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＞＞＞The old lady insisted that her daughter ____ still alive and..
The old lady insisted that her daughter ____ still alive and that she ____ at once. A． was operatedB． be operated C． should be operatedD． should be operated
题型：单选题难度：中档来源：不详
B试题分析：考查insist用法。Insist表示坚持要求做某事的时候，后面的从句使用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可以省略。Insist表示坚持认为时，使用陈述语气。句意：那个老太太坚持认为女儿还活着，坚持要求立刻被做手术。第一空使用陈述语气，第二空使用虚拟语气，省略了should。用be operated，故B正确。点评：对于insist,一定要注意两种意思用语两个语气。另外还要注意使用insist on doing的搭配，类似的还有suggest，表示“建议”，后面的从句使用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可以省略。表示“表明，暗示”时，使用陈述语气。
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“The old lady insisted that her daughter ____ still alive and..”主要考查你对&&虚拟语气，情态动词&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
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虚拟语气情态动词
虚拟语气的概念：
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用：
一、真实条件句：真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if是如果的意思。时态关系句型：条件从句：一般现在时；主句：shall/will+动词原形 如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 典型例题： The volleyball match will be put off if it___. A. will rainB. rainsC. rainedD. is rained 答案：B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will。如：&（错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.&&&&&&&&& （对） If you leave now, you will never regret it. &&&&&&&&&&& 2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall(will)+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。 二、非真实条件句：非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。& 1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。 a. 同现在事实相反的假设。句型：从句：一般过去时；主句：should(would)+动词原形 如：If they were here, they would help you. b.表示于过去事实相反的假设。句型：条件从句：过去完成时；主句：should(would)have+过去分词 如：If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. &&&&&&& The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. &&&&&&& If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. c.表示对将来的假想句型：条件从句：一般过去时；主句：should+动词原形 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&从句： were+不定式；主句：would+动词原形 should+动词原形 如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. &&&&&&& If you should succeed, everything would be all right. &&&&&&& If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. 三、混合条件句：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。 如：If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） &&&&&&& If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在). 比较if only与only if：
only if表示“只有”；if only则表示“如果……就好了”。If only也可用于陈述语气。 如：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 &&&&&&& If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。 &&&&&&& If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。&It is(high) time that It is(high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。 如：It is time that the children went to bed. &&&&&&& It is high time that the children should go to bed.& need“不必做”和“本不该做"”didn't need to do表示：过去不必做某事，事实上也没做。needn'thavedone表示：过去不必做某事，但事实上做了。 如：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. &&&&&&& 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。&&& &&&&&&& John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. &&&&&&& 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。(Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。) 典型例题：There was plenty o ftime. She___. A. mustn't have hurriedB. couldn't have hurriedC. must not hurryD. needn't have hurried 答案：D。needn't havedone. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。 Mustn't have done用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done,“不可能已经”。must not do不可以（用于一般现在时）特殊的虚拟语气词should 的用法：
1）It is demanded/necessary/a pity+that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should加动词原形，should可省略。句型： 如：It is suggested that we(should) hold a meeting next week. &&&&&&& It is necessary that he(should) come to our meeting tomorrow. 2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist+(should)do 如：I suggest that we(should) hold a meeting next week.&&&&&&&&He insisted that he(should) be sent there. 注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 如：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判断改错：（错）You pale face suggests that you(should) be ill.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&（对）Your pale face suggests that you are ill. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& （错）I insisted that you(should) be wrong. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& （对）I insisted that you were wrong. 3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。 如：My idea is that we(should) get more people to attend the conference. &&&&&&& I make a proposal that we(should) hold a meeting next week. 虚拟语气知识体系：
虚拟条件句的倒装：
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。 如：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.&&&&&&&&&&&&Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.&&&& &&&&&&& Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. 注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词“be”的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。 如：If I were you, I would go to look for him.& 如果我是你，就会去找他。 &&&&&&& If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。典型例题：_____to do the work, I should do it some other day.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&A. If were I&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&B. I were&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C. Were I&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. Was I 答案：C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前，变成were, should, had+主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do.，而不能说Weren't I to do。情态动词的概念：
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。几组词的辨析：
1、need和dare的用法：need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。 （1）用作情态动词：&如：—Need I come? 我需要来吗？&&&&&&&& —Yes, you must. 需要。 &&&&&&&& You needn′t telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。&&&&&&&&&&I don′t think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。&&&&&&&&&&She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。 &&&&&&&& How dare you say I′m unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平？ &&&&&&&& Not one of them dared mention this.他们谁也不敢提这件事。 （2）用作实义动词： 如：You don′t need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。 &&&&&&& We need to tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。 &&&&&&& The table needs painting(to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。 &&&&&&& We should dare to give our own opinion.我们要敢于提出自己的观点。 &&&&&&& He did not dare(to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。 &&&&&&& I dare day he′ll come again. 我想他会再来的。2、can和be able to：（1）情态动词can只有两种时态形式，现在式can和过去式could，而be able to有多种时态形式。 如：Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。 （2）用在过去时中，could经常表示能够做某事，事实上不一定去做，而was∕were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。 如：He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn′t feel like it that day. &&&&&&& 他能游过英吉利海峡，但那天他不想游。 &&&&&&& Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain. 昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。 3、must和have to：must表示主观意志，而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式，除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。 如：I told her that she must give up smoking. 我叫她必须戒烟。 &&&&&&& We had to get everything ready that night. 我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。 4、would和used to：（1）usedto表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，而would只表过去的情况。如：People used to think that the earth was flat. &过去人们认为地球是平的。（现在人们不这么认为。）&&&&&&& &She would go out for a walk in the morning when she was in the country. &&&&&&& 在乡下时，她总是在早晨去散会儿步。（可能现在仍有散步的习惯。） （2）used to可表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。 如：He used to∕would smoke while writing. 过去他写东西时常抽烟。 &&&&&&& She used to be fat. 她过去很胖。 情态动词的基本用法：1、can(could)： 1）表示能力，could主要指过去时间。 如：Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼比一只眼看得清。 &&&&&&& Could the girl read before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能识字吗？ 2）表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）。 如：The temperature can fall to–60℃, that is 60℃ below freezing. 气温可降至-60℃，也就是零下60℃。 &&&&&&& He can′t(couldn′t) have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买新车。&& &&&&&&& You mustn′t smoke while you′re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire.& &&&&&&& 在林子里走时勿吸烟，那样可能会引起火灾。 3）表示允许。 如：Can I have a look at your new pen? 我可以看一看你的新钢笔吗？ &&&&&&& He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading-room. 他问他可不可以把书带出阅览室。 4）表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。 如：Where can(could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢？ &&&&&&& He can′t(couldn′t) be over sixty. 他不可能超过六十岁。 &&&&&&& How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心？ 5）比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。 如：Can(Could) you lend me a hand? 帮我一把好吗？ &&&&&&& I′m afraid we couldn′t give you an answer today. 恐怕我们今天不能给你答复。 2、may(might)： 1）表允许，might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。 如：You may take what ever you like. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。 &&&&&&& He told me that I might smoke in the room. 他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。 &&&&&&& May(Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗？在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式：如：Yes, please./Certainly. /Please don′t./You′d better not./No, you mustn′t.等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。 2）表可能（事实上）。可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。 如：He may be at home. 他可能在家。 &&&&&&& She may not know about it. 她可能不知道这件事。 &&&&&&& He was afraid they might not agree with him. 他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。& 如：They might be having a meeting, but I′m not sure. 他们有可能在开会，不过我不肯定。 3、must：1）表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。 如：We must do everything step by step. 我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。 &&&&&&& You mustn′t talk to her like that. 你不可能那样对她说话。 &&&&&&&& —Must we hand in our exercise-books now? 我们现在就要交练习本吗？ &&&&&&&& —No, you needn′t./No, you don′t have to.不必。（这种情况下，一般不用mustn′t） 2）表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。 如：He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。 如：She′s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot o fmoney. 她戴着钻石项链，一定很有钱。 4、shall：1）表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。 如：Shall I get you some tea? 我给你点茶好吗？ &&&&&&& Shall the boy wait outside? 让那男孩在外面等吗？ &&&&&&& What shall we do this evening? 我们今晚做什么？ 2）表说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。 如：You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。（命令） &&&&&&& You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺） &&&&&&& He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.有一天他会后悔的，我告诉你。（警告） 如：Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。（决心） 5、will：1）表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。 如：I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。 &&&&&&& None is so blind as those who won′t see. 不愿看的人眼最瞎。 &&&&&&& If you will read the book, I′ll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。 2）表请求，用于疑问句。 如：Will you close the window? It′s a bit cold. 请你把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。 &&&&&&& Won′t you drink some more coffee? 再来一点咖啡好吗？ 3）表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。 如：Fish will die out of water. 鱼离开水就不能活。&&&&&&& The door won′t open. 这门打不开。 &&&&&&& The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.& &&&&&&& 那男孩常常坐在那里好几个钟点，看着车辆行人通过。 6、should：1）表义务。意为“应该”（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。 如：You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。 &&&&&&& You shouldn′t waste anytime. 你不应该浪费时间。 2）表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。 如：The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。&&&&&&& &&&&&&& They should be home by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到家了。 7、would：1）表意愿。 如：They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。&&&&&&&&&I said I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。 2）表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。 如：Would you like another glass of beer? 再来杯啤酒好吗？ &&&&&&& Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗？ &&&&&&& They wouldn′t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。 3）表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。 如：Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。8、ought to：1）表义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。 如：You are his father. You ought to take care of him. 你是他父亲，应当管他。 &&&&&&& You oughtn′t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。 2）表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。 如：Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。 &&&&&&& There′ it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。 9、used to：表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。 如：He used to live in the countryside, but now he lives in the city. 他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。 &&&&&&& There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。 &&&&&&& I usedn′t (didn′t use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。 &&&&&&& Used you(Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗？情态动词的其他用法：首先它是动词，而且不同于行为动词，行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作（如写，读，跑），而情态动词只是表达的一种想法（如能，也许，敢）。用法是：情态动词+行为动词原形：句：I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪，态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。 如：We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去那儿。 &&&&&&& May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗？ &&&&&&& Shall we begin now? 我们现在就开始吗？ &&&&&&& You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。情态动词知识体系：
&情态动词表推测的三种句式： 1、在肯定句中一般用must(一定)，may（可能），might/could（也许，或许）。如：He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。&&&&&&&&&It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷，他们肯定把暖气关了。 2、否定句中用can't/couldn't (不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。如：It can't/couldn't be the headmaster. He has gone to America.& 这不可能是校长，他去美国了&&&&&&& He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。 3、疑问句中用can/could(能……?)。如：Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗？&&&&&&& Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗？注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。情态动词表推测的三种时态：1、对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词+动词原形”。如：She must/may/might/could arrive before 5.& 5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。 &&&&&&& She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.&&&&&&& 她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。 2、对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词+be”，“情态动词+bedoing”或“情态动词+动词原形”。如：He must/may/might/could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。&&&&&&& He can't(couldn't)/may(might) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。&&&&&&& Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How can(could) he be late for the opening ceremony? &&&&&&& 布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？ 3、对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词+have+过去分词”。如：It must/may/might/ could have rained last night. The ground is wet. 地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。&&&&&&& The door was locked. He can(could) not/may(might) not have been at home. 门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。&&&&&&& &&&&&&& Can/Could he have gotten the book？难道他找到书了吗？注：情态动词should/ought to表推测时，意为“想必会，理应……”但与“have+过去分词”连用时，则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。如：It's seven o'clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. &&&&&&& 现在七点钟了，杰克理应随时到达。（推测）&&&& &&&&&&& She should/ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital.（虚拟）&&&&&&& 她本该出席你的生日晚会的，可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。& &&&&&&& Tom should not/ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.（虚拟）&&&&&&& 汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密，可是他并无恶意。
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336161351747354367331700355338438933From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was the general in the
who led the
to victory over Germany in , 1917–18. He rejected British and French demands that American forces be integrated with their armies, and insisted that the AEF would operate as a single unit under his command, although some American divisions fought under British command, and he also allowed all-black units to be integrated with the French army. US forces first saw serious battle at , , , and . To speed up the arrival of the , they embarked for France leaving the heavy equipment behind, and used British and French tanks, artillery, airplanes and other munitions. In September 1918 at , the First Army was directly under Pershing' it overwhelmed the salient which the German Army had held for three years. Pershing shifted 600,000 American soldiers to the heavily defended forests of the Argonne, keeping his divisions engaged in hard fighting for 47 days, alongside the French. The Allied
offensive, which the Argonne fighting was part of, resulted in the Germans to call for an armistice. Despite the end to the fighting, Pershing was of the opinion that the war should continue and that all of Germany should be occupied in an effort to permanently destroy German militarism.
Pershing is the only American to be promoted in his own lifetime to , the highest possi a law passed in 1976 retroactively promoted
to the same rank but with higher seniority, ensuring that he would always be considered the senior ranking officer in the Army. Allowed to select his own insignia, Pershing chose to use four gold stars to distinguish himself from those officers who held the rank of . After the creation of the five-star
rank during , his rank of General of the Armies could unofficially be considered that of a , but he died before the proposed insignia could be considered and acted on by Congress.
Some of his tactics have been criticized both by other commanders at the time and by modern historians. His reliance on costly , long after other Allied armies had abandoned such tactics, has been blamed for causing unnecessarily high American casualties. In addition to leading the A.E.F. to victory in World War I, Pershing notably served as a mentor to many in the generation of generals who led the United States Army during , including , , , , and .
Pershing was born on a farm near , to businessman John Fletcher Pershing and homemaker Ann Elizabeth Thompson. His paternal ancestors, whose name originally was Persching,
in the late 18th century. Pershing's mother was of . He also had five siblings: brothers James F. () and Ward (), and sisters Mary Elizabeth (), Anna May () and Grace (); three other children died in infancy. When the
began, his father supported the
Pershing attended a school in Laclede that was reserved for precocious students who were also the children of prominent citizens. Completing high school in 1878, he became a teacher of local
In 1880, Pershing entered the North Missouri Normal School (now ) in . Two years later, he applied to the . Pershing later admitted that serving in the military was secondary to attending West Point, and he had applied because the education offered was better than that obtainable in rural Missouri.
Pershing as a cadet in 1886
Pershing was sworn in as a West Point cadet in the fall of 1882. He was selected early for leadership and became successively First Corporal, First Sergeant, First Lieutenant, and First Captain, the highest possible cadet rank. Pershing also commanded, , the West Point Honor Guard that escorted the funeral procession of
Pershing graduated from West Point in the summer of 1886 and was commended by the Superintendent of West Point, General , for high leadership skills and possessing "superb ability".
Pershing briefly considered petitioning the Army to let him study law and delay his commission. He applied for a furlough from West Point, but soon withdrew the request in favor of active Army duty. He was commissioned a
in 1886, at age 26, graduating 30th in a class of 77.
Pershing reported for active duty on September 30, 1886, and was assigned to Troop L of the
stationed at , in the . While serving in the 6th Cavalry, Pershing participated in several
and was cited for bravery for actions against the . During his time at , Pershing and close friends Lt. Julius Penn and Lt.
were nicknamed "The Three Green P's," spending their leisure time hunting and attending Hispanic dances. Pershing's sister Grace married Paddock in 1890.
Between 1887 and 1890, Pershing served with the 6th Cavalry at various postings in , , and . He also became an expert marksman and, in 1891, was rated second in pistol and fifth in rifle out of all soldiers in the U.S. Army.
On December 9, 1890, Pershing and the 6th Cavalry arrived at , where Pershing played a role in suppressing the last uprisings of the
. Though he and his unit did not participate in the , they did fight three days after it on January 1, 1891 when Sioux warriors attacked the 6th Cavalry's supply wagons. When the Sioux began firing at the wagons, Pershing and his troops heard the shots, and rode more than six miles to the location of the attack. The cavalry fired at the forces of Chief War Eagle, causing them to retreat. This would be the only occasion where Pershing would see action in the Ghost Dance campaign.
In September 1891 he was assigned as the Professor of Military Science and Tactics at the , a position he held until 1895. While in Nebraska, Pershing attended law school and graduated in 1893. He formed a drill company of chosen university cadets, Company A. In March 1892, it won the Maiden Prize competition of the National Competitive Drills in . The Citizens of Omaha presented the company with a large silver cup, the "Omaha Cup". On October 2, 1894, former members of Company A established a fraternal military drill organization named the Varsity Rifles. The group renamed itself the
in 1895 in honor of its mentor and patron. Pershing maintained a close relationship with Pershing Rifles for the remainder of his life.[]
On October 20, 1892, Pershing was promoted to
and in 1895 took command of a troop of the
(one of the original
regiments), composed of African-American soldiers under white officers. From
in north central , he commanded an expedition to the south and southwest that rounded up and deported a large number of
Captain John J. Pershing, c.1902
Pershing with his wife Helen and three of their children
In 1897, Pershing was appointed to the West Point tactical staff as an instructor, where he was assigned to Cadet Company A. Because of his strictness and rigidity, Pershing was unpopular with the cadets, who took to calling him " Jack" because of his service with the , a now famous unit formed as a segregated African-American unit and one of the original "Buffalo Soldier" regiments.
During the course of his tour at the , this epithet softened to "Black Jack", although, according to Vandiver, "the intent remained hostile". Still, this nickname would stick with Pershing for the rest of his life, and was known to the public as early as 1917.
At the start of the , First Lieutenant Pershing was the regimental quartermaster for
() and fought with the unit on Kettle and
and was cited for gallantry. (In 1919, he was awarded the
for these actions, and in 1932 the award was upgraded to the
decoration.) A commanding officer here commented on Pershing's coolness under fire, saying he was "cool as a bowl of cracked ice". Pershing also served with the 10th Cavalry during the siege and surrender of .
Pershing was commissioned as a major of United States Volunteers on August 26, 1898, and assigned as an ordnance officer. He was honorably discharged from the volunteers and reverted to his permanent rank of first lieutenant on May 12, 1899. Soon after, he was again commissioned as a major of Volunteers on June 6, 1899, as an assistant adjutant general.
In March 1899, after suffering from , Pershing was put in charge of the Office of Customs and Insular Affairs which oversaw occupation forces in territories gained in the Spanish–American War, including Cuba, , the , and .
began, Pershing was either ordered or requested transfer to . He reported on August 17, 1899, as a major of Volunteers and was assigned to the Department of
and commanded efforts to suppress the . On November 27, 1900, Pershing was appointed Adjutant General of his department and served in this posting until March 1, 1901. He was cited for bravery for actions on the
while attempting to destroy a Philippine stronghold at .
On June 30, 1901, Pershing was honorably discharged from the Volunteers and he reverted to the rank of captain in the
to which he had been promoted on February 2, 1901. He served with the
in the Philippines. He later was assigned to the , serving as an intelligence officer and participating in actions . He was cited for bravery at . In June 1901, he served as Commander of Camp Vicars in Lanao, Philippines, after the previous camp commander had been promoted to .
In June 1903, Pershing was ordered to return to the United States. President , taken by Pershing's ability, petitioned the Army General Staff to promote Pershing to . At the time, Army officer promotions were based primarily on seniority rather than merit, and although there was widespread acknowledgment that Pershing should serve as a colonel, the Army General Staff declined to change their seniority-based promotion tradition just to accommodate Pershing. They would not consider a promotion to
or even . This angered Roosevelt, but since the President could only name and promote army officers in the General ranks, his options for recognizing Pershing through promotion were limited.
Portrait of Pershing by
In 1904, Pershing was assigned as the Assistant Chief of Staff of the Southwest Army Division stationed at . In October 1904, he attended the , and then was ordered to
for "general duties unassigned".
Since Roosevelt could not yet promote Pershing, he petitioned the
to authorize a diplomatic posting, and Pershing was stationed as
in 1905. Also in 1905, Pershing married Helen Frances Warren, the daughter of powerful
and chairman of the U.S. Military Appropriations Committee. This union helped his military career.
After serving as an
attached to General 's
from March to September, Pershing returned to the United States in the fall of 1905. President Roosevelt employed his presidential prerogative and nominated Pershing as a , a move which Congress approved. In skipping three ranks and more than 835 officers senior to him, the promotion gave rise to accusations that Pershing's appointment was the result of political connections and not military abilities. However, several other junior officers were similarly advanced to brigadier general ahead of their peers and seniors, including
(captain),
(major), and
(captain). Pershing's promotion, while unusual, was not unprecedented, and had the support of many soldiers who admired his abilities.
In 1908, Pershing briefly served as a U.S. military observer in the , an assignment which was based in . Upon returning to the United States at the end of 1909, Pershing was assigned once again to the Philippines, an assignment in which he served until 1913. While in the Philippines, he served as Commander of , near Manila, and also was the governor of the Moro Province. The last of Pershing's four children was born in the Philippines, and during this time he became an .
In 1913 Pershing was recommended for the
following his actions at the . He wrote to the
to request that the recommendation not be acted on, though the board which considered the recommendation had already voted no before receiving Pershing's letter. In 1922 a further review of this event resulted in Pershing being recommended for the , but as the
Pershing disapproved the action. In 1940 Pershing received the Distinguished Service Cross for his heroism at Bud Bagsak, with President
presenting it in a ceremony timed to coincide with Pershing's 80th birthday.
During this period Pershing's reputation for both stern discipline and effective leadership continued to grow, with one experienced old soldier under his command later saying Pershing was an "" and that he hated Pershing's guts, but that "as a soldier, the ones then and the ones now couldn't polish his (Pershing's) boots."
Main article:
Generals , , and Pershing, August 27, 1914. Exactly a year later, Pershing's wife and three of his children died in a fire, and Villa sent him a condolence message. Six months later in 1916, Pershing was chasing Villa in Mexico.
A postcard of Pershing's camp at Fort Bliss
On December 20, 1913, Pershing received orders to take command of the 8th Brigade at the
in . With tensions running high on the border between the United States and Mexico, the brigade was deployed to
on April 24, 1914, arriving there on the 27th.
After a year at Fort Bliss, Pershing decided to take his family there. The arrangements were almost complete, when on the morning of August 27, 1915, he received a telegram informing him of a fire in the
in , where a lacquered floor caught fire and the flames rapidly spread, resulting in the smoke inhalation deaths of his wife, Helen Frances Warren, and three young daughters, Mary, age 3, Anne, age 7, and Helen, age 8. Only his 6-year-old son Francis Warren survived. After the funerals at Lakeview Cemetery in Cheyenne, Wyoming, Pershing returned to Fort Bliss with his son, Warren, and his sister May, and resumed his duties as commanding officer.
On March 15, 1916, Pershing led an expedition into Mexico to capture . This expedition was ill-equipped and hampered by a lack of supplies due to the breakdown of the Quartermaster Corps. Although there had been talk of war on the border for years, no steps had been taken to provide for the handling of supplies for an expedition. Despite this and other hindrances, such as the lack of aid from the former Mexican government, and their refusal to allow American troops to transport troops and supplies over their railroads, Pershing organized and commanded the , a combined armed force of 10,000 men that penetrated 350 miles (560 km) into Mexico. They routed Villa's revolutionaries, but failed to capture him.
Major General Pershing of the
At the start of the United States' involvement in
considered mobilizing an army to join the fight. , Pershing's superior in Mexico, was being considered for the top billet as the Commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) when he died suddenly from a heart attack on February 19, 1917. Following America's entrance into the war, Wilson, after a short interview, named Pershing to command, a post which he retained until 1918. Pershing, who was a , was promoted to full general (the first since
in 1888) in the , and was made responsible for the organization, training, and supply of a combined professional and draft Army and National Guard force that eventually grew from 27,000 inexperienced men to two Armies (a third was forming as the war ended) totaling over two million soldiers.
Pershing exercised significant control over his command, with a full delegation of authority from Wilson and
. Baker, cognizant of the endless problems of domestic and allied political involvement in military decision making in wartime, gave Pershing unmatched authority to run his command as he saw fit. In turn, Pershing exercised his prerogative carefully, not engaging in politics or disputes over government policy that might distract him from his military mission. While earlier a champion of the African-American soldier, he did not advocate their full participation on the battlefield, understanding the general racial attitudes of white Americans. In addition, Wilson held reactionary views on race and owed political debts to southern Democratic politicians.
served as one of Pershing's top assistants during and after the war. Pershing's initial chief of staff was , who later took a combat command but worked as Pershing's closest assistant for many years and remained extremely loyal to him.
Pershing saluting the 's grave in
After departing from
in New York Harbor under top secrecy in May 1917, Pershing arrived in France in June 1917. In a show of American presence, part of the 16th Infantry Regiment marched through Paris shortly after his arrival. Pausing at the tomb of , he was reputed to have uttered the famous line "Lafayette, we are here," a line spoken, in fact, by his aide, Colonel . American forces were deployed in France in the autumn of 1917.
For the first time in American history, Pershing allowed American soldiers to be under the command of a foreign power. In late June, General , commanding the British Fourth Army, suggested to Australian Lieutenant General
that American involvement in a set-piece attack alongside the experienced Australians in the upcoming
would both give the American troops experience and also strengthen the Australian battalions by an additional company each. On June 29, General Bell, commanding the American 33rd Division, selected two companies each from the 131st and 132nd Infantry regiments of the 66th brigade. However, Monash had been promised ten companies of American troops and on June 30 the remaining companies of the 1st and 2nd battalions of the 131st regiment were sent. Each American platoon was attached to an Australian company. However, there was difficulty in integrating the American platoons (which numbered 60 men) amongst the Australian companies of 100 men. This difficulty was overcome by reducing the size of each American platoon by one-fifth and sending the troops thus removed, which numbered 50 officers and men, back to battalion reinforcement camps.
Under , Pershing adhered to the racial policies of President ,
, and southern Democrats who promoted the "" doctrine. African-American "" units were not allowed to participate with the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) during , but experienced
were provided to other segregated black units for combat service—such as the 317th Engineer Battalion. The American
Infantry Divisions were the first Americans to fight in France in 1918, albeit detached from the AEF and under French command. Most regiments of the 92nd and all of the 93rd would continue to fight under French command for the duration of the war.
Pershing at General Headquarters in Chaumont, France, October 1918.
In early 1918, entire divisions were beginning to serve on the front lines alongside French troops. Pershing insisted that the AEF fight as units under American command rather than being split up by battalions to augment
regiments and brigades (although the U.S.
and , loaned during the desperate days of spring 1918, fought with the British/Australian/Canadian
until the end of the war, taking part in the breach of the
in October).
In October 1918, Pershing saw the need for a dedicated
and the first US Army MP School was established at Autun, France. For this, he is considered the founding father of the United States MPs.
Because of the effects of trench warfare on soldiers' feet, in January 1918, Pershing oversaw the creation of an improved , the "," which became known as the "Pershing Boot" upon its introduction.
American forces first saw serious action during the summer of 1918, contributing eight large divisions, alongside 24 French ones, at the . Along with the British Fourth Army's victory at , the Franco-American victory at the Second Battle of the Marne marked the turning point of the war on the .
In August 1918 the
had been formed, first under Pershing's direct command and then by , when the
was created. After a quick victory at , east of , some of the more bullish AEF commanders had hoped to push on eastwards to , but this did not fit in with the plans of the Allied Supreme Commander, , for three simultaneous offensives into the "bulge" of the Western Front (the other two being the Fourth Army's breach of the Hindenburg Line and an Anglo-Belgian offensive, led by
Second Army, in Flanders). Instead, the AEF was required to redeploy and, aided by French tanks, launched a major offensive northwards in very difficult terrain at . Initially enjoying numerical odds of eight to one, this offensive eventually engaged 35 or 40 of the 190 or so German divisions on the Western Front, although to put this in perspective, around half the German divisions were engaged on the
(BEF) sector at the time.
Pershing on the front page of the first issue of , February 8, 1918
The offensive was, however, marked by Pershing's failure: his reliance on massed infantry attacks with little artillery support led to high casualty rates in the capturing of three key points. This was despite the AEF facing only second-line German troops after Erich Ludendorff's decision to withdraw to the Hindenburg line on October 3 – and in notable contrast to the simultaneous British breakthrough of the Hindenburg Line in the north. Pershing was subsequently forced to reorganize the AEF with the creation of the Second Army, and to step down as the commander of the First Army.
When he arrived in Europe, Pershing had openly scorned the slow
of the previous three years on the Western Front, believing that American soldiers' skill with the rifle would enable them to avoid costly and senseless fighting over a small area of . This was regarded as unrealistic by British and French generals, and (privately) by a number of American generals such as Army Chief of Staff
and his own Hunter Liggett. Even German generals were negative, Ludendorff dismissing Pershing's strategic efforts in the Meuse-Argonne offensive by recalling how "the attacks of the youthful American troops broke down with the heaviest losses". The AEF had done well in the relatively open warfare of the Second Battle of the Marne, but the eventual U.S. casualties against German defensive positions in the Argonne (120,000 U.S. casualties in six weeks, against 35 or 40 German divisions) were not noticeably better than those of the Franco-British offensive on the
two years earlier (600,000 casualties in four and a half months, versus 50 or so German divisions). More ground was gained, but then the German Army was in worse shape than in previous years.
A speech given from Allied Headquarters, Chaumont, France, 1918
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Some writers have speculated that Pershing's frustration at the slow progress through the Argonne was the cause of two incidents which then ensued. First, he ordered the U.S. First Army to take "the honor" of recapturing , the ensuing confusion (an order was issued that "boundaries were not to be considered binding") exposed U.S. troops to danger not only from the French on their left, but even from one another, as the
tacked westward by night across the path of the
(accounts differ as to whether Douglas MacArthur was really mistaken for a German officer and arrested). Liggett, who had been away from headquarters the previous day, had to sort out the mess and implement the instructions from Supreme Commander Marshal Foch, allowing the French t he later recorded that this was the only time during the war in which he lost his temper.
Second, Pershing sent an unsolicited letter to the Allied , demanding that the Germans not be given an armistice and that instead, the Allies should push on and obtain an unconditional surrender. Although in later years, many, including President , felt that Pershing had been correct, at the time, this was a breach of political authority. Pershing narrowly escaped a serious reprimand from Wilson's aide, , and later apologized.[]
Gen. Pershing decorating soldiers in Trier c. 1919
At the time of the , another U.S.-French offensive was due to start on November 14, thrusting towards Metz and into , to take place simultaneously with further BEF advances through .
In his memoirs, Pershing claimed that the U.S. breakout from the Argonne at the start of November was the decisive event leading to the
acceptance of an armistice, because it made untenable the Antwerp-Meuse line. This is prob the outbreak of civil unrest and naval mutiny in Germany, the collapse of , , and particularly
following Allied victories in , Syria, and Italy, and the Allied victories on the Western Front were among a series of events in the autumn of 1918 which made it clear that Allied victory was inevitable, and diplomatic inquiries about an armistice had been going on throughout October. President Wilson was keen to tie matters up before the mid-term elections,[] and as the other Allies were running low on supplies and manpower, they followed Wilson's lead.[]
American successes were largely credited to Pershing, and he became the most celebrated American leader of the war. Critics,[] however, claimed that Pershing commanded from far behind the lines and was critical of commanders who personally led troops into battle.[]
saw Pershing as a desk soldier, and the relationship between the two men deteriorated by the end of the war. Similar criticism of senior commanders by the younger generation of officers (the future generals of ) was made in the British and other armies, but in fairness to Pershing, although it was not uncommon for brigade commanders to serve near the front and even be killed, the state of communications in World War I made it more practical for senior generals to command from the rear. He controversially ordered his troops to continue fighting after the armistice was signed. This resulted in 3,500 U.S. casualties on the last day of the war, an act which was regarded as murder by several officers under his command.
1918 also saw a personal health struggle for Pershing as he was sickened during the , but unlike many who were not so fortunate, Pershing survived. He rode his horse, Kidron, in the Paris victory parade in 1919.
Gen. Pershing as Army Chief of Staff
In 1919, in recognition of his distinguished service during World War I, the
authorized the President to promote Pershing to , the highest rank possible for any member of the United States armed forces, which was created especially for him and one that only he held at the time. (In 1976 Congress authorized President
to posthumously promote
Washington previously held the rank of General of the A his earlier date of rank in the 1976 promotion ensured that Washington would always be considered the U.S. Army's highest-ranking officer.) Pershing was authorized to create his insignia for the new rank and chose to wear four gold stars for the rest of his career, which separated him from the four (temporary) silver stars worn by Army Chiefs of Staff of the 1910s and early 1920s.
There was a movement to draft Pershing as a candidate for president in 1920; he refused to campaign, but indicated that he "wouldn't decline to serve" if the people wanted him. Though Pershing was a Republican, many of his party's leaders considered him too closely tied to the policies of the
President Wilson. Another general, , was the early , but the nomination went to Senator
of , who went on to win the .
Bronze relief of Pershing, Kansas City, Missouri,
In 1921, Pershing became , serving for three years. He created the , a proposed national network of military and civilian highways. The
instituted in 1956 bears considerable resemblance to the Pershing map. On his 64th birthday, September 13, 1924, Pershing retired from active military service. (Army regulations from the late 1860s to the early 1940s required officers to retire on their 64th birthday.)
On November 1, 1921, Pershing was in
to take part in the groundbreaking ceremony for the
that was being constructed there. Also present that day were Lieutenant General
of Belgium, Admiral
of Great Britain, Marshal
of France, and General
of Italy. One of the main speakers was Vice President . In 1935, bas-reliefs of Pershing, Jacques, Foch and Diaz by sculptor
were added to the memorial. Pershing also laid the cornerstone of the
in Indianapolis on July 4, 1927.
On October 2, 1922, amidst several hundred officers, many of them combat veterans of World War I, Pershing formally established the
(ROA) as an organization at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C. ROA is a 75,000-member, professional association of officers, former officers, and spouses of all the uniformed services of the United States, primarily the Reserve and United States National Guard. It is a congressionally chartered Association that advises the Congress and the President on issues of national security on behalf of all members of the Reserve Component.
In 1924 Pershing became a member of the Pennsylvania Society of the . He was also an honorary member of the
and a Veteran Companion of the .
1940 newsreel
Pershing served on a committee of the
to establish and recognize
in the United States.
During the 1930s, Pershing largely retreated to private life, but returned to the public eye with publication of his memoirs, , which were awarded the 1932
for history. He was also an active
during this time.
In 1940, before and after the , Pershing was an outspoken advocate of aid for the
during . In August 1940, he publicly supported the "", whereby the United States sold fifty warships from World War I to the UK in exchange for lengthy leases of land on British possessions for the establishment for military bases.
In 1944, with Congress' creation of the five star rank of General of the Army, Pershing was still considered to be the highest-ranking officer of the United States military as his rank was General of the Armies. "In [1799] Congress created for
the rank of General of the Armies ... General
received the title of General of the Army in 1866 .... Carefully Congress wrote a bill (HR 7594) to revive the rank of General of the Armies for General Pershing alone to hold during his lifetime. The rank would cease to exist upon Pershing's death." Later, when asked if this made Pershing a five-star general,
commented that it did not, since Pershing never wore more than four stars, but that Pershing was still to be considered senior to the present five-star generals of World War II.
In July 1944, Pershing was visited by
leader General . When Pershing asked after the health of his old friend, Marshal
– who was heading the pro-German
regime – de Gaulle replied tactfully that, when he last saw him, the Marshal was well.
Pershing's tombstone at
On July 15, 1948, Pershing died of
in Washington, D.C., which was his home after 1944. Following a , he was buried in , near the grave sites of the soldiers he commanded in Europe.
It was during his initial assignment in the American West that his mother died. On March 16, 1906, Pershing's father died.
Colonel Francis Warren Pershing (), John J. Pershing's son, served in the
as an advisor to the Army Chief of Staff, General . After the war he continued with his financial career and founded a stock brokerage firm, . He was father to two sons, Richard W. Pershing () and John Warren Pershing III (). Richard Pershing served as a second lieutenant in the
and was killed in action on February 17, 1968, in . John Pershing III served as a special assistant to former Army Chief of Staff General , also attaining the rank of . He helped shape army and the
programs nationwide. Colonel Pershing died of cardiovascular disease in 1999.
No Insignia
, : July 1, 1882
No Insignia in 1886
, 6th Cavalry, : July 1, 1886
, Cavalry, Regular Army: October 20, 1892
of Volunteers, U.S. Army: August 18, 1898 – June 30, 1901
, Cavalry, Regular Army: February 2, 1901 (reverted to permanent rank July 1, 1901):
, Regular Army: September 20, 1906
, Regular Army: September 25, 1916
, National Army: October 6, 1917
, Regular Army: September 3, 1919
, Regular Army, Retired List: September 13, 1924
, Regular Army, Retired. Proposed six-star rank from December 14, 1944. General of Army was created as five-star rank by an Act of Congress on a temporary basis with the enactment of Public Law 78-482. The law creating the five-star rank stipulated that Pershing was still to be considered senior to the five-star generals of World War II. This could mean that he was a "six-star general". However Pershing died in 1948, so Congress never conformed the proposed six-star insignia to his rank as General of the Armies.
General Pershing lands in France in 1917
1882: Cadet, United States Military Academy
1886: Troop L, Sixth Cavalry
1891: Professor of Tactics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
1895: 1st Lieutenant, 10th Cavalry Regiment
1897: Instructor, United States Military Academy, West Point
1898: Major of Volunteer Forces, Cuban Campaign, Spanish–American War
1899: Officer-in-Charge, Office of Customs and Insular Affairs
1900: Adjutant General, Department of Mindanao and Jolo, Philippines
1901: Battalion Officer, 1st Cavalry and Intelligence Officer, 15th Cavalry (Philippines)
1902: Officer-in-Charge, Camp Vicars, Philippines
1904: Assistant Chief of Staff, Southwest Army Division, Oklahoma
1905: Military attaché, U.S. Embassy,
1908: Military Advisor to American Embassy, France
1909: Commander of Fort McKinley, Manila, and governor of
1914: Brigade Commander, 8th Army Brigade
1916: Commanding General, Mexican Punitive Expedition
1917: Commanding General for the formation of the
1917: Commanding General, American Expeditionary Forces, Europe
1921: Chief of Staff of the United States Army
1924: Retired from active military service
1925: Chief Commissioner assigned by the United States in the
for the provinces of
Pershing's ribbons as worn during World War I
Note: The dates indicated are the date the award was made rather that they date of the service which was recognized.
General Pershing's ribbons as they would appear today
(1905) (with silver citation star upgraded to Silver Star decoration in 1932)
(with 15 ) (1919)
In 1932, seven years after Pershing's retirement from active service, his silver citation star was upgraded to the
decoration and he became eligible for the .
In 1941 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in action leading an against hostile Moros at Mount Bagsak, on the island of Jolo in the Philippines on June 15, 1913.
In 1941, he was retroactively awarded the
for service in Germany following the close of World War I. As the
has a profile of Pershing on its obverse this made Pershing the only soldier in the history of the U.S. Army eligible to wear a service medal with his own likeness on it. (Navy admirals ,
were also entitled to wear medals with their own image on them.)
Grand Cross of the
(2nd class—Commander's Cross) ()
(1st Class with Sword) ()
(1st Class) (China)
Grand Cross of the
Grand Cross of the
Medaille Obilitch,
medal instituted by
Grand Cross of the
(Montenegro)
(1st Class) ()
Grand Cross of the
(1st Class) ()
Grand Cross of the
with Swords ()
Grand Cordon of the
Signature of John Pershing as General of the Armies
Thanks of the United States Congress
Special Medal of the Committee of the city of
Induction into the
Statue of Pershing in ,
General Pershing was honored with a U.S. postage stamp in 1961
Since 1930, the Pershing Park Memorial Association (PPMA), headquartered in Pershing's hometown of , has been dedicated to preserving the memory of General Pershing's military history.
On November 17, 1961, the
released an 8?
honoring Pershing, shown at right.
Pershing was immensely popular after World War I, and as a result a large number of organizations, equipment, streets and buildings are named after him throughout the United States and abroad:
Organizations:
The National Society of , founded by Pershing, continues on today as America's premier undergraduate military fraternal organization. He also founded the .
The 2nd Brigade of the
is nicknamed "Black Jack."
The 4th Squadron of the , part of the 's 3rd Brigade Combat Team, is nicknamed the Blackjack Squadron
B Troop (Black Jack Troop) 5/15 Cavalry Regiment at , the home of Armor and Cavalry where brand new 19D Cavalry Scouts are trained. A parade field in front of the B Troop barracks is called "Pershing Field" in honor of the General, and a placard of his works lies in its corner.
Military ordnance and other equipment:
tank was an American armored vehicle introduced in 1945.
In 1938, the
train the .
Elementary Schools: ; ; ; ; ;
(); ; ; ; ;
Middle Schools: ; ; ;
High Schools:
College buildings:
Pershing Arena, Pershing Society, Pershing Hall, and the Pershing Scholarships of
(Pershing's former college)
Pershing Barracks at the . Completed in 1895 as the Academic Building for West Point, it was renamed the West Academic Building in 1913. It was later converted to a barracks and renamed Pershing Barracks.
John J. Pershing Military and Naval Science Building of
Pershing Hall of
Pershing Hall, part of the University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
Military buildings:
Pershing Hall in
Pershing Hall on
Pershing Community Center, ,
Buildings:
The , a multi-purpose arena in downtown
The Pershing Building in , located on Pershing Road
The John J. Pershing VA Medical Center, in .
Pershing Memorial Hospital in Brookfield Missouri
in Paris, France.
Pershing Memorial Hospital in Brookfield, Missouri
Pershing or General Pershing Avenue:
(previously known as Berlin Avenue); , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Avenida General Pershing in the
Pershing or General Pershing :
(on the , formerly part of Main Street);
(a main road to );
Boulevard Pershing on the western edge of ,
runs past the
near the . Many of the major streets in the area (the ) are named after notable French military figures, including , named after , and at either end of Boulevard Pershing, streets named after the
and . It reflects the immense popularity of the American troops who first arrived in the French capital in 1916.
Boulevard John-Joseph Pershing in ,
Pershing or General Pershing Drive: ; ; ; ; ; /; ;
Pershing or General Pershing Road:
(formerly 39th Street);
(the northern border to the , the Official National World War I Memorial);
Pershing or General Pershing Street: ;
(in the uptown section); ; Portland,O
Squares and plazas:
Pershing Point in
Pershing Square in
in front of
Plaza Pershing in ,
Memorial Park in , New Jersey (opened in 1922)
in Washington, D.C. features the Pershing Memorial
Pershing State Park, in north-central
Pershing Park in ,
Pershing Field in
, a baseball park in
was named in honor of Pershing, "". This horse was used for many years in funerals for heads of state, including President .
The Pershing Division of the Clarence Cannon Conference, a high school athletic conference in Northeastern Missouri in the area where the general lived during his youth. The other division in the conference honors .
The John J. Pershing Grille is a casual dining room at the . Pershing, a member of the Club, dedicated its current clubhouse, located at 1135 Sixteenth Street, in 1921.
is named in his honor and is held over the
weekend each year.
, a British racehorse that took part in the
Steeplechase.
Miscellany:
Pershing was a Freemason, a member of Lincoln Lodge No. 19, .
Pershing appears as a character in The Friends of Pancho Villa (1996), a historical novel by , as well as in Hard Magic: The Grimnoir Chronicles by
(2011). He is mentioned frequently as one of the commanders in 's
series in the volumes set during and shortly after the
version of WWI, but his actual appearance is very brief.
. The Evening Star (Franklin, IN). April 18, 1925. p. 7. (subscription required (help)). ...and the boys stood in formation from noon till evening before the arrival of the automobile bearing the impressive insignia of four gold stars.
Sheffield, G. (2001). Forgotten Victory: The First World War: Myths and Realities (2002 ed.). London: Headline Book Publishing.
Tucker, Spencer C. (2014).
1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 1238.  .
Keane, Michael (2012). . Washington, DC: Regnery History. p. 73.  .
Ruth and Rose, twins who died in 1872, and Frederick, who died in 1876. Vandiver, v.1, p.6
. . . August 4, 1955. Anna May Pershing, a sister of the late General of the Armies John J. Pershing, died yesterday at the age of 89. ...
. . February 10, 1933. Brother of General Succumbs to Cerebral Thrombosis After a Long Illness. Was President of an Insurance Company. Formerly a Clothing Manufacturer. ...
Vandiver, v.1, p.67.
McNeese, Tim (2004). . . p. 39.  .
US Army Center for Military History. . US Army Chiefs of Staff.
Vandiver v.1, p.171
Bak, Richard, Editor. "The Rough Riders" by Theodore Roosevelt. Page 172. Taylor Publishing, 1997.
. . May 19, 1917. Maj. Gen. John J. Pershing, the famous "Black jack" of the regulars, will go down in history as the first American army officer to command troops on the battlefields of Europe. He (Pershing) is one of the officers picked by Colonel Roosevelt, when the Colonel was President, for rapid promotion to the highest of army commands. ...
(2002) The Savage Wars of Peace New York: Basic Books. p.191.
Rojas, Julietta.
(PDF) 2013.
Boot, p.191
. Factsheets. U.S. Air Force – Warren AFB 2010.
(2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. : The Scarecrow Press. page 282
Lacey, Jim (2008). . New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 55.  .
Runkle, Benjamin (2011). . New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 77–79.  .
Goldhurst, Richard (1977). . Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest Press. p. 151.
Arnold, James R. (2011). . New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press. p. 240.  .
MacAdam, George (1919). . New York, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company. p. 103.
Smythe, Donald (1973). . New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 318.
Jackson, Robert H. (2003). . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 130.  .
Frazer, Nimrod Thompson (2014). . Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. p. 18.  .
Vandiver, Volume I, p.582
. nps.gov.
Vandiver, Volume I, pp.593–94
Boot, p.192
Vandiver, Volume II, pp.599–602
. History.army.mil.
. Archives.gov.
. Huachuca Illustrated 1. .
Boot, passim pp.192–204
Vandiver, Volume II, passim pp.604–668
Buckley, Gail Lumet (2001), American Patriots: The Story of Blacks in the Military from the Revolution to Desert Storm, Random House,  
Wright, Robert K. Jr. (ed.)
David, Trask. The AEF and Coalition Warmaking, . University Press of Kansas, 1993, p. 141.
David, Trask. The AEF and Coalition Warmaking, . University Press of Kansas, 1993, p. 142.
e.g., David Trask (1993)
Lowry, Bullitt (September 1968). .
55 (2): 281.
Peare, Catherine Owens (1963). . New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. p. 235. The war in Europe at the time that the United States became an associate of the Allies was still at a stalemate. The Allied countries were reaching the exhaustion of both men and supplies...
Collier, Richard. The Plague of the Spanish Lady: The Influenza Pandemic of
(Atheneum, 1974)
. . . October 13, 1942.
McCarl, J. R. (1925).
4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 317.
Oliver, Raymond (2007). . Tucson, AZ: Fireship Press. p. 52.  .
Jenks, J. E., editor (April 9, 1921). . Army and Navy Register (Washington, DC: Army and Navy Publishing Company): 351.
. Atlanta Constitution (Atlanta, GA). December 11, 1919. p. 7. (subscription required (help)). Immediately before the parade starts the general will be presented with a handsome general's flag, bearing four gold stars, by the Girls' Overseas club.
. The Daily Notes (Canonsburg, PA). November 10, 1934. p. 1. (subscription required (help)).
. Gettysburg Times (Gettysburg, PA). Associated Press. April 28, 1937. p. 2. (subscription required (help)).
Perrenot, Preston B. (2009). . Scotts Valley, CA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 90.  .
Hodge, Carl C Nolan, Cathal J. (2007). . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 226.  .
Price, Nelson (2004). Indianapolis Then & Now. San Diego, California: Thunder Bay Press. pp. 102–3.  .
Williams, Winston C., ed. (1991). . Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company. p. 9 2011.
Leonhart, James Chancellor (1962). The Fabulous Octogenarian. Baltimore Maryland: Redwood House, Inc. p. 277.
Cray, Ed (1990). . New York, NY: Cooper Square Press. p. 491.  .
(2001). Churchill: A Biography. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 743.  .  .
Vandiver, v.1
. The Literary Digest (New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls) XCV: 11. October 1, 1927.
40. Charlottesville, VA: Kappa Sigma Fraternity. 1924. p. 27.
. Washington, DC: Association of the United States Army. 1987. p. 60.
. The Evening News (Harrisburg, PA). International News Service. April 10, 1945. p. 9. (subscription required (help)).
American Decoration. Supplement V. July 1, 1940 – June 30, 1941. Government Printing Office. Washington. 1941.
. Msun.edu.
Associated, The. . .
Hamill, John et al. Freemasonry: A Celebration of the Craft. JG Press 1998. .
Bibliography
Boot, Max. The Savage Wars of Peace New York, Basic Books, 2002.
Vandiver, Frank E. Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing – Volume I (Texas A&M University Press, Third printing, 1977)
Vandiver, Frank E. Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing – Volume II (Texas A&M University Press, Third printing, 1977)
 This article incorporates  from websites or documents of the .
Further reading
Goldhurst, Richard. Pipe Clay and Drill: John J. Pershing, the classic American soldier, (Reader's Digest Press, 1977)
Lacey, Jim. Pershing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
O'Connor, Richard. Black Jack Pershing. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961.  
Pershing, John J., and John T. Greenwood. My Life Before the World War, : A Memoir. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2013.
Perry, John. Pershing: Commander of the Great War. Nashville, Tenn: Thomas Nelson, 2011.
Smith, Gene. Until the Last Trumpet Sounds: The Life of General of the Armies John J. Pershing (Wiley, New York, 1998)
Smythe, Donald. Guerrilla Warrior: The Early Life of John J. Pershing (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1973)
Smythe, Donald. Pershing: General of the Armies (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1986)
Weigley, Russell Frank. History of the United States army (1967)
Welsome, Eileen. The General and the Jaguar: Pershing's Hunt for Pancho Villa: a True Story of Revolution and Revenge. New York: Little, Brown and Co, 2006.
Woodward, David R. The American Army and the First World War (Cambridge University Press, 2014). 484 pp.
Yockelson, Mitchell A. (2008). Borrowed Soldiers: Americans under British Command, 1918. Foreword by John S. D. Eisenhower. University of Oklahoma Press.  .
Yockelson, Mitchell. Forty-Seven Days: How Pershing's Warriors Came of Age to Defeat at the German Army in World War I (New York: NAL, Caliber, 2016)
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