I’m not sure how much scholarship you will receive, but it will roughly your major expenses.A. swap??? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? B. abolish??? ????????????? ????????????? C. settle??? 题目和参考答案——精英家教网——
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I’m not sure how much scholarship you will receive, but it will roughly ___ your major expenses.A. swap??? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????? B. abolish??? ????????????? ????????????? C. settle????? ????????????? ????????????? D. cover 
【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意：我不知道你会收到多少奖学金,但大约能支付日常开支的费用。A. swap交换，B. abolish废除， C. settle 定居，解决，D. cover覆盖，采访，够付，答案是D。考点：考查动词辨析 
科目：高中英语
来源：设计必修三　英语　人教版 人教版
　　话题链接：China's First Spaceman Yang Liwe
　　With a Long March-II-F carrier rocket(运载火箭)pushing Shenzhou Ⅴ into the orbit some 300 kilometers away from the Earth Wednesday morning, Yang Liwei, 38, turns out to be China's first astronaut in space．
　　At 9 am Wednesday(Beijing time), Yang, aboard Shenzhou Ⅴ white in color, took off from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on the Gobi desert in northwest China's Gansu province．
　　He is expected to land somewhere on central Inner Mongolia grassland at 7 a.m．Thursday, after orbiting the earth 14 times．Yang will be traveling some 500 000 kilometers in space in 21 hours, a “traveler's record” in the world's most populous nation with a 5000-year-old civilization(文明)．
　　When Shenzhou-5 entered orbit on schedule, the ground command center received a message sent by Yang from outer space, saying that “everything goes smoothly”．His name, however, had remained unknown until 5 am Wednesday．At 5 am sharp Wednesday, Yang was seen waving his hands to a group of journalists from inside a glass-shielded(有防护玻璃的)room at the Jiuquan launch center, with two other astronauts sitting beside him as “backups”．Yang, who looked calm, found himself in a shower of camera flashlights．He responded with a broad smile．
　　In an exclusive(高级)interview with Xinhua, Yang expressed full confidence in China's first manned space flight．
　　Su Shuangning, director-general and chief designer of the astronaut system under China's manned space program, described Yang as a sober-minded(沉着冷静的)person with a “superb capability of self-control”．
　　While a fighter pilot, Yang had 1350 hours of flight experience．He was chosen, along with 13 others, from among 1500 pilots for space flight training．Yang's colleagues described him as a man with a good team spirit, a man of dedication(奉献) to his career．Friends at his hometown, Suizhong County of northeast China's Liaoning Province, remember that Yang had dreamed of flying when still a child．Yang was recruited(招募)by the No．2 Aviation College of the PLA Air Force in September 1983 and became a fighter pilot after graduation with bachelor's degree．In 1998, Yang became a member of China's first team of astronauts．Yang, 168 cm tall, is a lieutenant colonel．He has an eight-year-old son, and his wife, Zhang Yumei, also serves in China's space program．
　　According to Su Shuangning, China's first team of astronauts are all capable of working and living in space thanks to five years of rigid(严格的)physical, psychological and technical training．He said that Yang Liwei was one of the best in the team．
　　In an Astronaut Training Base in Beijing, China's would-be astronauts had lessons necessary for space flight, including aviation dynamics, air dynamics, geophysics, meteorology, astronomy, space navigation, design principle and structure of rockets and spacecraft, as well as equipment examination．Moreover, they received systematic(系统的)training in space flight in simulators(模拟器)．
　　“To establish myself as a qualified astronaut, I have studied harder than in my college years and have received training much tougher than for a fighter pilot, ” said Yang．
　　If the spaceship's re-entry module(模块)could not land at the pre-set areas and the recovery team could not rush to the spot on time, the astronaut must act for self-rescue．“Therefore, survival skills have become one of the most important knowledge for the astronauts to grasp, ”said Su Shuangning．“Through rigorous(严酷的)training, our astronauts have learned how to survive under extreme conditions．”Twenty-five days before the launch of Shenzhou-5, the would-be astronauts started exercising in the real spacecraft at the Jiuquan Launch Center．
　　“When I boarded the spacecraft for the first time, I couldn't help feeling excited, ” Yang recalled．“I decided that I must fly it．”
　　At 6∶15 a.m．Wednesday, Yang got seated in the re-entry module of Shenzhou-5, atop a 58.3-meter-high Long March-II-F carrier rocket．Between 1999 and 2002, Long March-II-F carrier rockets were used to launch four unmanned spacecraft into orbit, and all the launches were successful．
想一想：After reading the passage, what made him become successful?What can you learn from him?
科目：高中英语
题型：阅读理解
Now that final exams are history, you seem to have that extra bounce. After all, winter& 1&& awaits you. Get off that couch and begin the more productive life you should be living& 2&&& our help. Spring Festival is a& 3&&& time to test the bonds of romance, say, with a trip to France. This idea came to Su Enlu and his girlfriend one day. They were talking about the& 4&&& of a weekend trip when Su said, half-jokingly, that they might just go to France. &5&&&& doing some online research and talking with people who'd been there, they decided to take the plunge. To prepare for it, they read French history and tested each other in& 6&&&& French language. This has been one of the happiest& 7&&&& in our three-year relationship, said Su, a 22-year-old English major at the University of International Business and Economics. Su saw no problem with asking his parents to& 8&&&& the trip for about 10,000 yuan from each side. &I'm seizing the day,& he said. &Later, when I have that& 9&&&& money, I might not have time to enjoy it.& The couple& 10&&&& been to foreign countries. But in order to secure a visa, they went for travel agency to take care of their& 11&&& . Moreover, they asked friends who study in France to be their contact person and arrange some cheap&& 12&& during their stay abroad to save money as much as they can. Some students, like 19-year-old freshman Nan Zhichao, have decided to use the winter holiday to get some& 13&&& . Nan and a group of classmates are going on their own cycling tour of Hainan. The Huazhong University of Science and Technology information major& 14&&&& the whole project himself. From booking accommodations&& 15&&& collecting mechanical supplies, to studying the weather forecast, to drawing out the route for each day, Nan worked hard to& 16&&&& every detail was right. This trip is not only about pushing our limits,& 17&&&& about looking for adventure, said Nan. &It's also a testament to being adults, and part of a new generation of college students.& Now in Hainan, Nan's team is pedaling& 18&&&& in T-shirts and shorts, shedding some of the& 19&&&& they gained during the fall semester, and strengthening the bond of their friendships. Said Nan: &We now know each other more than we used to, even& 20&&&& months of living together.& (&& ) 1. A. snow & &&&&&& &&&&&& B. cold & &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. vacation && &&&&&& D. season (&& ) 2. A. to &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& B. for &&& &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. at &&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& D. with (&& ) 3. A. great && &&&&&& &&&&&& B. bad && &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. useful &&&&&& &&&&&& D. helpful (&& ) 4. A. choice &&&&&& &&&&&& B. possibility &&&&&& &&&&&& C. break &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& D. rest (&& ) 5. A. Before &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& B. Within &&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. During &&&& &&&&&& D. After (&& ) 6. A. advanced &&& &&&&&& B. basic &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. middle &&&& &&&&&& D. official (&& ) 7. A. times & &&&&&& &&&&&& B. days & &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. months &&&& &&&&&& D. seasons (&& ) 8. A. carry & &&&&&& &&&&&& B. fund & &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. hold & &&&&&& &&&&&& D. bring (&& ) 9. A. many & &&&&&& &&&&&& B. much &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. few && &&&&&& &&&&&& D. little (&& ) 10. A. have &&&&&& &&&&&& B. don’t &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. are &&& &&&&&& &&&&&& D. haven’t (&& ) 11. A. application &&&&&& &&&&&& B. work &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. plan & &&&&&& &&&&&& D. job (&& ) 12. A. food &&&&&& &&&&&& B. accommodations &&&&& C. clothes &&&& &&&&&& D. trip (&& ) 13. A. money &&&& &&&&&& B. sleep &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. exercise &&& &&&&&& D. help (&& ) 14. A. panned &&&& &&&&&& B. changed &&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. caught &&&&& &&&&&& D. led (&& ) 15. A. until &&&&&& &&&&&& B. to &&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. for &&& &&&&&& &&&&&& D. at (&& ) 16. A. make free &&&&&& B. make colorful & &&&&&& C. make sure &&&&&& D. make true (&& ) 17. A. but for &&&& &&&&&& B. as for &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. only also & &&&&&& D. but also (&& ) 18. A. on &&& &&&&&& &&&&&& B. forward &&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. around &&&& &&&&&& D. in (& &) 19. A. meat &&&&&& &&&&&& B. weight&&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. flesh &&&&&& &&&&&& D. sweater (&& ) 20. A. after &&&&&& &&&&&& B. in &&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& &&&&&& C. for &&& &&&&&& &&&&&& D. over
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this period of time can be roughly divided into three sections,the french era from 1600 to 1760,the british era from 1760 t o
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结构分析：主体：this period of time can be roughly divided into three sections,——这个时期答题可以分为三段用于解释分为三段的同位语：the french era from 1600 to 1760,the british era from 1760 to 1816 ——从1600 到 1760 年的法国时代,从 1760 到1816 年的英国时代 （但是这里少了一段）语言点：period of time 时段,一段时间be devided into 被划分为
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这段时间大致可以分为三个部分,法国时期从年,英国时代从年
这个时代大体可以分为3个部分，从1600年到1760年的法国时期，从1760年到1816年的英国时期。。。
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单项选择题The large size and roughly circular shape of the Pacific made some scientists think that it ()a hole left when the moon separated from the earth.
A. used to be
B. would have been
C. might have been
D. should have been
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A. being used
C. having been used
D. to be used
A. Mr. Johnson&s ideas are nonsense.
B. He quite agrees with Mr. Johnson&s views.
C. Mr. Johnson is good at expressing his ideas.
D. He shares the woman&s views on social welfare.
A. The same team always wins.
B. The game began some time ago.
C. They had better see who is winning.
D. Now is a good time to start playing.
A. Furnished apartments will cost more.
B. The apartment can be furnished easily.
C. The apartment is just what the man is looking for.
D. She can provide the man with the apartment he needs.
A. He should ask Tom to call the secretary.
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Ⅳ’９５５１４，５学校代码：１０２４６ 学 号：０２１０１２００３狠纵擎博士学位论文从双语词典编纂看英汉翻译中的语言不对等关系院系（所）：外国语言文学学院 专 姓 业：名： 英语语言文学赵伟韬 陆谷孙教授指导教师：完成日期：２００６年４月１５ Ｆ１●从双语词典编纂看英汉翻译中的语言不对等关系●摘要英语和汉语分属不同的语系，两种语言存在一种本质上的不对等关系。本 文以英汉双语词典编纂为视角，着重从词汇层面对英汉两种语言在语音、构词、 词义的内涵和外延、词条译名或释义等诸多方面存在的不对等现象作了细致的●分析和系统的归纳，深入探讨了语言不对等现象产生的根源，并进一步就不对 等现象的处理提出了建议。 语言的不对等关系，或称语言差异性（ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ），是指语言中词的所指内容的组成有差别。由于人类对客观事物的认知具有共同性，不同语言中的●许多语汇都能在特定的层面形成～种一对一的对应关系（ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ）。然而，由于两种语言植根于两种迥异的文化语域，受地域、环境、习俗、文化、宗教、经济和社会制度等因素的影响，它们在语法范畴、词义色彩和词义范围等方面必然存在着不对等现象。两种语言中只有少数几个不是多义词的对应词才真正●有完全相同的词义。在两种语言中，除了有数的专用术语和科技词汇外ｉ词义完全相同的词汇单位是极其罕见的。’本文认为，双语词典的特殊性体现在它基本目的是为一种语言的词汇单位在另一种语言的词汇单位中找出意义相等的对应词，其本质特征是两套语言符●号的对应换码。双语词典的编写因涉及到两种语言，故较为注重对两种语言文 化对应词的存在条件、意义和用法的异同作比较。对双语词典而言，释义实际１上就是将一种语言符号变换为另～种语言符号，即所谓对译。由于绝大部分词目的的含义都是完全不对等的，因此，双语词典编纂者想要正确地阐释词义，●就不仅要找到合适的对应词汇，还需辨析隐藏在这种不对等关系背后的文化内涵及语义外延。作为语言不对等关系研究的理论基础，本文对奈达（Ｅ．Ｎｉｄａ）和兹古斯塔（Ｌ Ｚｇｕｓｔａ）提出的对等理论分别做了分析和评述。就源语与译语的对等关系●而言，双语词典的编纂者通常面对三种情况：完全对等（ｆｕｌｌ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ）、部分对等（ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ）以及零对等（ｎｏ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ）。语言不对等现象可出现 于任何两种语言的发音、词汇、语法等方面，而就英汉、汉英双语词典的编纂●●而言，本文以词汇层面为重点，将语言不对等关系细分为语音、构词、文化内 涵、搭配、惯用法及译名、例句翻译等若干类别并逐一提供大量例证予以分析。●针对语言差异性在英汉、汉英双语词典编纂中造成的困难以及词典使用者由于忽略语言差异性而导致的理解、翻译方面的误差，结合作者亲身参与部分 双语词典编纂的经历以及几代双语词典编纂者多年来积累的方法论经验，本文 认为，双语词典应致力于体现“自然语言差异性”，并尽力杜绝“人为语言差异●性”。本文系统陈述了一系列处理不对等关系的行之有效的技术手段，包括括注、 惯用法说明、例证、插图、百科信息等。关键词：不对等；英汉翻译；双语词典：语言与文化●分类号：Ｈ．０６●●●●●●Ｅｘｐｌｏｒｉｎｇ Ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ＆Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｉｎ Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ：● 。Ａ Ｌｅｘｉｃｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃ ＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔｌｓｏｍｏｒｐｈ｛ｓｍ ｉｓ●ａｔｅｒｍ ｉｎ ｂｉｏｌｏｇｙ ｔｈａｔ ｒｅｆｅｒｓ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｑｕａｌｉｔｙａｏｒｓｔａｔｅ ｏｆ ｂｅｉｎｇａｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｉｎｆｏｒｍ ａｎｄ ｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍ．Ｉｎ ｔｈｅｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ，ｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｍｅａｎｓｏｎｅ?ｔｏ－ｏｎｅ ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅ ｏｒｓｔａｔｅ ｏｆ ｂｅｉｎｇ ｉｄｅｎｔｉｃａｌ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎａｔｈｅ ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｏｆａｔｗｏ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ．Ｉｎｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ，ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｒｅｆｅｒｓ ｔｏｍｉｓｍａｔｃｈ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｐａｉｒ ｏｆｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ ｄｕｅ ｔｏ ｔｈｅｉｒ●ｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃ，ｇｒａｍｍａｔｉｃａｌ ａｎｄｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｌｅａｄｓｔｏ ａ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ ａｂｓｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｄｉｒｅｃｔ，ｏｎｅ―ｔｏ―ｏｎｅ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ．Ｓｉｎｃｅ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ ａｎｄＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｂｅｌｏｎｇ ｔｏｔｗｏｂａｓｉｃａｌｌｙ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ，ｔｈｅｒｅ ｅｘｉｓｔｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｍａｓｔｒｏｎｇ ｙｅｔ ｏｆｔｅｎ ｌａｔｅｎｔ ｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ ａｎｄ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ．Ｔｈｉｓａｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ａｔｔｅｍｐｔｓ ｔｏ ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ●ｓＹｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃ ｓｕｒｖｅｙ ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ ａｓａｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｓｈｏｗｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｏｆ ｏｆａ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ． Ｏｎｅ ｏｆｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｎｇ，ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔｔｈｅｐｅｃｕｌｉａｒｉｔｉｅｓａｒｅｏｆｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ，ｕｎｌｉｋｅｍｏｎｏｌｉｎｇｕａｌｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ ｗｈｉｃｈ●Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚｅｄ ｂｙ ｉｔｓ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｄｅｎｏｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｓｉｇｎａｔｅ ｏｆｈｅａｄｗｏｒｄｓ，ｉｓ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎ ｉｎｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ ｉｓ ｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄ ｔｏｗａｒｄｓａｇｅｎｅｒａｌｉｚｉｎｇ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ，ｂｙ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｈｅａｄｗｏｒｄｓｏｕｒｃｅｄｅｓｉｇｎａｔｅｉｎ ｔｈｅｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｉｓ ｇｉｖｅｎ ｗｉｔｈａｎｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｐａｒｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｔａｒｇｅｔｓｅｅｎｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ：Ｉｎａｏｔｈｅｒ ｗｏｒｄｓ．ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ ｃａｎ ｂｅ●ｉｎ ｔｒｕｔｈ ａｓｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｉｓｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｙ ａｄｄｓ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｃ ｎａｔｕｒｅ ｏｆｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ．Ｉｎｓｅｎｓｅ，ａｎｙｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙｍｉｇｈｔｂｅ ｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄａｓａｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆｔｗｏｓｅｔｓ ｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｃｈａｎｇｅａｂｌｅｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃ ｃｏｄｅｓ ｎｏｔｗｉｔｈｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ ｔｈｅｄｉｓｃｒｅｐａｎｃｉｅｓ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｈｅｍ．Ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌ ｔａｓｋ ｏｆ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｍａｋｅｒｓ，ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｉｓ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｙ ｔｈｅ●ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｔｗｏ ｗｈｙａｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓｃｏｎｃｅｍｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｖｏｃａｂｕｌａｒｙ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ａｎｄ ｔｈａｔ ｉｓｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｉｓ ａｌｓｏ ｃａｌｌｅｄ‘‘ａ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｏｆａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ”．Ｔｈｅｔｈｅｍｅ Ｏｆ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｉｎ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ ａｒｉｓｅｓ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｒｅ ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ●●ｗｅａｒｅｉｎ ｌｉｖｉｎｇ ｔｏｄａｙａｓａｎａｇｅ ｏｆ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｅｖｅｒ－ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔａｔｉｏｎ● ａｎｗｅｌｌａｓｃｏｎｖｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ，ａｎｄ ｗｈｅｎ ｗｅ ｔｕｒｎ ｔｏ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ ｆｏｒｏｒｅｘａｃｔ ｍａｔｃｈｆｏｒ ａｎ ｕｎｆａｍｉｌｉａｒ ｗｏｒｄｐｈｒａｓｅ．ｗｅ ｍｉｇｈｔ ｂｅ ｌｅｆｔａｔ ｓｅａ ｂｙ ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｃｏｎｆｕｓｉｎｇ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｌｅｘｉｃｏｇｒａｐｈｅｒｓ．Ｉｔ ｉｓ ｔｈｕｓ ｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅ ｔｏ ｒｅｌａｔｅ ｔｈｉｓ ｔｏｐｉｃ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｖａｒｉｅｄｎｅｓｓ ０ｆ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓ ａｎｄ ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃ ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ． Ｓｉｎｃｅ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ａｕｔｈｏｒ ｈａｓ ｂｅｅｎ ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ ｉｎ ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ ｏｆ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ―Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ●ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｃｏｍｐｉｌａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｈａｓ ｇａｉｎｅｄ ｓｏｍｅ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｆｉｅｌｄ，ｔｈｉｓ ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ｐｅｒｔａｉｎｓ ｍａｉｎｌｙｔｏａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍａｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ－ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅａｎｄＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ―Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅｄｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｓｉｎｃｅ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ”，ｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｉｓ ｉｎ ｏｆｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎａｅｓｓｅｎｃｅ‘‘ａａｎｄ ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ ｂｅｅｎｇｅｎｅｒａｌｓｅｎｓｅａｒｅ ａｌｓｏ ｄｉｓｃｔｉｓｓｅｄ．●Ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｈａｓ ｆｉｄｅｌｉｔｙａｎ ｏｒｅｎｄｏｗｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｎｏｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅ，ａｃｃｕｒａｃｙ，ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ ｉｎ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ，ａｎｄｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｈａｓ ａｌｗａｙｓ ｂｅｅｎｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌ ｉｓｓｕｅ ｉｎ ｍｏｄｅｍＷｅｓｔｅｒｎｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ．Ｔｈｅ ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｗｏｍａｊｏｒｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ ｏｆ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ ｂｙ ＮｉｄａａｎｄＺｇｕｓｔａ●ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙａｓａｆｏｒｅｇｏｉｎｇａｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌｂａｓｉｓｆｏｒｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ａｌｓｏ ｍａｋｅｓｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｏｎｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｓｅｃｏｎｄ ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ ｆｏｃｕｓｅｓａｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ ｉｎ ａｃｈｉｅｖｉｎｇ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｉｎｏｎｔｒａｎｓｉｔｉｏｎ，ｗｉｔｈｓｐｅｃｉａｌ ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｓｌｅｘｉｃａｌ ｕｎｉｔｓ．Ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ ｉｎ ｂｅｅｎ ｒｏｕｇｈｌｙ ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ ｉｎ●ａｃｈｉｅｖｉｎｇ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ ｉｎ ｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙ ｔｈｉｓ ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎｔｏ ｌｅｘｉｃａｌｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｈａｖｅａｍｂｉｇｕｉｔｙ，ｌｅｘｉｃａｌｍｉｓｍａｔｃｈｅｓ，ｌｅｘｉｃａｌ ｇａｐｓ，ｆｉｇｕｒｅｓ ｏｆｓｐｅｅｃｈ，ｍｕｌｔｉｗｏｒｄ ｌｅｘｅｍｅｓ，ｎｏｍｅｎｃｌａｔｕｒｅ，ａｎｄ ｓｔｙｌｅ．．Ｔｈｅｎ，ｔｈｅ●ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ａｔｔｅｍｐｔｓ ｔｏ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｃｉｒｃｕｍｓｔａｎｔｉａｌａｎｄ ｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ＥｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｓｔｒｉｃｔｌｙ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ ｏｆ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌｌｅｘｉｃｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ｓｔａｒｔｉｎｇ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｂａｓｉｃ ｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ａ ｗｏｒｄ（词／ｃｉ／）ｉｎＣａｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄｔｈｅａｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ（字／ｚｉ／）ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ．Ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍｂｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ ａｔ ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ ｌｅｖｅｌｓ ｏｆｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｐｈｏｎｏｌｏｇｙ，ｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙ，ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｃｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ，ｃｏｌｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄ ｕｓａｇｅ，ａｌｌ ｏｆｗｈｉｃｈ ｍａｙ ｌｅａｄ ｔｏ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ ｉｎ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ．●Ａ ｓｃｒｕｔｉｎｙ ｏｆｔｈｅ ｎａｔｕｒｅ ｏｆｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ ｔｈａｔ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌａｎｄ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ ａｓｗｅｌｌ ａｓ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓ ｐｒｏｖｅｓ ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅａａｎｄ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ ａｒｅ ｔｈｅ ａｌｓｏｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｕｎｄｅｒｔａｋｅｓｍａｋｉｎｇｏｆｏｆａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ．Ｔｈｅ●ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎｂｒｉｅｆｓｔｕｄｙｔｈｅＩｖ●‘‘ｉｄｉｏｓｙｎｃｒａｓｉｅｓ”ｏｆ ｂｏｔｈ ｔｈｅ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ ａｎｄ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ ｓｕｃｈ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ● ａｓｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ，ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｉｎｇｔｈａｔｔｈｏｓｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｉｎ ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ，ｓｏｃｉａｌ ｃｕｓｔｏｍｓ，ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎｓ，ｉｄｅｏｌｏｇｙ，ｅｔｃ．ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ―ｌｏａｄｅｄ ｗｏｒｄｓｈａｖｅ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ ｍｉｇｈｔ ｂｅａｍａｎｙａｎｄ ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｓｉｎ ｂｏｍ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ．ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｎｃｅｎｔｒａｌ ｉｓｓｕｅ ｉｎｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙ ｏｆ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ－ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎｔｅｒｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅ ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ａｌｓｏ ｐｕｔｓ ｆｏｒｗａｒｄ ｓｏｍｅ ｇｕｉｄｉｎｇ ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ ａｎｄ ｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｓ●ｕｓｅｆｕｌ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｈａｖｅ ｂｅｅｎ ｐｒｏｖｅｄ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｉｎ ｄｅａｌｉｎｇ ｗｉｔｈ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｉｎｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ．Ｅａｃｈ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ，ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ ｗｉｔｈａ ｏｒｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌ，ｉｓ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｉｎｔｒｉｎｓｉｃ ｎａｔｕｒｅ ｏｆａｓｖｉｅｗ ｔｏ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｈｅｒｅｎｔａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ（ｉ．ｅ．ｔｈｅＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｂｅｉｎｇ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｆｒｏｍ ｅａｃｈｏｔｈｅｒ）ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎａｎｄ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ硒ｗｅｌｌｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇ●ｔｈｅ ｍａｎ―ｍａｄｅ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ化ｅ．ｇａｐｓ ｔｈａｔ Ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｂｒｉｄｇｅｄ ｂｙ ｌｅｘｉｃｏｇｒａｐｈｅｒｓ）ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｍｉｎｉｍｕｍ．Ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ ｄｅｖｉｃｅｓ ｉｎ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｍａｋｉｎｇｐａｒｅｎｔｈｅｓｉｚｅｄａｌｅｅｘｐｌａｎａｔｉｏｎ，ｕｓａｇｅｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ｐｉｃｔｏｒｉａｌ ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｅｎｃｙｃｌｏｐｅｄｉｃｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ｃｒｏｓｓ―ｒｃｆｃｆｅｎｃｅ，ｃｔｃ． Ａｔ ｔｈｅ ｅｎｄ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ａｕｔｈｏｒ ｒｅｉｔｅｒａｔｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｒｏｌｅ ｏｆ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ ｌｅｘｉｃｏｇｉ＇ａｐｈｅｒａｓ ａｌｌ●ｔｈｅ ｃｅｎｔｅｒ ａｎｄａｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｏｆａｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌｂｅｉｎｇｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ，ｉｎ ｈｏｐｅｓ ｏｆ ｓｅｅｉｎｇ ｍｏｒｅ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｈＪ【ｇｈ ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ ｏｗｉｎｇｔｏｍａｄｅｔｈｅｗｉｓｄｏｍａｎｄｄｉｌｉｇｅｎｃｅｏｆａ‘ｎｅｗｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆ●ｌｅｘｉｃｏｇｒａｐｈｅｒｓ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：Ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ；Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ Ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ；Ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ ａｎｄａｎｄＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ；Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ；Ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ；Ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ●Ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ：Ｈ－０６●Ｖ●●Ｌｉｓｔ ｏｆ Ａｂｂｒｅｖｉａｔｉｏｎｓ●（ｉｎａｌｐｈａｂｅｔｉｃａｌｏｒｄｅｒ）ＡＨＤ４２Ｔｈｅ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ Ｈｅｒｉｔａｇｅ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ，４聃Ｅｄ．２０００ＣＡＬＤ２＝ＣａｍｂｒｉｄｇｅＡｄｖａｎｃｅｄＬｅａｒｎｅｒｉＤｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ，少Ｅｄ．２００５●ＣＤＥＩＰ［１９８５】＝Ａ ＣＥＣＤ【１９９９Ｊ＝ＡＣｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅ ＤｆｃｔｗｎａｒｙｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ Ｉｄｉｏｍｓ ａｎｄＰｈｒａｓｅｓ．１９８５Ｃｏｎｃｉｓｅ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ―Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ．１９９９Ｃｉｈａｉ【１９９９】＿辞海【Ｃｉｈａｉ】，１ ９９９年版 ＤＥＥＴ［２００２］２ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｏｆＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌ Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ ａｎｄ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏ删，，２００２●ＤＮＥＷ １１９９７Ｊ＝ＡＥＣＤＤｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｏｆＮｅｗ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ Ｗｏｒｄｓ，１９９７１１９９１ｌ－砌ｅＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ?Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ（Ｕｎａｂｒｉｄｇｅｄ）。１９９１Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ―Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｗｉｔｈ ＵｓａｇｅⅣＤ胞鼠１９９８ Ｄｉａｉｏｎａｒ２４，２耐Ｅｄ．１９９５．ＥＣＤＵＮ【１９９８ｌ＝ＡｎＥＣＭＤ【１９９５】－Ａｎ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ―Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ●ＦＥＣＥＤ１１９９５】＝Ｆａｒ ＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ－Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ，１９９５ＭＣＤ［１９９６］２现代汉语词典（修订版）［Ｍｏｄｅｒｎ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ］，１ ９９６ＮＡＣＥＤ【２０００ｌ－Ｎｅｗ ＡｇｅＮＣＤＥＮＣＴ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ－Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ，２０００ Ｎｅｗ Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ Ｄｆｃ，ｆＤｎ珊ｙ１２０００ｌ２ＴｈｅｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ Ｎｅｏｌｏｇｉｓｍｓ ｗｉｔｈ●Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ，２００２ ＮＤＩＡＥ ＮＥＣＤ１２００５】．ＡＮｅｗＤｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙｏｆＩｄｉｏｍａｔｉｃＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＥｎｇｌｉｓ啊２耐Ｅｄ．２００５Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ―Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｄ缸ｆ幻Ｈ口珥Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ Ｅｄ．２０００１２０００Ｊ＝彳ＮｅｗＮＯＤＥ【１９９８Ｊ－Ｔｈｅ Ｎｅｗ ＯｘｆｏｒｄＤｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ，１９９８ＯＡＬＥＣＤ６ ２●ＯｘｆｏｒｄＡｄｖａｎｃｅｄＬｅａｒｎｅｒ§Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ―Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ，矿Ｅｄ．２００４ＳＥＣＤ１１９９９Ｊ ２ＡＳｕｐｐｌｅｍｅｎｔｔｏＴｈｅＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ―ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＤｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ（Ｕｎａｂｒｉｄｇｅｄ），１９９９２１“Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ＝２１“Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ Ｕｎａｂｒｉｄｇｅｄ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＳＬ ２ ＴＬ●Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ，２００３ＳＯＨｒＣＣｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ２ｔａｒｇｅｔｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ●●●Ｌｉｓｔ ｏｆ ＴａｂｌｅｓＴａｂ．２．１ Ｔａｂ．２．２●Ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ－ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ Ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ ｉｎ Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ……………………．１９―２０Ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ ｏｆｈａｎｄ………………………………………………．．２１ｍｌｂ．３．１ １＇ａｂ．３．２ ｍｌｂ．３‘３●Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ ｏｆＡｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｉｎ Ｒｅｄｕｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ…………………………．６ｌＣｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗｏ／ｆｉｎ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ……………………………．．６３Ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｉｎ Ｃｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｐｅａｓａｎｔａｎｄ“农民”…………６４ｔ山．３．４Ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｉｎ Ｃｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ａｂｄｏｍｅｎ ａｎｄ“腹”……………６４ＡｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍｉｎＣｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＩｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｉｓｍＴ幻．３．５Ｔａｂ．３．６ Ｔａｂ．３．７●ａｎｄ“自由主义”………６５Ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｉｎ Ｃｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆＣｏｌｏｒｓ………………………………６８Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ ＥｘａｍｐｌｅｓｏｆＭｕｌｔｉ－ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ Ｔｅｒｍｓ………………………８４ｄｕｅ ｔｏ Ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．８５１’ａｂ．３．８ Ｔ｛ｌｂ．３．９ １＇ａｂ．３．１０Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ ｏｆＭｕｌｔｉ―ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＺｅｒｏ―Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ……．…．．．．．．．．………………．．．．．．．．．．．．…８６Ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙ－ｓｅｅｎ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ Ｌｏａｎｗｏｒｄｓ ｉｎ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ………………………．８８ Ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙ?ｓｅｅｎ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｌｏａｎｗｏｒｄｓ ｉｎ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ………………………．８９Ｔ孙．３．１１●Ｔ曲．３．１２Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ ｏｆＡｃｒｏｎｙｍ／Ａｂｂｒｅｖｉａｔｉｏｎ Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ………………………．９４●●●●Ｌｉｓｔ ｏｆ ＦｉｇｕｒｅｓＰｉｇ．１．１Ａ ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ａｒｔｈｒｏｓｉｓａｎｄ“关节”……………………………．９Ｆｉｇ．１．２ Ａ ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ●ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ“丈夫”ａｎｄ ｈｕｓｂａｎｄ……………………………一１０Ｆｉｇ．２．１ Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ Ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ｏｆｐｕｌｌ……………………………………………．１６ Ｆｉｇ．２．２ Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓｏｆ而船Ｃｏｇｎａｔｅｓ……………………………………………．２８●●Ｆｉｇ．３．１ Ｓｕｆｆｉｘａｌ Ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｓ Ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅｄ Ｆｉｇ．３．２ Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｃｏｌｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｓ ｏｆｐｌａｙｂｙ“～子”……………………………．５８ａｎｄ“打”…………………………………７８Ｆｉｇ．３．３ Ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ Ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ“ＧＲＯＵＰ”………………………．８０ Ｆｉｇ．３．４ Ｍｕｌｔｉ―ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ●ｍｕｆｆｌｅｆｕｒｎａｃｅ……………………………………．．８３Ｆｉｇ．３．５ＡＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｃｏｏｌａｎｄ“酷”．．“……．．…………………………８８Ｆｉｇ．５．１ Ｕｓａｇｅ Ｇｕｉｄｅ ｉｎ ＯＡＬＥＣＤ６…………．．．…．．．．．．…………………………１２３ Ｆｉｇ．５．２ Ｃｏｍｍｏｎ Ｌｅａｒｎｅｒ Ｇｕｉｄｅ ｉｎ●ＣＡＬＤ２．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１２３Ｆｉｇ．５．３ Ｕｓａｇｅ ＧｕｉｄｅｉｎＮＯＤＥ［１９９８］．．．．．．．．……．．．．．．……………………．…．．１２４Ｆｉｇ．５．４ＣｏｌｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆ‘‘ｆｕｍｂｌｅ”ｉｎＯＡＬＥＣＤ６……………………一１２５Ｆｉｇ．５．５ Ｃｏｌｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ“ｓｏｗ”ｉｎ Ｆｉｇ．５．６ Ｃｏｌｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ●ＥＣＤ［１９９１］………………．．ｊ……１２６Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆ‘‘ｌａｃｋ”ｉｎ ＡＨＤ４………………………１２６ＯＡＬＥＣＤ６………………”１２９ Ｆｉｇ．５．７ Ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ“ｂｒｅａｄ．ｃａｋｅｓ ａｎｄ ｄｅｓｓｅｒｔｓ”ｉｎＦｉｇ．５．８Ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆｍｏｒｔａｒ＇ｂｏａｒｄａｎｄｔａｍ―ｏ＇－ｓｈａｎｔｅｒ ｂｙＳｖｅｕｓ６ｎ．．．．．．．．．．．．１３０●●●Ａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｍｅｎｔｓ●Ｔｈｉｓ ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ｗｏｕｌｄｎｅｖｅｒｈａｖｅ ｂｅｅｎ ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｈｅｌｐ ｏｆ ｍａｎｙｐｅｏｐｌｅ．Ｆｉｒｓｔ ｏｆ．ａｌｌ，Ｉ ｏｗｅ ｍｙ ｇｒｅａｔｅｓｔ ｄｅｂｔ ｔｏ ｍｙｌ ｔｕｔｏｒ ａｎｄ ｍｅｎｔｏｒ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ Ｌｕ Ｇｕｓｕｒｂ ｗｈｏ ｈａｓ ｂｅｅｎ ｋｉｎｄ ｅｎｏｕｇｈ ｔｏ“ｓｉｎｋ ｒｅｖｉｓｉｏｎｓ ｆｒｏｍ● ｃｏｖｅｒ ｏｒｓｗｉｍ＇’ｗｉｔｌｌｍｅａｎｄｄｏ ｍｅｔｉｃｕｌｏｕｓｔｏ ｃｏｖｅｒ，ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｉｔ ｌｅｓｓ ｓｈａｌｌｏｗ ｂｕｔ ａ ｌｏｔｍｏｒｅ ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌ ａｎｄｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｂｌｅ ｄｅｓｐｉｔｅ ｈｉｓ ｏｗｎ ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙ ｂｕｓｙ ｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｅ．Ｔｈａｎｋｓ ｔｏ ｈｉｓ ｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ， ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌｌｙ ｆｒｏｍａａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅ，ｏｖｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｐａｓｔ ｆｉｖｅ ｙｅａｒｓａｏｒｓｏ，Ｉ ｈａｖｅ ｂｅｅｎ“ｒｅｍａｄｅ”ａｌａｙｍａｎｉｎｔｏｐｒａｃｔｉｃｉｎｇｔｏａｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙｏｒｍａｋｅｒ，ｆｒｏｍｎｏｖｉｃｅｇｉｎｇｅｒｌｙ ｓｕｃｈａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｉｎｇ ａｃａｄｅｍｉｃ ｌｉｆｅ●ｍｏｒｅｌｅｓｓ ｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｔ ｐｅｒｓｏｎ ｔａｃｋｌｉｎｇｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｉｎｇ ｔａｓｋｓａｓｔｈｅ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ．Ａｍｏｎｇ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｔｈｉｎｇｓ，Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ Ｌｕ ｈａｓａｌｗａｙｓ ｂｅｅｎ ｇｅｎｅｒｏｕｓｅｎｏｕｇｈｔｏ ｓｈａｒｅｇｒｅａｔ ｂｏｏｋｓ ｗｉｔｌｌ ｍｅｅｖｅｎａｔｔｈｅ ｒｉｓｋ ｏｆ ｍｅａ“ｓｕｂ?ｌｅｎｄｉｎｇ”ｔｈｅｍ ｔｏ ｏｔｌｌ西ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ ｒｅａｄｅｒｓ ｗｈｏ ｄｏ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｄｏｗｎ ｔｈｅ ｌｉｎｅ．Ａｓｍａｔｔｅｒ ｏｆ ｆａｃｔ，ｍｙ ａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅ ｔｏｗａｒｄ ｌｉｆｅ ａｓ●ａｗｈｏｌｅ ｈａｓ ｂｅｅｎ ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｙ ｄｏｅｓｎ’ｔｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄｌｉｋｅｔｏｂｙ ｈｉｓｉｎｓｉｇｈｔｓ，ｊｕｄｇｍｅｎｔｓ（ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｈｅ ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｅｓ ｔｈａｔ ｈｅｂｅｊｕｄｇｍｅｎｔａｌ），ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ，ａｃｌ／ｍｅｎ，ａｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇ ｖｅｒｓａｔｉｌｉｔｙ ａｓ ｗｅｌｌａｓ ａｗｉｄｅ－ｒａｎｇｉｎｇ ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ ｉｎ ａｃａｄｅｍｉｃ ｍａｔｔｅｒｓｃｏｎｃｅｒｎａｎｄｓｕｓｔａｉｎｅｄｆｏｒ ｈｉｓ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ’ｗｅｌｌ―ｂｅｉｎｇ．Ｉｔ ｉｓｈｉｓ ｎｅａｒ－ｐａｔｅｒｎａｌ ｌｏｖｅ ｐｅｒｍｅａｔｉｎｇ●ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈａｌｌ ａｓｐｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｍｙ ｃａｍｐｕｓ ｌｉｆｅ ｔｈａｔ ｉｓ ｍｙａ ｒａｒｅｆｏｎｄｅｓｔ ｍｅｍｏＤｒ ｏｆ Ｆｕｄａｎ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ．Ａｌｌ ｉｎ ａｌｌ，ｉｔ ｉｓ ｉｎｄｅｅｄ ｏｆｈｉｓ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ ａｓ ｈｅ ｓａｙｓ ｈｅ ｗｉｌｌ ｎｏｔ ｔａｋｅｏｎｂｌｅｓｓｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｂｅｏｎｅｎｅｗ Ｐｈ．Ｄ．ａｓｐｉｒａｎｔｓ ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ｏｆａｇｅ．Ｍｙ ｈｅａｒｔｆｅｌｔ ｔｈａｎｋｓ ａｌｓｏ ｇｏｔｏ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ Ｈｕａｎｇ Ｙｏｎｇｍｉｎｇ，ｗｈｏｈａｓ ａｌｗａｙｓｂｅｅｎ ｃｏｎｃｅｍｅｄ ａｂｏｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓ ｏｆ ｍｙ ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ●ａｎｄｇａｖｅ ｍｅ ｍｕｃｈｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅ ａｎｄｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ ｗｈｉｌｅ １ ｗａｓ ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ ａｓａｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ’ｃｏｕｎｓｅｌｏｒ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ．Ｉｆｏｒ ｈｉｓ ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔ－ｐｒｏｖｏｋｉｎｇ ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｓｏｎａｍａｌｓｏｇｒａｔｅｆｕｌｔｏ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ ＨｅＧａｎｇｑｉａｎｇｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｎｄｅｅｄｈｅｌｐｅｄｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ ｔｈｅ ｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋ ｏｆｔｈｉｓｃｏｕｒｓｅｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａ．ｔｉｏｎ． ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ１ ｗｏｕｌｄ ａｌｓｏ ｌｉｋｅ ｔｏ ｔｈａｎｋ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ Ｓｈｅｎ Ｌｉ，ｗｈｏｓｅ ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ ｈｅｌｐｅｄ／ｈｅ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ Ｘｉｏｎｇａｏｎ●ｌｏｔ、＾，ｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ｗｏｒｋ．１ ｗｏｕｌｄ ａｌｓｏ ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓ ｍｙ ｇｒａｆｉｍｄｅ ｔｏＸｕｅｌｉａｎｇ，Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ ＴａｎｏｎｅＺｈｅｎｇ，ａｍｏｎｇ ｏｔｈｅｒｓ，ｗｈｏｓｅ ｅＮｉｇｈｔｅｎｉｎｇｉｎｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ ｆｏｒ ｍｙ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ．ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｓ ｈａｖｅ ｂｅｅｎ ｉｎｗａｙｏｒａｎｏｔｈｅｒ ａｎ●●Ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ ｔｈａｎｋｓ ｓｈｏｕｌｄ ｇｏ ｔｏ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ Ｚｈａｉ ｏｆｆｅｒ ｈｉｓ ｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ● ｏｎＸｉａｎｇｊｕｎ，ｗｈｏａｉｓ ａｌｗａｙｓ ｗｉｌｌｉｎｇ ｔｏＵＳｍｙ ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ ｗｈｅｎｅｖｅｒ ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓａｃｈａｎｃｅ ｆｏｒｔｏ ｍｅｅｔａｎｄＷａＳ ｇｅｎｅｒｏｕｓ ｅｎｏｕｇｈ ｔｏ ｍａｋｅ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ ｉｄｉｏｍｓ Ｉ Ｙｕａｎｌ ｏｎｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ｔｏ ｍｅ ｏｆ ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ ｇｒｅａｔ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ ｏｆｈｅａｒｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅｙ ｍｉｇｈｔ ｂｅ ｕｓｅｆｕｌ ｆｏｒ ｍｙ ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ．ｔｒｕｌｙ ｔｈａｎｋｆｕｌ ｔｏｍａｎｙｆｒｉｅｎｄｓａｎｄｆｅｌｌｏｗ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ，ａｍｏｎｇ ｗｈｏｍａｒｅＤｒ．Ｈａｉｊｉａｎｇ，Ｄｒ．ＧａｏＹｏｎｇｗｅｉ，Ｄｒ．Ｌｉ Ａｎｘｉｎｇ，Ｄｒ．Ｌｉｕ Ｓｈｕｒｄａｏｕ，ＡＢＤＭｓ．Ｍａ●Ｌａｎｍｅｉ，ｍｙ ｂｕｄｄｉｅｓ Ｙｏｎｇｆｅｉ，Ｓｉｈａｉ，Ｄｉｎｇ Ｊｕｎ，ａｎｄＺｈｉｊｉｎｇ，ｆｏｒｔｈｅｉｒ ｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔ ｃａｒｅａｎｄｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｏｖｅｒｔｈｅ ｙｅａｒｓ． ｌｅａＳｔ，１ ｗａｎｔ ｔｏ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ｔｈｉｓ ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ ｍｙ ｄｅａｒ ｐａｒｅｎｔｓ，ｗｈｏＬａＳｔ ｂｕｔｎｏｔｋｅｅｐ ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｉｎｇ ｍｅ ｔｏ ｓｔａｎｄ ｕｐ ｔｏ“ｆａｃｅ ｔｈｅ ｍｕｓｉｃ’’ｉｎ ｔｉｍｅｓ ｏｆ ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｙ ａｎｄ ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅ Ｉ ｍｉｇｈｔ ｅｎｃｏｕｎｔｅｒ ｉｎ ｍｙ ｄａｙｓ ａｗａｙ ｆｒｏｍ ｈｏｍｅ．Ｉｔ ｉｓ ｔｈｅｙ ｗｈｏ ｍａｄｅ ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｅｖｅｒｙｔｈｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ Ｉ ｈａｖｅ ｎｏｗ． １ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｂｅ ｒｅｍｉｓｓ ｉｆＩ ｄｉｄ ｎｏｔ ａｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ ａｎｙｏｎｅ ｗｈｏ ｈａＳ ｍａｄｅ ｉｔ ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｆｏｒ ｍｅ ｔｏ ｐｅｒｓｅｖｅｒｅ ｉｎ ｍｙ ｄｉｓｓｅｒｔａｔｉｏｎ．●●ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ ａｔＦｕｄａｎ ａｎｄｆｉｎａｌｌｙ ｂｅ ａｂｌｅｔｏ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ ｔｈｉｓ●●●●●Ｉ．ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ●１．１ Ｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ａｎｄ Ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｉｎ ＧｅｎｅｒａｌＢｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ，ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ＤｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙｏｆＬｅｘｉｃｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ｂｅｌｏｎｇｔｏ“ａｔｙｐｅ ｏｆ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｒｅｌａｔｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｖｏｃａｂｕｌａｒｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｗｏ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ ｂｙ●ｍｅａｎｓ ｏｆ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ，ｉｎ ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｎｏｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ，ｉｎ ｗｈｉｃｈｅｘｐｌａｎａｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ ｉｎｏｎｅｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ”（Ｈａｒｔｍａｎ＆Ｊａｍｅｓ．１９９８）．Ｔｈｅｍａｉｎａｓｓｉｇｎｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｓｅｎｔｅｎｔｉａｌ●ａｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌｗｅｌｌａｓｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｃｏｍｐｉｌｅｒ ｉｓ，ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｆｉｒｓｔ ｏｆ ａｌｌ ｔｏ ｈａｒｍｏｎｉｚｅｏｎｅａｓｌｅｘｉｃａｉ ｕｎｉｔｓ ｉｎｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｉｎａｎｏｔｈｅｒ，ｂｏｔｈｏｆｗｈｉｃｈ ａｒｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｄｅｓｉｇｎａｔｅｄ Ｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｉｓ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｉｎ ｆｏｒｍａｍｅａｎｉｎｇ．ｏｒｔｅｒｍ ｉｎ ｂｉｏｌｏｇｙ ｔｈａｔ ｒｅｆｅｒｓ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｑｕａｌｉｔｙａｓｓｔａｔｅ ｏｆ ｂｅｉｎｇａｎｄｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍ，ｏｒＥｕｇｅｎｅＮｉｄａ（１９９３：１１９）ｐｕｔ ｉｔ，‘‘ａｎｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ ｏｆｔｈｅ ｓｅｍｉｏｔｉｃ ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ●ｏｆ ｉｃｏｎｉｃｉｔｙ，ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ ｏｆ ｌｉｋｅｎｅｓｓ．’’Ｎｉｄａａｌｓｏ ｅｘｅｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｓ ｉｎ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｌｉｋｅｗｉｔｈｓｏｍｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ－ｕｓｅｄ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ ｏｎｏｍａｔｏｐｏｅｉｃ ｍａｙ ｂｅ ｓｐｅｌｌｅｄｈｉｓｓ，ｓｑｕａｗｋ，ｃｌｕｃｋ，ａｎｄ ｓｃｒｅｅｃｈ．ｎｌｅｙｏｒ ｅｖｅｎａｎｄｐｒｏｎｏｕｎｃｅｄ ａｌｓｏｖｅｒｙ ｃｌｏｓｅ ｔｏ ｅａｃｈ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓ ｏｔｈｅｒ● ｃａｓｅｓｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｗｏ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ，ｂｕｔ ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｒｅａｎｏｔｈｅｒｉｎ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｔｈｅｙ ｓｈｏｗ ｎｏｎ―ｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ，ｏｒ ｉｎ Ｇｒｅｅｋｗｏｒｄ，ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ．Ｆｏｒｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ｔｈｅｅｘｃｌａｍａｔｉｏｎ ｐｏ ｐｏ ｐｏ，ｕｓｅｄｏｒｔｏ ｓｈｏｗ ｆｒｉｇｈｔａｓｔｏｎｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ，ｂａｒｃｌ）＇ｈａｓ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ｉｎ ＦｒｅｎｃｈＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ，ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｒｅａｌｅｃｌｏｓｅ ｍａｔｃｈｅｓ ｌｉｋｅ ｏｈ ｌａ ｌａ ｉｎ Ｆｒｅｎｃｈ 一Ａｓ● ａａｎｄ ｔｕｔ?ｔｕｔｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ（Ｂｕｒｃｈｆｉｅｌｄ，１９８０）．ｍａｔｔｅｒ ｏｆ ｆａｃｔ，ｅｖｅｎ ｉｎ ｓｏｍｅ ｏｎｏｍａｔｏｐｏｅｉｃ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｍｉｇｈｔ ｂｅ ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓａｃｒｏｓｓｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｓＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ，ｗｅ ｃａｎ ｅａｓｉｌｙｆｉｎｄ ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ ｉｎ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｔｈａｔ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｆｒｏｍ Ｔｈｅｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅ ｃｌｅａｒ Ｅｎｇｌｂｒｈ－Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ，ａｍｏｎｇｗｈｉｃｈ ａｒｅ ｔｈｅＤｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ（Ｕｎａｂｒｉｄｇｅｄ）［１９９１】（ＥＣＤ［１９９１］ｈｅｒｅａｆｔｅｒ）：●ｙａｃｋ／ｊ茁ｋ／＜俚＞Ｉ ｖ／．愚蠢地喋喋不休，没完没了地胡扯Ⅱ甄１．喋喋不 休，连篇的废话（＝ｙａｃｋｅｔｙ－ｙａｋ）废话，哄堂大笑２．（说话的）音调，声调（ＥＣＤｆｌ９９１Ｊ）●●ｈｕｓｈ－ｈｕｓｈ／ｈ吖‘ｈ吖／＜１２１＞ｌ ａ．秘密的；机密的ＩＩ ｖｔ．１．命…别吱声２．包●住…不让知道，遮盖ＢＩ ｎ．秘密气氛；保密政策（ＥＣＤ［１９９１１）Ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ａｂｏｖｅ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ，ｔｈｅ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｙａｃｋ ａｎｄ ｈｕｓｈ―ｈｕｓｈ ｂｏｔｈ ｈａｖｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ（ｔｈｏｕｇｈ●ｎｏｔ ｅｘａｃｔｌｙｔｈｅｓａｍｅ）ｉｎ Ｆｒｅｎｃｈ，ｉ．ｅ．ｂａｖａｒｄａｇｅ ａｎｄ ｃｈｕｔ ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ，ｙｅｔ ｗｅｃａｎｎｏｔ ｆｉｎｄａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ｉｎ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｔｗｏ ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ ｏｎｏｍａｔｏｐｏｅｉｃ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅｗｏｒｄｓａｎｄ ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ．ｗｅ ｃａｎ ｏｎｌｙａｔｈｅｍ、ｖｉ也ｅｘｐｌａｎａｔｏｒｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ． ｄｉｅｔｉｏｎａｒｙｈａｓ ｂｏｔｈＬｉｋｅｄｏｕｂｌｅ―ｅｄｇｅｄ ｋｎｉｆｅ，ａ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓａｎｄｄｉｓａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ，ｔｈｅ ｆｏｒｍｅｒｅｎｃｏｄｉｎｇ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｔａｒｇｅｔｂｅｉｎｇ ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ ｉｎ ｉｔｓ ｈｅｌｐｆｕｌｎｅｓｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｃｏｄｉｎｇａｎｄｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ（ＴＧ），ａｎｄｔｈｅ ｌａｔｔｅｒ ｉｎ ｉｔｓ ｕｎｆａｖｏｒａｂｌｙ ｓｔｒｅｎｕｏｕｓ ｔａｓｋｏｆ ｆｉｎｄｉｎｇ ｌｅｘｉｃａｌ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ｉｎ ｐａｉｒｓ ｏｆ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ ｎｏｕｒｉｓｈｅｄ ｉｎ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓ． Ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｐｉｌｅｒ ｏｆａｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｗｉｌｌ ｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｙ ｄｅａｌ ｗｉｔｌｌ ｔｈｅ ｖｏｃａｂｕｌａｒｉｅｓ ｏｆｓｏｕｒｃｅｂｏｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｔａｒｇｅｔ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ●ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ（ＳＬ），ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅａｃｃｕｒａｔｅ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ＳＬ ｆｏｒ ｉｔｅｍｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＴＬ，ｂｅａｔｉｎｇ ｉｎ ｍｉｎｄ ｎｏｔ ｏｎｌｙ ｉｎｔｒｉｃａｔｅ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ ｉｎ ｅｖｅｒｙｌａｎｇｕａｇｅａｓｐｅｃｔ，ｂｕｔ ａｌｓｏ ｒａｎｇｅ ｏｆｕｓａｇｅ．ｏｃｃｕｒＵｎｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ ｍａｙｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｒｅａｔｉｎｇ ｕｎｕｓｕａｌ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｓｕｃｈａａｓｉｄｉｏｍｓｉｓａｎｄ ｐｒｏｖｅｒｂｓ，ｆｏｒ●ｉｔ ｉｓ ｖｉｒｔｕａｌｌｙ ｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｔｏ ｆｉｎｄｏｒｐｅｒｆｅｃｔ ｍａｔｃｈ ｆｏｒａｎ ｉｔｅｍ ｔｈａｔｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ ｆｒｏｍａｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ．Ｆｏｒ ｅｘａｒｎｐｌｅ，金盆洗手，ａ ｖｅｒｙｃｏｍｍｏｎ ｐｈｒａｓｅ ｉｎ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ，ｄｏｅｓｎｏｔ ｈａｖｅａｎｅｘａｃｔ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ ｔｈａｔｂｏｔｈｅｘｐｌａｉｎｓ ｉｔｓ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ ｏｆ‘＇ｔｏ ｑｕｉｔ ｄｏｉｎｇ ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ’’ａｎｄ ａｌｓｏ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ ｉｔｓ ｃｅｒｅｍｏｎｉａｌ ｉｍａｇｅ ｏｆ‘‘ｗａｓｈ●ｏｎｅ’Ｓｈａｎｄｓｉｎａｇｏｌｄｅｎｂａｓｉｎ．’囝Ｔｈｅｓａｍｅ ｈａｐｐｅｎｓｔｏ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｔｅｒｍｓ ｌｉｋｅ“臭老九，…‘５可Ｑ精神，…‘上山下乡，”ｗｈｉｃｈ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｆｉｎｄ ｐｒｏｐｅｒ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓｎｅｉｔｈｅｒ ｉｎ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈｎｏｒｉｎａｎｙｏｔｈｅｒｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ．Ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｈａｎｄ，ｓｕｃｈｅｖｅｎ ｏｎｅＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｔｅｒｍｓ ｔｅｒｍｓａｓ Ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ五ｇｒｏｕｎｄ ｚｅｒｏ，ａｎｄｇｅｎｔｌｅｍａｎ●ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ―ｕｓｅｄａｒｅｐａｒｔｉａｌｏｒｔｏｔａｌｌｙ ａｂｓｅｎｔ ｉｎ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ． ｏｆ ｓｕｃｈ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ａｒｉｓｉｎｇ ｆｒｏｍａＮｕｍｅｒｏｕｓｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＣａｎ。Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓ，ｔｈｏｕｇｈ，ａｌｌ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ ｐｈｒａｓｅ＂ｔｏ ｗａｓｈｏｎｅ’ｓ ａｓｌａｃｋｓａｃｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ ｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅ ｇａｎｇｌａｎｄ ｒｉｔｕａｌｈａｎｄｓ ｏｆｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ，’’ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｓ ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ ｉｎ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ，ｂｕｔ ｉｓ ｃａｒｒｉｅｄ ｂｙ金盆洗手． ２●●ｂｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｅｖｅｒｙｗｈｅｒｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ．Ｍｏｒｅ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓａｒｅａｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ：（Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ●ａｒｅｆｒｏｍ Ｆａｒ Ｅａｓｔ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ－ＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＤｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ【１９９５］，ＦＥＣＥＤ［１９９５］ｈｅｒｅａｆｔｅｒ；ａｎｄ ｆｒｏｍ ＮｅｗＡｇｅ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ［２０００］，ＮＡＣＥＤ［２０００］ｈｅｒｅａｆｔｅｒ）炕ｋｈｎｇａｂｒｉｃｋ ｂｅｄ ｗａｒｍｅｄ ｂｙ ａ ｆｉｒｅ ｕｎｄｅｍｅａｔｈ（ｉｎ Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ Ｃｈｉｎａ）（ＦＥＣＥＤ［１９９５］）●粽子ｚＯｎｇｚｉｂａｍｂｏｏｏｒｐｙｒａｍｉｄ―ｓｈａｐｅｄ ｄｕｍｐｌｉｎｇ ｍａｄｅ ｏｆ ｇｌｕｔｉｎｏｕｓ ｒｉｃｅ ｗｒａｐｐｅｄ ｉｎｒｅｅｄｌｅａｖｅｓ（ｅａｔｅｎ ｄｕｒｉｎｇ ｍｏｎｔｈ）ｔｈｅ Ｄｒａｇｏｎ Ｂｏａｔ Ｆｅｓｔｉｖａｌ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｆｉｌｔｈ ｄａｙｏｆｔｈｅ ｆｉｆｔｈ ｌｕｎａｒ●（ＮＡＣＥＤ［２０００］）阎王ｙｄｍｗａｎｇｒｅｆｅｒｒｉｎｇ ｔｏａ１．Ｙａｍａ，Ｋｉｎｇ ｏｆ Ｈｅｌｌ２．ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙ ｃｒｕｅｌ ｐｅｒｓｏｎ．ｕｓｕａｌｌｙｌｏｃａｌ ｔｙｒａｎｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｏｌｄ ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ●（ＮＡＣＥＤ［２０００］）Ｉｎ ｒｅａｌ ｌｉｆｅ，ｍｏｓｔ ｎａｔｉｖｅ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ ｓｐｅａｋｅｒｓ ｈａｖｅｅａｔｅｎｎｅｖｅｒ ｓｅｅｎｏｒｓｌｅｖｏｎａ炕，ａ粽子，ｎｏｒｂｅｅｎ ｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｅｄ ｂｙ ｗｏｒｄｓｌｉｋｅ去见阎王．ｓｏ ｔｈｅｓｅｗｏｒｄｓ ｗｏｕｌｄ●ｈｅｌｐ ｃｒｅａｔｅ ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｙ ｖｅｒｙ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｉｍａｇｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｍｉｎｄｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｏｓｅ ａｌｒｅａｄｙｆａｍｉｌｉａｒ ｔｏｔｈｅ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ．．Ｔｈｅ ｉｓｓｕｅ ｏｆ ｅｎｔｒｙ ｗｏｒｄ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ ｉｎ ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ ｉｓ ｎｏｔ ｓｈｅｅｒ ｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ ｏｆ ｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎ，ｂｕｔ ｒａｔｈｅｒ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｗｏ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ（ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ●ａａｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｔｅｒｃｈａｎｇｅ ｌｅｘｉｃｏｎ ｏｆ ａ ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ ｔｈａｔ ｉｓ ｕｎｋｎｏｗｎｅｖｅｎｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｉｖｅ）ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓ．Ｉｎ ｔｈｅｗｏｒｄ ｔｈａｔ ｄｅｓｉｇｎａｔｅｓａｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｗｅ ｍａｙ ｆｉｎｄａｎＵｎｆａｍｉｌｉａｒａｎ ｏｂｊｅｃｔｔｏ ｏｕｒ ｏｗｎｃｕ！ｔｕｒｃ．Ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔｓｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄ ｉｎｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ ｃｅｒｅｍｏｎｙ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ＲｏｍａｎＣａｔｈｏｌｉｃ Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ，ｆｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ａ“ｒｅｐｏｓｏｉｒ，”（ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｒｙａｌｔａｒ），ｏｒ‘‘ｏｓｔｅｎｓｏｉｒ’’ ａｎｄｔｈｕｓｎｏ（ｍｏｎｓｔｒａｎｃｅ），ｈａｖｅｎｏａｃｔｕａｌ ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ ｆｏｒｍｓ ｉｎ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｒｅａｄｙｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ．Ｂｕｔ ｗｅ ｍｕｓｔ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｉｓ ｔｙｐｅ ｉｆ ｗｅ ｗｉｓｈ ｔｏ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅ，ｓａｙ，Ｂａｕｄｅｌａｉｒｅ’ｓ ｐｏｅｍ Ｈａｒｍｏｎｉｅ ｄｕｓｏ护．Ｗｈｅｎ ｔｈｅｓｅｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ―ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｗｏｒｄｓ ａｒｅ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ，ｓｏｍｅ ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｗｉｌｌ ｈａｖｅ ｔｏ ｂｅ３ ●●ａｄｏｐｔｅｄａｓ ａｎａｐｐｒｏｘｉｍａｔｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ，ｏｒ ｗｅ ｗｉｌｌ ｈａｖｅ ｔｏ ｃｏｉｎ ｓｏｍｅｏｎｅｎｅｗ ｔｅｒｍｓ ｉｎ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｔｏ ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ’ｆｏｒ●ｒｅａｓｏｎｏｒａｎｏｔｈｅｒ（ｔｏｂｅ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ ｉｎ Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ４），ｎｏｔ ａｌｌｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓＣａｎ ｓｅｒｖｅ ａｓｐｅｒｆｅｃｔ ｍａｔｃｈｅｓ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅｉｒｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌｓ ｂｏｔｈ ｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃａｌｌｙ ａｎｄ ｐｒａｇｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙ，ｎｏｔ ｔｏ ｓａｙ ｐｈｏｎｅｔｉｃａｌｌｙ． Ｔｈｅ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｏｒｔｈｅ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｏｆ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ ｒｅｆｅｒｓ ｔｏ‘＇ｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｄｅｓｉｇｎａｔｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ●ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ”（Ｚｇｕｓｔａ，ｉｎ ｔｈｅ１９７１：２９４）．Ｓｉｎｃｅｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｏｆ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｒａｃｅｓｓｈａｒｅ ｓｏｍｅ ｃｏｍｍｏｎ ｇｒｏｕｎｄｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｐｅｏｐｌｅｓｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｗｏｒｌｄ，ｔｈｅａｖｏｃａｂｕｌａｒｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｏｒＣａｎ，ｔｏｓｏｍｅ ｅｘｔｅｎｔ，ａｔｔａｉｎｔｏｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅｓｉｍｉｌａｒｉｔｙ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｅａｃｈｏｔｈｅｒ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｄｕｅ●ｔｈｅ ｆａｃｔ ｔｈａｔｔｗｏ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓｍａｙ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｗｏ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓ．ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ ｗｉｔｌｌ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔ ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓ ｔｈａｔ ｃｏｍｅ ｆｒｏｍ ｉｎｄｉｇｅｎｏｕｓ ｎａｔｕｒａｌｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇｓ，ｃｕｓｔｏｍｓ，ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ，ｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ ａｎｄ ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ，ａｎｉｍｂａｌａｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎａｌｌｔｈｅｓｅｔｗｏ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓｉｎ ｇｒａｍｍａｒ，ｍｅａｎｉｎｇａｎｄ ｕｓａｇｅｉｓ ｂｏｕｎｄ ｔｏ ＯＣＣＵｒ．Ｉｎｏｒｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ，ｏｎｌｙ ｓｏｍｅ ｍｏｎｏｓｅｍｉｃ ｓｏｌｉｔａｒｙ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ，ｍａｙｔｅｒｍｓ，ｉ．ｅ．ｗｏｒｄｓａｐｈｒａｓｅｓ埘ｔｌｌｍａｔｃｈ ｉｎａｎｕｎｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｅｄ●ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｙ ｆｉｎｄｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅａｎｏｔｈｅｒ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ．Ｃｏｍｐ！ｅｔｅｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｄｅｍａｎｄｓ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ ｉｄｅｎｆｉｔｙ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｌｅｘｉｃａｌ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｔｗｏｌｅｘｉｃａｌ ｕｎｉｔｓ ｉｎ ａｌｌｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓ（ｄｅｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ，ｃｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ，ｒａｎｇｅｏｆ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ），ａｎｄｓｕｃｈ ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ａｒｅ‘‘ｒａｔｈｅｒ ｉｎｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔ ｂｅｓｉｄｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｄｏｍａｉｎ ｏｆ ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ●ｔｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ（Ｚｇｕｓｔａ，１９７１：３１３）． Ｗｈｅｎｈｅａｄｗｏｉｄｓ ｉｔ ｃｏｍｅｓ ｔｏ ｉｎ ｄｅｔａｉｌｓ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｌｅｘｉｃｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ｔｈｅ ｉｎ ｍｏｎｏｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ ｌａｂｏｒｉｏｕｓ ｔａｓｋ ｂｅｃｏｍｅｓ ｏｆ ｄｅｆｉｎｉｎｇ ｓｅｅｍｉｎｇｌｙｔｈｅｓｔｒａｉｇｈｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄ ｙｅｔ ｍｏｒｅ ｔｒｉｃｋｙ ａｎｄ ｂｒａｉｎ－ｒａｃｋｉｎｇ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｏｆ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｎｇ ｌｅｘｉｃａｌ ｕｎｉｔｓ谢ｔｈ●ａｐｒｏｆｏｕｎｄ ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｈｉｄｄｅｎ ｂｅｈｉｎｄ ｔｈｅｍ．Ｉｎ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｔｏ ｆｉｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＳＬ，ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｍａｋｅｒｓｔｏ ｎｏｔ ｏｎｌｙｗｉｌｌｈａｖｅｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｔｈｅｔｒｕｅｍｅａｎｉｎｇ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ ｗｏｒｄｓ，ｂｕｔ ａｌｓｏ ｅｘｐｌｏｒｅ ｔｈｅｄｅｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ ｔｈａｔ ｌｉｅ ｂｅｎｅａｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ．ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ ｃｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃ１．２ Ｎｉｄａ’Ｓ Ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ＴｈｅｏｒｉｅｓＢｅｆｏｒｅ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｎｏｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ，ｗｅ ｍａｙ ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ ｓｅｔｏｕｒｅｙｅｓ４ ●●ｆ＇ｎ＇ｓｔｏｎｓｏｍｅ ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｔｉａｌ ｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ ｂｙ Ｅｕｇｅｎｅｓｅｒｖｅ ａＳＮｉｄａ，ａｍｏｎｇ ｏｔｈｅｒｓ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｗｉｌｌ●ｔｈｅ ｂａｓｉｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｓｔｕｄｙ ｏｆａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ，ｗｈｉｌｓｔ ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｉｎｇ ｉｔ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｍｕｃｈ ｆｅｗｅｒ ｃａｓｅｓ ｏｆ ｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ． Ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｈａＳ ｂｅｅｎ?ｅｎｄｏｗｅｄ ｆｉｄｅｌｉｔｙａｎ ｏｒｗｉｔｈｔｈｅ ｎｏｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅ，ａｃｃｕｒａｃｙ，ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ ｉｎ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ，ａｎｄ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｈａＳ ａｌｗａｙｓ ｂｅｅｎｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌ ｉｓｓｕｅ ｉｎ ｍｏｄｅｍＷｅｓｔｅｒｎｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ．Ｔｈｅ ｔｅｒｍ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ●ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ＷａＳ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ ｂｙ Ｅ．Ｖ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ，ｔｈｅ ｉｄｅａ ｂｅｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔＲｉｅｕ‘（１ ９５３）ａｓ‘＇ｔｈｅｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ ｏｆ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎａｓｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｃｏｍｅｓ ｎｅａｒｅｓｔ ｔｏ ｇｉｖｉｎｇ ｉｔｓｏｎｍｏｄｅｍ ａｕｄｉｅｎｃｅ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃｓｔｈｅ ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ ｈａｄ ｔｒａｎｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｔｓ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅａｕｄｉｅｎｃｅｓ．”Ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ１ ９６０ｓ，ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ●ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｂｅｃａｍｅ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｃｕｓ ｏｆ ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙ?ｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄ ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＩｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓａｎｄ Ｗａｓｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ ｅｘｐｏｕｎｄｅｄ ｂｙ Ｎｉｄａ’Ｓ ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ｏｆ ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｈｅ ｌａｔｅｒ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ．ｃａｌｌｅｄｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｗｈｅｎ●Ｎｉｄａ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｐｕｔ ｆｏｒｗａｒｄ ｔｈｅ ｎｏｔｉｏｎａｏｆｆｕｎｃｔｉｏ＇ｎａｌ ａｄｅｑｕａｃｙ ａｎｄａｉｎ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｎｇ ｉｎ１ ９６４，ｉｔ ｗａｓ ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ ｉｎｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ ｔｏｓｅｒｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｂ．ｏｏｋｓａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ ａｓ ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｆｏｒｍａｌｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ．Ｉｎ ｈｉｓ Ｔｏｗａｒｄ ｏｆ ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｏｆ Ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｎｇ（１９６４），ｈｅｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｃｌｏｓｅｓｔ ｎａｔｕｒａｌ ｓｏｍｅ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ ａｓｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ ｔｅｒｍｓｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ，ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ●ｆｏｒｅｓｅｅｉｎｇ ｔｈｅｔｅｒｍｔｏ ｂｅ ｍｉｓｕｎｄｅｒｓｔｏｏｄ ｂｙｒｅｆｅｒｒｉｎｇ ｏｎｌｙ ｔｏ‘‘ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｈａｓ ｔｈｉｎｋ ｔｈａｔａｉｍｐａｃｔ”．Ｍａｎｙｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ ｈａｖｅ ｂｅｅｎ ｌｅｄ ｔｏ ｉｎ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｔｏ ｂｅ ｄｙｎａｍｉｃａｌｌｙｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｍｕｓｔ ｂｅ ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｙｄｒａｍａｔｉｃｏｆ ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ．Ｉｔ ＷａＳ ｎｏｔ ｕｎｔｉｌ ｔｈｅ １９８０ｓ ｔｈａｔ Ｎｉｄａ ｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ ｃｌｅａｒ ｔｈｅｍｅａｎｉｎｇ ｏｆｔｈｅ ｔｅｒｍｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄ ｉｔ ｉｎ ｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ’ｏｆｄｙｎａｍｉｃ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ．●Ｎｉｄａ（１９９３：７６）ａｌｓｏｈｉｇｈｌｉｇｈｔｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ａｓ ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅ ｔｏ ｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｉｎ’ｐａｒｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌ．ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ ｔｈａｔ ｅｌｕｃｉｄａｔｅｄ ｉｔａｓｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ：●Ａ ｌａｃｋ ｏｆ ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅｃａｎｔｈｅｎ ｂｅ ｄｅｓｃｄｂｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｅｒｍｓ ｏｆ ａ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ ｔｏ ｌａｃｋ ｏｆ ｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｍａｙ ｂｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｃ ｌｉｍｉｔｓ．Ｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎ ｆｏｒｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄａｓ ａａｍｅａｎｓ ｏｆａｃｃｕｒａｔｅｌｙ ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ ｏｆｔｈｅｔｅｘｔ． Ｓ●●Ａｓ ｅａｒｌｙ●ａｓｔｈｅ １９９０ｓ，Ｎｉｄａ ｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｃｅｓｓｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｒｅｄｅｆｉｎｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｎａｔｕｒｅ ｏｆｏｎｃｅｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ，ａｎｄ ｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｄ ｍｏｒｅ ｔｈａｎ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙｔｈａｔ ｉｔ Ｗａｓ ｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ Ｗａｓｎｏｔｔｏ ａｃｈｉｅｖｅ ｔｏａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｎｇ．Ｉｎ ｈｉｓ ｖｉｅｗ，ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｎｇｔｏｇｅｔ ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇｔｏｉｄｅｎｔｉｃａｌ，ｂｕｔｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ‘＇ｔｈｅｃｌｏｓｅｓｔ ｎａｔｕｒａｌ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｔｈｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ―ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ■ｍｅｓｓａｇｅ”ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ（Ｎｉｄａ，１９６９：１２）．Ｌａｔｅｒｏｎ，ｈｅｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅｄ ｔｈａｔ‘‘ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅＣａｎ ｎｏｔｂｅ ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔｏｏｄ ｉｎ ｉｔｓ ｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ ｏｆｔｏｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ，ｂｕｔ ｉｎ ｔｅＴｒａＳ ｏｆ ｐｒｏｘｉｍｉｔｙ，ｉ．ｅ．ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｂａｓｉｓ ｏｆ ｄｅｇｒｅｅｓ ｏｆ ｃｌｏｓｅｎｅｓｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌ ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ｉｓｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ＇’ｆＮｉｄａ １９９３：１１７）．Ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｌｙ，ｔｈｅ ｔｅｒｍｉｎａｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ Ｎｉｄａ’Ｓ ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ ｒａｔｈｅｒ ｍｅｓｓａｇｅ，ａｎｄ ｈｅｎｃｅｕｓｅｄｒｅｌａｔｉｖｉｓｔ ｓｅｎｓｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈｍｅａｎｓｉｔ ｉｓ ｏｎｌｙａ●ｔｈａｎａｌｌａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅｌｙ ｗｏｒｄ－ｆｏｒ－ｗｏｒｄ ｍａｔｃｈ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ―ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｔｏｗｈａｔＺｇｕｓｔａ（１９７１：３１２）ｃｌａｉｍｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ：Ｉｆ ｉｔ ｉｓ ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ ｔｏ ｂｅ ｖｅｒｙ ｐｒｅｃｉｓｅ，ｗｅ ｓｐｅａｋ ｉｎ ｓｕｃｈ ａ ａｂｏｕｔ ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｏｆ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ．Ｓｉｎｃｅ，ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｔｈｅｃａｓｅｏｆ ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ●ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅ ａｎｄ ｏｖｅｒｗｈｅｌｍｉｎｇｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ（ｉｒｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｏｆ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｐａｉｒ ｏｆ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ ｗｅｏｂｓｅｒｖｅ）ｂｅｌｏｎｇｓ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｃａｔｅｇｏｒｙ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｏｎｅｓ，ｉｔ ｗｏｕｌｄ ｂｅ ｃｕｍｂｅｒｓｏｍｅ ｔｏ ｒｅｐｅａｔ ｔｈｅａｄｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｅｎｄｌｅｓｓｌｙ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｉｆｗｅ ｓｐｅａｋ● ｏｒａｂｏｕｔ‘＇ｔｈｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ｏｆａ ｌｅｘｉｅａｌ ｕｎｉｔ＇’ａｂｏｕｔ‘＇ｔｈｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ ｏｆａｌｅｘｉｃａｌ ｕｎｉｔ ｉｎ ｏｎｅ ｏｆ ｉｔｓ ｓｅｎｓｅｓ，”ｅｔｃ．，ｉｔ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｐａｒｔｉａｌｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ｔｈａｔ ｗｅｍｅａｎ．１．３ Ｚｇｕｓｔａ’Ｓ ＷｏｒｄｓＣｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆ Ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓｎｏ●ａｒｅ ｔｈｅ ｂａｓｉｃ ｕｎｉｔｓ ｂｙ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｗｅ ｃｏｎｖｅｙ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ，ｂｕｔ ｉｔ ｉｓｅａｓｙ ｍａｔｔｅｒ ｔｏ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅ ｔｈｅｍ ａｃｃｕｒａｔｅｌｙ ａｎｄ ａｄｅｑｕａｔｅｌｙ ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ｔｈｅ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ ｏｆ ｓｏｍｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｍ ａｒｅ ｅｌｕｓｉｖｅａｎｄ ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｔｏ ｐｉｎ ｄｏｗｎ．Ｔｈｅ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ ｏｆ ｗｏｒｄｓ ａｒｅｃａｕｓｅｓｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ，ｎｏｔｔｏ ｍｅｎｔｉｏｒｉｔｈｅ ｆａｃｔ ｔｈａｔ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍｓｐｅｃｉａｌｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｙｉｎｆｉｎｄｉｎｇ ｌｅｘｉｃａｌｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ．Ｚｇｕｓｔａ（１９７１）ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｅｓｎｏｅｑｕｉｙａｌｅｎｔｓ ｉｎｔｏ ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅ ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ，ｈｅａｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ，ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ａｎｄｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ．Ｂｙｍｅａｎｓ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔＣａｎｂｅ ａｐｐｌｉｅｄ ｆｕｌｌｙ ａｓｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ ｆｏｒ ｉｔｓ６●●ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｗｉｔｌｌ● ａｓｏｕｒｃｅｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ．Ｉｆ ｉｔｃａｎｏｎｌｙ ｂｅ ｉｎｓｅｒｔｅｄ ｉｎｔｏａａｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｒｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ ｖｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅｄ ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ，ｔｈｅｎ ｉｔ ｉｓｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ，ａｏｒｃｉｒｃｕｍｓｔａｎｃｅ ｕｎｄｅｒ ｗｈｉｃｈ Ｚｇｕｓｔａ ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓ ｔｈａｔ ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｍｍｏｒｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｍａｍｕｓｔ ｂｅ ｓｏｕｇｈｔ ａｆｔｅｒ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｅｄ ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔｓ．ＩｆｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅＣａｎ ｂｅｉｎｓｅｒｔｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ ｍｏｒｅ ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔｓ，ｉｔｓ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ ｉｓ ｂｒｏａｄｅｒ，ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ ｅｉｔｈｅｒａｒｅｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｓｉｇｎａｔｕｍ ｈａｓ ｆｅｗｅｒ ｃｒｉｔｅｒｉａｌ ｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓ，ｏｒ ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｌ ｒｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｉｆ ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ，ｉｔ ｉｓｎｏ ａｆｅｗｅｒ●ｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ ｃａｎｎｏｔ ｂｅ ｉｎｓｅｒｔｅｄ ｉｎｔｏａｎｙｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ ａｔ ａ１１．１．３．１ Ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓＡｂｓｏｌｕｔｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓ ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｌｅｘｉｃａｌ ｂｅ ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅｌｙ ｉｄｅｎｔｉｃａｌ ｉｎ●ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｔｗｏ ｌｅｘｉｃａｌ ｕｎｉｔｓ ａｎｄ ｒａｎｇｅ ｏｆｄｅｓｉｇｎａｔｉｏｎ，ｄｅｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎ，ｃｏｎｎｏｔａｔｉｏｎａａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｆｉｎｉｎｇ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ，ｔｈｅ ｌｅｘｉｃｏｇｒａｐｈｅｒｓ ｏｆ ｏｆｔｅｎ ｆｉｎｄ ｉｔｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌ ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ ｔｏｃｏｍｅ ｕｐ ｗｉｔｌｌ ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ｏｆｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｉｔｙｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓｏｆｔｈｅ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ ｏｆｗｏｒｄｓａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｏｆｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ．Ａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅｃａｎｏｎｌｙｃｏｖｅｒ ａｔｉｎｙ ｐａｒｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｔｏｔａｌ ｖｏｃａｂｕｌａｒｙ，ａｎｄｂｅ ｒｏｕｇｈｌｙ ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ ｔｈｅ。ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｔｙｐｅｓ：●１）Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ，ｐｌａｃｅｓ，ａｎｄ ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｅｔｃ．ｆｏｒ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅＥｖａｎｇｅｌｉｎｅ ｌｉ＇ｖａｅｎｄ３ｉｌｉ：ｎｌＩＩＩ．伊万杰琳（，）（ＥＣＤ［１９９１１） （ＮＡＣＥＤ［２０００］） （ＣＥＣＤ［１９９９］） （ＮＥＣＤ［２０００］）紫禁城／ｚｉｊｌｎｃｈｇｎｇ／Ｆｏｒｂｉｄｄｅｎ Ｃｉｔｙ（ｉｎ Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ）ＵｚｂｅｋｉｓｔａｎＬｕｚｂｅｋｉ’ｓｔｏ：ｎ／ｎ．乌兹别克斯坦ＰＡＵ ａｂｂｒ Ｐａｎ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ Ｕｎｉｏｎ泛美联盟●２）Ｔｅｒｍｓ ｄｅｎｏｔｉｎｇ ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃ ｔｉｍｅ，ｆｏｒ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ： Ｎｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ／ｎｏｕ。ｖｅｍｂｏ／ｎ．十一月 （ＥＣＤ［１９９１１） （ＥＣＤ［１９９１］ＪＷｅｄｎｅｓｄａｙ ｆｗｅｎｚｄｅｉ．’ｗｅｎｚｄｉ／ｎ．星期三３）Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ ｔｅｒｍｓ，ｆｏｒ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ７●●Ｐｏｔａｓｓｉｕｍ／ｐｅｕ’ｔａｅｓｊｅｍ／ｍ【化】钾 肺细胞据胁ｂＧｏ／ｐｎｅｕｍｏｎｏｃｙｔｅ●（ＥＣＤ［１９９１］， （ＮＡＣＥＤ［２０００］） （ＮＥＥＤ［２０００］）Ｉｏｒｉｋｅｅｔ ｆｌｏｒｉｋｉ：ｔ／ｎ【鸟】吸蜜鹦鹉１．３．２ Ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ＥｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔｓＯｖｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｈｕｍａｎ●ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ，ｓｏｍｅｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ ｏｆ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｈａｖｅｃｈａｎｇｅｄ，ｓｏｍｅｔｏａｒｅｓｔｉｌｌｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ ａｎｄｓｏｍｅ，ｔｈｏｕｇｈ ｕｎｐｒｅｄｉｃｔａｂｌｅ，ａｒｅｊｕｓｔａｓｌｉｋｅｌｙｃｈａｎｇｅ ａｓｔｈｅｏｂｊｅｃｔｓ ｔｈｅｙａｓｉｇｎｉｆｙ．Ｌｉｋｅ ｗｈａｔＷｉｔｔｇｅｎｓｔｅｉｎ（１９７３：８８）ａｒｇｕｅｄ， ｍｅａｎａｐｐｒｏｘｉｍａｔｅｌｙｓｅｎｓｅｓｓｏｍｅ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｇｏ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｗｈａｔ ｔｈｅｙ●ｌｏｎｇ ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ ｗｉｔｈ ｌｉＲｌｅ ｃｈａｎｇｅ；ｔｈｅｙｏｒｍｅａｎｔａｔｔｈｅｉｒ ｏｒｉｇｉｎｈａｖｅ ｈａｄ ｏｎｌｙａｆｅｗ ｄｅｒｉｖａｔｉｖｅａｄｄｅｄｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅ ｙｅａｒｓ．Ｏｔｈｅｒ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓ ｂｒｏａｄｅｎｉｎｇｔｈｒｏｕｇｈａｒｅｍａｒｋａｂｌｅ ｓｅｒｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｉｎ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ ａｎｄｍｅａｎｉｎｇａｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｅｌｙｓｅｎｓｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｓｅｅｍｓ ｔｏ ｂｅａａｎｄ ｎａｒｒｏｗｉｎｇｅｎｄｉｎｇ州ｔｌｌｆａｒ ｃｒｙ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｔ．Ｓｔｉｌｌ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｒｅｔａｉｎ ｂｕｔ ａｄｄｔｈｅｉｒ ｂａｓｉｃ●ｃｏｒｅｏｆｍｅａｎｉｎｇｍａｎｙ ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｓｅｎｓｅｓ，ａｌｌ ｒｅｌａｔｉｎｇ ｉｎａｃｌｅａｒｌｙｄｉｓｃｅｒｎｉｂｌｅ ｗａｙ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ ｉｄｅａ．Ｉｔ ｉｓ ｖｉｒｔｕａｌｌｙｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｏ ｆｉｎｄａｎａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ ｆｏｒ ｅｖｅｒｙ ｅｎｔｒｙ ｗｏｒｄ ｄｕｅ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ａｂｏｖｅ?ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎｅｄ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ ｆｒｏｍｅｍａｎａｔｉｎｇｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｃｈａｎｇｅ．Ｔｈｅ ｎａｔｕｒｅ ｏｆ ｍｏｓｔ ｈｅａｄｗｏｒｄｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＳＬ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｃ ａｌｓｏ ｂｒｉｎｇｓ ｆｏｒｗａｒｄ ｂｙＵＳａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＴＬ ｂｅｉｎｇ●ｔｏｔｈｒｅｅ ｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌａｒｅ：ｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃｐｒｅｓｕｐｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ ｐｕｔＮｉｄａ（１９５８：２８１），ｗｈｉｃｈｉ）ｎｏ ｗｏｒｄ（ｏｒ ｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃ ｕｎｉｔ）ｅｖｅｒ●ｈａｓ ｅｘａｃｔｌｙ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇ ｉｎ ｔｗｏ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｕｔｔｅｒａｎｃｅｓ；ｉｉ）ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｒｅ ｎｏ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ ｉｉｉ）ｔｈｅｒｅ ａｒｅｎｏｓｙｎｏｎｙｍｓ ｗｉｔｈｉｎａｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ；．ｅｘａｃｔ ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｒｅｌａｔｅｄ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｉｎ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ●Ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｏｍｎｉｐｒｅｓｅｎｃｅ。ｏｆ ａｎｉｓｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ｏｆ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ，ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｈｅ ＳＬｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｉｅｓ ｉｎｔｅｘｔａｎｄｔｈｅ ＴＬ ｔｅｘｔ ｉｎａｎｙ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄｔｈａｔ ｉｎ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｕａｌｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ，ｉｓａｌｗａｙｓ‘＇ｐａｒｔｉａｌ”ｏｒ“ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ’’ｒａｔｈｅｒ ｔｈａｎ‘‘ｆｕｌｌ”ｏｒ８●●“ｅｘａｃｔ”（Ｈａｒｔｍａｎ＆Ｊａｍｅｓ，１９９８：５１）．Ｔｈａｔｉｓ ｔｏ ｓａｙ，ｉｎａｕｓｕａｌ ｃａｓｅ，ｔｈｅ ｌｅｘｉｃａｌｍｅａｎｉｎｇ ｏｆｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｌｅｘｉｃａｌ ｕｎｉｔ ｏｆｔｈｅ ｔａｒｇｅｔ ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ ｉｓ ｏｎｌｙ ｐａｒｔｌｙ ｉｄｅｎｔｉｃａｌ●ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈａｔ ｏｆ ｉｔｓ ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ．Ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ，ｏｒ ｏｔｈｅｒｗｉｓｅ ｃｌｏｓｅｓｔ ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ ｏｆ ａ ｌｅｘｉｃａｌＵＳｔｅｒｍｅｄ‘‘ｂｏｕｎｄ ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ”，ｉｎ ｆａｃｔ ｕｎｉｔｏｒｍｅａｎｓ ｔｈｅｏｆａ ｌｅｘｉｃａｌ ｕｎｉｔ ｉｎｏｎｅｏｆｉｔｓｅｎｓｅｓ（Ｚｇｕｓｔａ １９７１：３１２）．Ｌｅｔｌｏｏｋ ａｔａｐａｉｒ ｏｆｅｎｔｒｉｅｓ ｂｅｌｏｗ：●ａｒｔｈｒｏｓｉｓｍ【解】关节；【医】关节病●关节①骨头互相连接的地方。根据构造可分为三种，不动的如头骨的各 关节，稍动的如椎骨的关节，活动的如四肢的关节。②起关键性作用的 环节：这是问题～的所在Ｉ认真分析，找出～。③指暗中行贿勾通官府 或官员