Beatles 2004.
Merritt, Mike (16 November 2003). . Sunday Herald. Archived from
on 27 April 2006.
(2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years — Chapter 11 (1969). Omnibus Press.  .
Miles, Barry (2007). The Beatles Diary: An Intimate Day by Day History. East Bridgewater, MA: World Publications Group.  .
(29 August 1999). .
(2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Boston: Little, Brown.  .
(2003). The Beatles on Apple Records. New Orleans: 498 Productions.  .
Sulpy, D Schweighhardt, Ray (2003). Get Back: The Beatles Let It Be Disaster. Helter Skelter Publishing.  .
Tamarkin, Jeff (2010). . Allmusic 2010.
Whelan, John (2005).
Whitburn, Joel (2000). 40 Top Hits. Billboard Books.
Preceded by
(The Beatles' version)
13 June 1970 (two weeks)
Succeeded by
Preceded by
29 September 2002 (2 weeks) ( version)
Succeeded by
: Hidden categories:From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from )
"Long-distance track event" redirects here. For the speed skating events, see .
A group of amateur runners in a long-distance race in Switzerland.
' photograph entitled "1896: Three athletes in training for the marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens".
Long-distance running, or endurance running, is a form of continuous
over distances of at least five kilometres (3.1 miles). Physiologically, it is largely
in nature and requires .
are well adapted for running significant distances, and particularly so among . The
suggests that running endurance in the
genus arose because travelling over large areas improved
opportunities and allowed . The capacity for endurance running is also found in
and a limited number of terrestrial carnivores, such as ,
In modern human society, long-distance running has multiple purposes: people may engage in it for , for , as a means of , for economic reasons, or for cultural reasons. Long distance running can also be used as a means to improve cardiovascular health. Running improves aerobic fitness by increasing the activity of enzymes and hormones that stimulate the muscles and the heart to work more efficiently. Endurance running is often a component of
and has been so historically.
is most commonly found in the field of , although in pre-industrial times
would run to deliver information to distant locations. Long-distance running as a form of tradition or ceremony is known among the
and , among others.
In the , long-distance events are defined as races covering three kilometres (1.86 miles) and above. The three most common types are ,
and , all of which are defined by their terrain – , roads and natural terrain, respectively. Typical long-distance track races range from
(6.2 miles), cross country races usually cover 5 to 12 km (3 to 7 1/2
miles), while road races can be significantly longer, reaching 100 kilometres (60 miles) and beyond. In collegiate cross country races, in the United States, males run an 8000 meter race whereas the women run a 6000 meter race. The
features three long-distance running events: the , 10,000 m and
(42.195 kilometres, or 26 miles and 385 yards).
observations of modern
communities have provided accounts for long distance running as a method for hunting among the
of the , , and the . In this method, the hunter would run at a slow and steady pace between one hour and a few days, in an area where the animal has no place to hide. The animal, running in spurts, has to stop to pant in order to cool itself, but as the chase goes on it would not have enough time before it has to start running again, and after a while would collapse from exhaustion and heat. The body structure of a skeleton of a 12 years old
is suggested to prove that early humans from 1.5 million years ago were eating more meat and less plants, and hunted by running down animals.
With developments in agriculture and culture, long distance running took more and more purposes other than hunting: religious ceremonies, delivering messages for military and political purposes, and sport.
has few mentions of
running to deliver messages. For example, in
18, two runners,
run to deliver
the message of the death of his son . In
51:31-32, two running messengers meet each other halfway to deliver the message about the loss of :
31 One post shall run to meet another, and one messenger to meet another, to shew the king of Babylon that his city is taken at one end, 32 And that the passages are stopped, and the reeds they have burned with fire, and the men of war are affrighted.
Running messengers are reported from early , were named lasimu as military men as well as the king’s officials who disseminated documents throughout the kingdom by running.
was famous for its running messengers, who were named hemerodromoi, meaning “day runners”. One of the most famous running messengers is , who according to the legend ran from
to announce the victory of the
in 490 B.C. He collapsed and died as he delivered the message “we won”. While there are debates around the accuracy of this historical legend, whether Philippides actually ran from Marathon to Athens or between other cities, how far this was, and if he was the one to deliver the victory message, the
of 26.2 miles / 42 km is based on this legend.
Humans are considered among the best distance runners among all running animals: game animals are faster over short distances, but they have less endurance than humans. Unlike other primates whose bodies are designed to walk on four legs or climb trees, the human body has evolved into upright walking and running around 2-3 million years ago. The human body can endure long distance running through the following attributes:
Bone and muscle structure: unlike
mammals, which have their center of mass in front of the hind legs or limbs, in
mammals including humans the center of mass lies right above the legs. This leads to different bone and muscular demands especially in the legs and pelvis.
Dissipation of metabolic heat: humans’ ability to cool the body by
through the body surface provides many advantages over
through the mouth or nose. These include a larger surface of
and independence of the .
One distinction between upright walking and running is energy consumption during locomotion. While walking, humans use about half the energy needed to run.
believe that the human ability to run over long distances has helped meat-eating humans to compete with other .
is a method in which hunters use a combination of running, walking, and tracking to pursue prey to the point of exhaustion. While humans can sweat to reduce body heat, their quadrupedal prey would need to slow from a gallop in order to pant. The persistence hunt is still practised by hunter-gatherers in the central Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa, and 's documentary
(program 10, "Food For Thought") showed a bushman hunting a kudu antelope until it collapsed.
Men in the 10 km run section of the 2011
Many sporting activities feature significant levels of
under prolonged periods of play, especially during
and . However, continuous endurance running is exclusively found in . Most of these are , although
forms also exist.
The most prominent long-distance running sports are grouped within the , where running competitions are held on strictly defined courses and the fastest runner to complete the distance wins. The foremost types are long-distance ,
and . Both track and road races are usually timed, while cross country races are not usually timed and only the placing is of importance. Other less popular variants such as , ,
combine the challenge of distance with a significant incline or change of elevation as part of the course.
frequently include endurance running. , as defined by the , may feature running sections ranging from five kilometres (3.1 mi) to the marathon distance (42.195 kilometres, or 26 miles and 385 yards), depending on the . The related sport of
is a combination of
and distance running. Previous versions of the
incorporated a three or four kilometre (1.9–2.5 mi) run, but changes to the official rules in 2008 meant the running sections are now divided into three separate legs of one kilometre each (0.6 mi).
Depending on the rules and terrain,
may contain periods of endurance running within the competition. Variants of
may also combine navigational skills and endurance running in this manner.
Main articles: ,
The history of long-distance track running events is tied into the
stadia where they are held. Oval circuits allow athletes to cover long distances in a confined area. Early tracks were usually on flattened earth or were simply marked areas of grass. The style of running tracks became refined during the 20th century: the oval running tracks were standardised to 400 metres in distance and
were replaced by synthetic
of asphalt and rubber from the mid-1960s onwards. It was not until the
that the standard long-distance track events of
were introduced.
Runners turning the bend in the men's 10,000 metres final at the .
The 5000 metres is a premier event that requires tactics and superior aerobic conditioning. Training for such an event may consist of a total of 60–200 kilometers (40–120 miles) a week, although training regimens vary greatly. The 5000 is often a popular entry-level race for beginning runners.
The world record for men:
12:37.35 (an average of 23.76 km/h) , Netherlands on 31 May 2004
For women:
14:11.15 (an average of 21.14 km/h) ,
on 6 June 2008
The 10,000 metres is the longest standard track event. Most of those running such races also compete in
The world record for men:
in 26:17.53 (22.83km/h), set in 2005
For women:
in 29:31.78 (20.32km/h), set on September 8, 1993
Main article:
The one hour run is an endurance race that is rarely contested, except in pursuit of world records. The 20,000 metres is also rarely contested, and all world records in the 20,000 metres have been set while in a one hour run race.
Women runners on a closed-off road at the 2009 .
Main articles:
Long-distance road running competitions are mainly conducted on courses of
, although major events often finish on the track of a main . In addition to being a common , the elite level of the sport – particularly
– are one of the most popular aspects of athletics. Road racing events can be of virtually any distance, but the most common and well known are the marathon,
The sport of road running finds its roots in the activities of : male servants who ran alongside the carriages of
around the 18th century, and who also ran errands over distances for their masters.
competitions evolved from
between aristocrats, who pitted their footman against that of another aristocrat in order to determine a winner. The sport became
as footmen were hired specifically on their athletic ability and began to devote their lives to training for the gambling events. The
movement in the late 19th century marginalised competitions based on the professional, gambling model. The
saw the birth of the modern marathon and the event led to the growth of road running competitions through annual public events such as the Boston Marathon (first held in 1897) and the
and , which were established in the 1940s. The
made road running a common
and also increased its popularity at the elite level.
The marathon is the only road running event featured at the
and the , although there is also the
held every two years. The marathon is also the only road running event featured at the
and the . The
series includes the six most prestigious marathon competitions at the elite level – the , , , , , and
marathons. The Tokyo Marathon was most recently added to the World Marathon Majors in 2012. (See also: )
contests – which originated in
and remain very popular there – are a relay race variation on the marathon, being in contrast to the typically individual sport of road running.
Main articles: , ,
Cross country running is the most natural form of long-distance running in athletics. During cross country, competition takes place on open-air courses over surfaces such as ,
or . In contrast to the relatively flat courses in track and road races, cross country usually incorporates obstacles such as muddy sections, logs and mounds of earth. As a result of these factors,
can play an integral role in the racing conditions. Cross country is both an individual and team sport, as runners are judged on an individual basis and a points scoring method is used for teams. Competitions are typically races of 4 km (2.5 mi) or more which are usually held in autumn and winter. Cross country's most successful athletes often compete in long-distance track and road events as well.
Women racing on snow in the 2012
The history of the sport is linked with the game of , or hare and hounds, where a group of runners would cover long distances to chase a leading runner, who left a trail of paper to follow. The
in 1838 was the first recorded instance of an organised cross country competition. The sport gained popularity in British, then American schools in the 19th century and culminated in the creation of the first
in 1903. The annual
was inaugurated in 1973 and this remains the highest level of competition for the sport. A number of continental cross country competitions are held, with championships taking place in , , , ,
and . The sport has retained its status at the scholastic level, particularly in the United Kingdom and United States. At the professional level, the foremost competitions come under the banner of the .
While cross country competitions are no longer held at the Olympics, having
from , it has been present as one of the events within the
competition since the .
can all be considered variations on traditional cross country which incorporate significant uphill and/or downhill sections as an additional challenge to the course.
Main articles:
A number of events, records and achievements exist for long distance running, outside the context of track and field sports events. These include , , and long distance races
or measuring .
Beyond these, records and stand-alone achievements, rather than regular events, exist for individuals who have achieved running goals of a unique nature, such as running across or around
(see lists of runners: , ) or .
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