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＞＞＞_______all his efforts he failed, he was so upset about hims..
_______all his efforts he failed, he was so upset about himself that he felt like crying.A．So long asB．In terms ofC．In spite ofD．regardless of
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介词和介词短语
介词和介词短语的概念：
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。 误用介词的三种情况：
1、多用介词：多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词，也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错：误：We discussed about the plan.正：We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。误：Did he mention about the accident? 正：Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗? 误：I saw her enter into the bank. 正：I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。误：He married with[to] a nurse.正：He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。误：How can contact with you? 正：How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系? 误：We should serve for the people heart and soul. 正：We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。误：Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over) 正：Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂? 误：He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of) 正：He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。 2、漏用介词：漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词，或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等：误：This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理) 正：This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。误：He is not a man to be depended. 正：He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。误：He took a cup of tea, and went on the story. 正：He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶，又接着讲故事。误：My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略) 正：My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。误：They insisted sending a car over to fetch us. 正：They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。误：What he says is worth listening. 正：What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。3、错用介词：错用介词的情况比较复杂，可能是因受汉语意思的而错，也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错，可能是混淆用法而错，也可能是受相关结构的影响而错，可能是忽略语境而错，也可能是想当然的用错：误：She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人，call at+地点) 正：She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。误：He is engaged with a nurse. 正：He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。误：The sun rises from the east. 正：The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。误：Under his help, I finished it in time. 正：With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下，我及时做完了。误：During he was in Japan, he visited many places. 正：During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。误：We are familiar to his character. 正：We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。误：Help yourself with the fruit. 正：Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。介词的宾语：
&1、名词或代词作介词宾语：如：Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗？ &&&&&&& Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。注：若是人称代词用作介词宾语，要注意用宾格。如：No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)2、动名词作介词宾语：如：He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。&&&&&&&&&In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。 3、过去分词作介词宾语：如：We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。 &&&&&&& I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。注：过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中，如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构，第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下，介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语，若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动)，可换用“being+过去分词”： 如：He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了，没有被其他人看见。 4、从句作介词宾语：如：He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。 &&&&&&& I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。注：介词后通常不接that从句，遇此情况需考虑用其他结构：误：He paid no attention to that she was poor. 正：He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。比较：I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。 5、不定式作介词宾语： 如：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。&&&&&&&&He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。 &&&&&& They did nothing but complain. 他们老是一个劲地抱怨。&&&&&&&&He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看电视，他从不干任何事。注：(1)介词后接不定式的情形通常只见于but, except等极个别个词。该不定式有时带to，有时不带to，其区别是：若其前出现了动词do，其后的不定式通常不带to；若其前没有出现动词do，则其后的不定式通常带to。& (2)介词后虽然通常不直接跟不定式作宾语，但却可接“连接代词(副词)+不定式”结构： 如：He gave me some advice on how to do it. 对于如何做这事他给我提了些建议。 6、形容词作介词宾语：如：Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的语音远不是完美的。 &&&&&&& In short, we must be prepared. 总而言之，我们要有准备。 &&&&&&& Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。注：(1)有些形容词用作介词宾语可视为其前省略了动名词being： 如：He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他认为形势严重。 &&&&&&& His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作丝毫不令人满意。&(2)有些“介词+形容词”的结构已构成固定搭配：in full全部地，全面地，无省略地； in private私下地，秘密地； in particular特别地；in general一般地，通常地，概括地； in brief 简言之；in short总之，简言之； in vain徒然地，徒劳无益地；for fee免费地，无偿地； for certain肯定地，确切地；for sure肯定地，确切地； for short为了简短，简称；atl arge自由自在地，逍遥法外； by far…得多7、副词作介词宾语：如：I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。&&&&&&&& It's too hot in here. 这里面太热了。 &&&&&&& I looked every where except there. 除了那儿，我到处都看过了。 8、数词作介词宾语：如：The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。 &&&&&&& He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。 9、介词短语作介词宾语： 如：Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。 &&&&&&& I saw her from across the street. 我从街的对面望见了她。 注：通常可后接介词短语作宾语的介词是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。比较：I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。 &&&&&&&&&&& I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。&10、复合结构用作介词宾语：如：She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反对玛丽与他结婚。 &&&&&&& She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 &&&&&&& All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
介词短语的句法功能： 1、表语：如：He was with a friend. 他和一个朋友在一起。 &&&&&&& Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。 &&&&&&& This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。注：有些介词(如because of)引出的短语通常只用作状语，不用作表语：误：His absence is because of the rain. 正：His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。但是，若主语是代词(不是名词)，becauseof引出的短语可用作表语： 如：It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。 2、状语：如：Don't touch it with your hands. 别用手去摸它。 &&&&&&& Did you do this by design or by accident? 你这样做是有意的还是无意的？ 3、定语：如：This is his reply to your letter. 这是他给你的回信。 &&&&&&& This is the best way of doing it. 这是做此事最好的方法。 &&&&&&& My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。 4、宾语补足语： 如：I found everythingin good condition. 我发现一切正常。 &&&&&& Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。注：用作宾语补足语的介词短语在相应的被动语态中则为主语补足语： 如：He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。 5、宾语：如：A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。 &&&&&&& He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外，他抽不出时间。 6、主语：如：Between6 and 7 suits me. 六点到七点对我比较适合。 &&&&&&& After the exams is the time to relax. 考试后是轻松一下的时间。注：介词短语通常不用作主语，尽管有时也像上面这样用作主语，但通常可视为是在一定的上下文中有所省略： 如：—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我们下次什么时候见面？&&&&&&& —On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比较方便。此句中onTuesday虽用作主语，但可视为是其前省略了meeting一词：即：Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.
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331179419563182271171261342632248693From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the literary work by Franz Kafka.
For the biological process, see .
For other uses, see .
The Metamorphosis (: Die Verwandlung, also sometimes translated as The Transformation) is a
by , first published in . It has been cited as one of the seminal works of fiction of the 20th century and is studied in colleges and universities across the Western world. The story begins with a traveling salesman, , waking to find himself transformed () into a large, monstrous -like creature. The cause of Gregor's transformation is never revealed, and Kafka himself never gave an explanation. The rest of Kafka's novella deals with Gregor's attempts to adjust to his new condition as he deals with being burdensome to his parents and sister, who are repulsed by the horrible, verminous creature Gregor has become.
One day, Gregor Samsa, a traveling salesman, wakes up to find himself transformed into a giant insect (the most common translation of the German description ungeheures Ungeziefer, literally "monstrous vermin"). He believes it is a dream and reflects on how dreary life as a traveling salesman is. As he looks at the wall clock, he notices that he has overslept and missed his train for work. He ponders the consequences of this delay. Gregor becomes annoyed at how his boss never accepts excuses or explanations from any of his employees no matter how hard-working they are, displaying an apparent lack of trusting abilities. Gregor's mother knocks on the door, and he answers her. She is concerned for Gregor because he is late for work, which is unorthodox for him. Gregor answers his mother and realizes that his voice has changed, but his answer is short, so his mother does not notice. His sister, Greta, to whom he was very close, then whispers through the door and begs him to open it. He tries to get out of bed but is incapable of moving his body. While trying to move, he finds that his office manager, the chief clerk, has shown up to check on him. He finally rocks his body to the floor and calls out that he will open the door shortly.
Offended by Gregor's delayed response in opening the door, the clerk warns him of the consequences of missing work. He adds that Gregor's recent performance has been unsatisfactory. Gregor disagrees and tells him that he will open the door shortly. Nobody on the other side of the door could understand a single word he uttered (Gregor is unaware that his voice has also transformed), and they conclude that he is seriously ill. Finally, Gregor manages to unlock and open the door with his mouth. He apologizes to the office manager for the delay. Horrified by Gregor's appearance, his mother faints, and the manager bolts out of the apartment. Gregor tries to catch up with him, but his father drives him back into the bedroom with a cane and a rolled newspaper. Gregor injures himself squeezing back through the doorway, and his father slams the door shut. Gregor, exhausted, falls asleep.
Gregor awakens and sees that someone has put milk and bread in his room. Initially excited, he quickly discovers that he has no taste for milk, once one of his favorites. He settles himself under a couch. The next morning, his sister comes in, sees that he has not touched the milk, and replaces it with rotting food scraps, which Gregor happily eats. This begins a routine in which his sister feeds him and cleans up while he hides under the couch, afraid that his appearance will frighten her. Gregor spends his time listening through the wall to his family members talking. They often discuss the difficult financial situation they find themselves in now that Gregor can't provide for them. Gregor had plans of sending Greta to the conservatory to pursue violin lessons, something everyone else – including Greta – considered a dream. His incapability of providing for his family, coupled with his speechlessness, reduces his thought process greatly. Gregor also learns that his mother wants to visit him, but his sister and father will not let her.
Gregor grows more comfortable with his changed body. He begins climbing the walls and ceiling for amusement. Discovering Gregor's new pastime, Greta decides to remove some of the furniture to give Gregor more space. She and her mother begin taking furniture away, but Gregor finds their actions deeply distressing. He tries to save a picture on the wall of a woman wearing a fur hat, fur scarf, and fur muff. Gregor's mother sees him hanging on the wall and passes out. Greta calls out to Gregor—the first time anyone has spoken directly to him since his transformation. Gregor runs out of the room and into the kitchen. He encounters his father, who has just returned home from work. The father throws apples at Gregor, and one of them sinks into a sensitive spot in his back and remains lodged there, paralyzing his movements for a month and damaging him permanently. Gregor manages to get back into his bedroom but is severely injured.
One evening, the cleaning lady leaves Gregor's door open while three boarders, whom the family has taken on for additional income, lounge about the living room. Greta has been asked to play the violin for them, and Gregor – who usually took care to avoid crossing paths with anyone in the flat – in the midst of his depression and resultant detachment, creeps out of his bedroom to listen. The boarders, who initially seemed interested in Greta, grow bored with her performance, but Gregor is transfixed by it. One of the boarders spots Gregor, and the rest become alarmed. Gregor's father tries to shove the boarders back into their rooms, but the three men protest and announce that they will move out immediately without paying rent because of the disgusting conditions in the apartment.
Greta, who has by now become tired of taking care of Gregor and is realizing the burden his existence puts on each one in the family, tells her parents they must get rid of Gregor, or they will all be ruined. Her father agrees, wishing Gregor could understand them and would leave of his own accord. Gregor does, in fact, understand and slowly moves back to the bedroom. There, determined to rid his family of his presence, Gregor dies.
Upon discovering Gregor is dead, the family feels a great sense of relief. The father kicks out the boarders and decides to fire the cleaning lady, who has disposed of Gregor's body. The family takes a trolley ride out to the countryside, during which they consider their finances. They decide to move to a smaller apartment to further save money, an act they were unable to carry out in Gregor's presence. During this short trip, Mr. and Mrs. Samsa realize that, in spite of going through hardships which have brought an amount of paleness to her face, Greta appears to have grown up into a pretty and well-figured lady, which leads her parents to think about finding her a husband.
"Gregor Samsa" redirects here. For the post-rock band, see . For their eponymous EP, see .
Gregor is the main character of the story. He works as a traveling salesman in order to provide money for his sister and parents. He wakes up one morning finding himself transformed into an insect. After the metamorphosis, Gregor becomes unable to work and is confined to his room for the remainder of the story. This prompts his family to begin working once again.
The name "Gregor Samsa" appears to derive partly from literary works Kafka had read. The hero of The Story of Young Renate Fuchs, by German-Jewish novelist
(), is a certain Gregor Samsa. The Viennese author , whose sexual imagination gave rise to the idea of , is also an influence. Sacher-Masoch (note the letters Sa-Mas) wrote
(1870), a novel whose hero assumes the name Gregor at one point. A "Venus in furs" literally recurs in The Metamorphosis in the picture that Gregor Samsa has hung on his bedroom wall. The name Samsa is similar to "Kafka" in its play of vowels and consonants: "Five letters in each word. The S in the word Samsa has the same position as the K in the word Kafka. The A is in the second and fifth positions in both words."
Greta is Gregor's younger sister, who becomes his caretaker after his metamorphosis. Initially Greta and Gregor have a close relationship, but this quickly fades. While Greta initially volunteers to feed him and clean his room, she grows increasingly impatient with the burden and begins to leave his room in disarray out of spite. She plays the violin and dreams of going to the conservatory, a dream Gregor had int Gregor had planned on making the announcement on Christmas Eve. To help provide an income for the family after Gregor's transformation, she starts working as a salesgirl.
Mr. Samsa is Gregor's father. After the metamorphosis, he is forced to return to work in order to support the family financially. His attitude towa he regards the transformed Gregor with disgust and possibly even fear.
Mrs. Samsa is Greta and Gregor's mother. She is initially shocked at Gregor' however, she wants to enter his room. This proves too much for her, thus giving rise to a conflict between her maternal impulse and sympathy, and her fear and revulsion at Gregor's new form.[]
illustrating the difference in syntax between the first sentence of Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" in translation by Ian Johnston and in the original German
Kafka's sentences often deliver an unexpected impact just before the period—that being the finalizing meaning and focus. This is achieved from the construction of sentences in the original German, where the verbs of subordinate clauses are put at the end.[] For example, in the opening sentence, it is the final word, verwandelt, that indicates transformation:
Als Gregor Samsa eines Morgens aus unruhigen Tr?umen erwachte, fand er sich in seinem Bett zu einem ungeheuren Ungeziefer verwandelt.
As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect-like creature.
These constructions are not directly replicable in English, so it is up to the translator to provide the reader with the effect of the original text.
English translators have often sought to render the word Ungeziefer as "insect", but this is not strictly accurate. In , Ungeziefer literally means "unclean animal not suitable for sacrifice" and is sometimes used colloquially to mean "bug" – a very general term, unlike the scientific sounding "insect". Kafka had no intention of labeling Gregor as any specific thing, but instead wanted to convey Gregor's disgust at his transformation. The phrasing used by
is: "Gregor Samsa found himself, in his bed, transformed into a monstrous vermin",[] whereas David Wyllie says" "transformed in his bed into a horrible vermin".
However, in Kafka's letter to his publisher of 25 October 1915, in which he discusses his concern about the cover illustration for the first edition, he uses the term Insekt, saying: "The insect itself is not to be drawn. It is not even to be seen from a distance."
Ungeziefer has sometimes been translated as "", "", "", and other highly specific terms. The term "dung beetle" or Mistk?fer is, in fact, used by the cleaning lady near the end of the story, but it is not used in the narration.[] Ungeziefer also denotes a sense of separation between himself and his environment: he is unclean and must therefore be secluded.[]
, who was a
as well as writer and literary critic, insisted that Gregor was not a cockroach, but a beetle with wings under his shell, and capable of flight. Nabokov left a sketch annotated, "just over three feet long", on the opening page of his (heavily corrected) English teaching copy. In his accompanying lecture notes, Nabokov discusses the type of insect Gregor has been transformed into, concluding that Gregor "is not, technically, a dung beetle. He is merely a big beetle".
First print: Die Verwandlung. In: . Eine Monatsschrift. (The White Pages. A Monthly). ed. . "Jg. 2" (1915), "H. 10" (October), ps. .
S?mtliche Erz?hlungen. paperback, ed. Paul Raabe. , Frankfurt am Main and Hamburg 1970. .
Drucke zu Lebzeiten. ed. Wolf Kittler, Hans-Gerd Koch and Gerhard Neumann, S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ps. 113–200.
Die Erz?hlungen. (The stories) ed. Roger Herms, original version S. Fischer Verlag 1997
Die Verwandlung. with a commentary by Heribert Kuhn, , Frankfurt am Main 1999, . (Suhrkamp BasisBibliothek, 13: Text und Kommentar)
Die Verwandlung. , K?ln 2005. .
Metamorphosis. Hardcover, 2009 New Translation, Arcturus Publishing Limited. Forward by William Aaltonen
The Metamorphosis: A New Translation by Susan Bernofsky. Paperback, 2014, W. W. Norton & Company. . 's Introduction to the book was also published as "The Beetle and the Fly" in The Paris Review.
There are many film versions of the story, mostly , including:
a 1975 TV version by ,
a 1987 TV movie by
a 1993 video by , and
In 1995, the actor , with his short-film , tied for an Oscar for
with . The plot has the author (played by ) trying to write the opening line of Metamorphosis and experimenting with various things that Gregor might turn into, such as a banana or a kangaroo. The film is also notable for a number of
A Russian version titled Prevrashchenie (2002) was directed by , featuring
as Gregor.
Chris Swanton's film
(2012), starring , , and Alistair Petrieis the first English, feature-length adaptation of the story.
A Bulgarian interpretation titled "Die Verwandlung" (2013)
book Treehouse of Horror Spook-tacular,
included a
of The Metamorphosis, entitled "Metamorphosimpsons".
's Scouting for the Reaper contains a telling of the novella in which a rabbi attempts to arrange a "proper Jewish burial" for Gregor.
's book, , retells Kafka's novella from the points of view of those inside his family and out.
American cartoonist
drew a comic adaptation of the novella, which is included in the 1993 book , an illustrated biography of Kafka also known as Kafka for Beginners, R. Crumb's Kafka, or simply Kafka.
American comic artist
illustrated a graphic-novel version, first published by the
's debut surrealist novel, Insect Dreams: The Half Life of Gregor Samsa (2002), "resurrects Kafka's half-cockroach Gregor character" vis-à-vis the world between 1915 and 1945.
East Press published a
version of the story in 2008 as part of their
2007's , by
under the name "Tyler Knox", inverts the premise by transforming a co Lashner has stated that the Metamorphosis is "the obvious starting point for" Kockroach, and that his choice of pseudonym was made in honor of Josef K (of Kafka's ).
performed a stage adaptation in 1969. Berkoff's text was also used for the
to Brian Howard's 1983
Metamorphosis.
Another stage adaptation was performed in 2006 as a co-production between the
and the , adapted and directed by Gísli ?rn Gar?arsson and , with a music soundtrack performed by
and Warren Ellis. It was also performed at the
as part of a world tour in 2009 and returned to the Lyric Hammersmith in January 2013, starring Gar?arsson as Gregor Samsa.
An adapted stage production was devised and directed by Samara Hersch as part of the Helium Season for The
in October 2014.
episode 1.06, "Director's Cut", Brendon and the crew produce a rock opera musical adaptation of the novel.
A radio drama, combining Metamorphosis with
and performed by
with Cristal Duhaime, was broadcast in 2008, on 's program
in 2008. In 2012, it was broadcast on
Kafka (1996, 3).
Kafka (1996, 3 & 75).
Kafka, Franz (1996). The Metamorphosis and Other Stories. p. xi.  .
'Etymologisches W?rterbuch des Deutschen'. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. 1993. p. 1486.  .
Kafka, Franz. . Project Gutenberg 2014.
(1980). Lectures on Literature. New York, New York: Harvest. p. 260.
Cronenberg, David (17 January 2014). . The Paris Review 2014.
"The Vermin Episode," Scouting for the Reaper, Black Lawrence Press, 2014
San Francisco Chronicle
, by Rob Hart, at ChuckPalahniuk. published March 1, 2010; retrieved March 10, 2015
, work details at
. Vesturport 2011.
Schonberger, Robert.
has original text related to this article:
has original text related to this article:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
Online editions
at DigBib.org (text, pdf, HTML) (German)
, translated 2009 by Ian Johnston of ,
at , translated by
(audiobook, Ian Johnston translation)
Commentary
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