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RECENT GUIDES
"Robben Island - The Dark Years" BOOK EXCERPT
From Chapter 61 of Mandela's autobiography Long Walk to Freedomc. Little, Brown and Company 1994[reprinted with permission of the publisher]
We were awakened at 5:30 each morning by the night warder, who clanged a brass
bell at the head of our corridor and yelled, "Word wakker! Staan op!"
(Wake up! Get up!) I have always been an early riser and this hour was not a
burden to me. Although we were roused at 5:30, we were not let out of our cells
until 6:45, by which time we were meant to have cleaned our cells and rolled up
our mats and blankets. We had no running water in our cells and instead of
toilets had iron sanitary buckets known as "ballies." The ballies had a
diameter of ten inches and a concave porcelain lid on the top that could
contain water. The water in this lid was meant to be used for shaving and to
clean our hands and faces.
At 6:45, when we were let out of our cells, the first thing we did was to empty
our ballies. The ballies had to be thoroughly cleansed in the sinks at the end
of the hallway or they created a stench. The only pleasant thing about cleaning
one's ballie was that this was the one moment in those early days when we could
have a whispered word with our colleagues. The warders did not like to linger
when we cleaned them, so it was a chance to talk softly.
During those first few months, breakfast was delivered to us in our cells by
prisoners from the general section. Breakfast consisted of mealie pap porridge,
cereal made from maize or corn, which the general prisoners would slop in a
bowl and then spin through the bars of our cells. It was a clever trick and
required a deft hand so as not to spill any of the porridge.
After a few months, breakfast was delivered to us in the courtyard in old metal
oil drums. We would help ourselves to pap using simple metal bowls. We each
received a mug of what was described as coffee, but which was in fact ground-up
maize, baked until it was black, and then brewed with hot water. Later, when we
were able to go into the courtyard to serve ourselves, I would go out into the
courtyard and jog around the perimeter until breakfast arrived.
Like everything else in prison, diet is discriminatory.
In general, Coloureds and Indians received a slightly better diet than
Africans, but it was not much of a distinction. The authorities liked to say
that we rece it was indeed balanced--between the
unpalatable and the inedible. Food was the source of many of our protests, but
in those early days, the warders would say, "Ag, you kaffirs are eating better
in prison than you ever ate at home!"
In the midst of breakfast, the guards would yell, "Val in! Val
in!" (Fall in! Fall in!), and we would stand outside our cells for
inspection. Each prisoner was required to have the three buttons of his khaki
jacket properly buttoned. We were required to doff our hats as the warder
walked by. If our buttons were undone, our hats unremoved, or our cells untidy,
we were charged with a violation of the prison code and punished with either
solitary confinement or the loss of meals.
After inspection we would work in the courtyard hammering stones until noon.
T if we slowed down, the warders would yell at us to speed
up. At noon, the bell would clang for lunch and another metal drum of food
would be wheeled into the courtyard. For Africans, lunch consisted of boiled
mealies, that is, coarse kernels of corn. The Indian and Coloured prisoners
received samp, or mealie rice, which consisted of ground mealies in a souplike
mixture. The samp was sometimes served with vegetables whereas our mealies were
served straight.
For lunch we often received phuzamandla, which means "drink of
strength," a powder made from mealies and a bit of yeast. It is meant to be
stirred into water or milk and when it is thick, it can be tasty, but the
prison authorities gave us so little of the powder that it barely colored the
water. I would usually try to save my powder for several days until I had
enough to make a proper drink, but if the authorities discovered that you were
hoarding food, the powder was confiscated and you were punished.
After lunch we worked until four, when the guards blew shrill whistles and we
once again lined up to be counted and inspected. We were then permitted half an
hour to clean up. The bathroom at the end of our corridor had two seawater
showers, a saltwater tap, and three large galvanized metal buckets, which were
used as bathtubs. There was no hot water. We would stand or squat in these
buckets, soaping ourselves with the brackish water, rinsing off the dust from
the day. To wash yourself with cold water when it is cold outside is not
pleasant, but we made the best of it. We would sometimes sing while washing,
which made the water seem less icy. In those early days, this was one of the
only times that we could converse.
Precisely at 4:30, there would be a loud knock on the wooden door at the end of
our corridor, which meant that supper had been delivered. Common law prisoners
were used to dish out the food to us and we would return to our cells to eat
it. We again received mealie pap porridge, sometimes with the odd carrot or
piece of cabbage or beetroot thrown in but one usually had to search for it. If
we did get a vegetable, we would usually have the same one for weeks on end,
until the carrots or cabbage were old and moldy and we were thoroughly sick of
them. Every other day, we received a small piece of meat with our porridge. The
meat was usually mostly gristle.
For supper, Coloured and Indian prisoners received a quarter loaf of bread
(known as a katkop, that is, a cat's head, after the shape of the
bread) and a slab of margarine. Africans, it was presumed, did not care for
bread as it was a "European" type of food.
Typically, we received even less than the meager amounts stipulated in the
regulations. This was because the kitchen was rife with smuggling. The cooks -
all of whom were common-law prisoners - kept the best food for themselves or
their friends. Often they would lay aside the tastiest morsels for the warders
in exchange for favors or preferential treatment.
At 8 P.M., the night warder would lock himself in the corridor with us, passing
the key through a small hole in the door to another warder outside. The warder
would then walk up and down the corridor, ordering us to go to sleep. No cry of
"lights out" was ever given on Robben Island because the single mesh-covered
bulb in our cell burned day and night. Later, those studying for higher degrees
were permitted to read until ten or eleven.
The acoustics along the corridor were quite good, and we would try to chat a
bit to each other before going to sleep. But if we could hear a whisper quite
clearly, so could the warder, who would yell, "Stilte in die gang"
(Quiet in the passage!) The warder would walk up and down a few times to make
sure we were not reading or writing. After a few months, we would sprinkle a
handful of sand along the corridor so that we could hear the warder's footsteps
and have time to stop talking or hide any contraband. Only when we were quiet
did he take a seat in the small office at the end of the passage where he dozed
until morning.
+ transcripts +
WGBH educational foundationPrisoner Abuse: Patterns from the Past
ABUSE: PATTERNS FROM THE PAST
Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 122
War U.S. Interrogation Manuals Counseled &Coercive
Techniques&
Cheney Informed of &Objectionable& Interrogation Guides in 1992
&Inconsistent with U.S. Government Policy&
National Security Archive Posts CIA Training Manuals from 60s, 80s, and
Investigative memos on earlier controversy on human rights abuses
For Further Information:
Thomas Blanton 202 994-7000
Peter Kornbluh 202 994-7116
** Updated to include a version of the KUBARK manual declassified as of February 25, 2014 **
Washington D.C. May 12, 2004: CIA interrogation manuals
written in the 1960s and 1980s described &coercive techniques&
such as those used to mistreat detainees at the Abu Ghraib prison
in Iraq, according to the declassified documents posted today by
the National Security Archive. The Archive also posted a
written for then Secretary of Defense Richard
Cheney warning that U.S. Army intelligence manuals that incorporated
the earlier work of the CIA for training Latin American military
officers in interrogation and counterintelligence techniques contained
&offensive and objectionable material& that &undermines
U.S. credibility, and could result in significant embarrassment.&
The two CIA manuals,
originally obtained under the Freedom of Information Act by the
Baltimore Sun in 1997 (The CIA released a less censored version of the KUBARK document in February 2014, following a FOIA request by Jeffrey Kaye using the Muckrock FOIA service&& see&.). The KUBARK manual includes a detailed
section on &The Coercive Counterintelligence Interrogation
of Resistant Sources,& with concrete assessments on employing
&Threats and Fear,& &Pain,& and &Debility.&
The language of the 1983 &Exploitation& manual drew heavily
on the language of the earlier manual, as well as on Army Intelligence
field manuals from the mid 1960s generated by &Project X&-a
military effort to create training guides drawn from counterinsurgency
experience in Vietnam. Recommendations on prisoner interrogation
included the threat of violence and deprivation and noted that no
threat should be made unless the questioner &has approval to
carry out the threat.& The interrogator &is able to manipulate
the subject's environment,& the 1983 manual states, &to
create unpleasant or intolerable situations, to disrupt patterns
of time, space, and sensory perception.&
After Congress began investigating reports of Central American
atrocities in the mid 1980s, particularly in Honduras, the CIA's
&Human Resource Exploitation& manual was hand edited to
alter passages that appeared to advocate coercion and stress techniques
to be used on prisoners. CIA officials attached a
on the manual stating: &The use
of force, mental torture, threats, insults or exposure to inhumane
treatment of any kind as an aid to interrogation is prohibited by
law, both intern it is neither authorized nor
condoned&-making it clear that authorities were well aware
these abusive practices were illegal and immoral, even as they continued
then and now.
Indeed, similar material had already been incorporated into seven
Spanish-language training guides. More than a thousand copies of
these manuals were distributed for use in countries such as El Salvador,
Guatemala, Ecuador and Peru, and at the School of the Americas between
1987 and 1991. An inquiry was triggered in mid 1991 when the Southern
Command evaluated the manuals for use in expanding military support
programs in Colombia.
In March 1992 Cheney received an investigative report on
Classified SECRET, the report noted that five of the seven manuals
&contained language and statements in violation of legal, regulatory
or policy prohibitions& and recommended they be recalled. The
memo is stamped: &SECDEF HAS SEEN.&
The Archive also posted a declassified
with a Southern Command officer, Major
Victor Tise, who was responsible for assembling the Latin American
manuals at School of the Americas for counterintelligence training
in 1982. Tise stated that the manuals had been forwarded to DOD
headquarters for clearance &and came back approved but UNCHANGED.&
(Emphasis in original)
the Documents
Note: The following documents are in PDF format.
You will need to download and install the free
A)&CIA,&KUBARK&Counterintelligence Interrogation, July 1963 (released February 25, 2014)
B)&CIA,&KUBARK&Counterintelligence Interrogation, July 1963 (released January 1997)
This 128-page report, classified Secret, was drafted in July 1963 as a comprehensive guide for training interrogators in the art of obtaining intelligence from "resistant sources." (As indicated above, two versions of the document & declassified 17 years apart & are presented in this posting.) KUBARK & a
CIA codename for itself & describes the qualifications of a successful
interrogator, and reviews the theory of non-coercive and coercive
techniques for breaking a prisoner. Some recommendations are very
specific. The report recommends, for example, that in choosing an
interrogation site &the electric current should be known in
advance, so that transformers and other modifying devices will be
on hand if needed.& Of specific relevance to the current scandal
in Iraq is section nine,
(pp 82-104). Under the subheading, &Threats and Fears,&
the CIA authors note that &the threat of coercion usually weakens
or destroys resistance more effectively than coercion itself. The
threat to inflict pain, for example, can trigger fears more damaging
than the immediate sensation of pain.& Under the subheading
&Pain,& the guidelines discuss the theories behind various
thresholds of pain, and recommend that a subject's &resistance
is likelier to be sapped by pain which he seems to inflict upon
himself& such rather than by direct torture. The report suggests
forcing the detainee to stand at attention for long periods of time.
A section on sensory deprivations suggests imprisoning detainees
in rooms without sensory stimuli of any kind, &in a cell which
has no light,& for example. &An environment still more
subject to control, such as water-tank or iron lung, is even more
effective,& the KUBARK manual concludes.
CIA, Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual - 1983
This secret manual was compiled from sections of the KUBARK guidelines,
and from U.S. Military Intelligence field manuals written in the
mid 1960s as part of the Army's Foreign Intelligence Assistance
Program codenamed &Project X.& The manual was used in
numerous Latin American countries as an instructional tool by CIA
and Green Beret trainers between 1983 and 1987 and became the subject
of executive session Senate Intelligence Committee hearings in 1988
because of human rights abuses committed by CIA-trained Honduran
military units. The manual allocates considerable space to the subject
of &coercive questioning& and psychological and physical
techniques. The original text stated that &we will be discussing
two types of techniques, coercive and non-coercive. While we do
not stress the use of coercive techniques, we do want to make you
aware of them.& After Congress began investigating human rights
violations by U.S.-trained Honduran intelligence officers, that
passage was hand edited to read &while we deplore the use of
coercive techniques, we do want to make you aware of them so that
you may avoid them.& Although the manual advised methods of
coercion similar to those used in the Abu Ghraib prison by U.S.
forces, it also carried a prescient observation: &The routine
use of torture lowers the moral caliber of the organization that
uses it and corrupts those that rely on it….&
DOD, Improper Material in Spanish-Language Intelligence Manuals,
SECRET, 10 March 1992
This &report of investigation& was sent to then Secretary
of Defense Richard Cheney in March 1992, nine months after the Defense
Department began an internal investigation into how seven counterintelligence
and interrogation manuals used for years by the Southern Command
throughout Latin America had come to contain &objectionable&
and prohibited material. Army investigators traced the origins of
the instructions on use of beatings, false imprisonment, executions
and truth serums back to &Project X&-a program run by
the Army Foreign Intelligence unit in the 1960s. The report to Cheney found
that the &offensive and objectionable material in the manuals&
contradicted the Southern Command's priority of teaching respect
for human rights, and therefore &undermines U.S. credibility,
and could result in significant embarrassment.& Cheney concurred
with the recommendations for &corrective action& and recall
and destruction of as many of the offending manuals as possible.
DOD, USSOUTHCOM CI Training-Supplemental Information, CONFIDENTIAL,
31 July, 1991
This document records a phone conversation with Major Victor Tise,
who served in 1982 as a counterintelligence instructor at the School
of the Americas. Tise relates the history of the &objectionable
material& in the manuals and the training courses at SOA. A
decade of training between 1966 and 1976 was suspended after a Congressional
panel witnessed the teaching program. The Carter administration
then halted the counterintelligence training courses &for fear
training would contribute to Human Rights violations in other countries,&
Tise said, but the program was restored by the Reagan administration
in 1982. He then obtained training materials from the archives of
the Army's &Project X& program which he described as a
&training package to provide counterinsurgency techniques learned
in Vietnam to Latin American countries.& The course materials
he put together, including the manuals that became the subject of
the investigations, were sent to Defense Department headquarters
&for clearance& in 1982 and &came back approved but
UNCHANGED.& Although Tise stated he removed parts he believed
to be objectionable, hundreds of unaltered manuals were used throughout
Latin America over the next nine years.
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