选择一个正确的答案1.Li Ping is taller than Wang Hai but shorter than Wu Dong.His seat is Wang Hai's ________Wu Dong'sA:at,at B:at,in C:in,at D:with,at2.The Great Pyramid is made ______ stones.A:by B:of C:in D:with3._______their joy,the seagulls came to eat not the crops,but the locusts.A:With B:To C:For D:Of4.I have a few other friends _______you.A:besides B:except C:except for D:but
1、B (题目你可能抄的有误,应该如下：) Li Ping is taller than Wang Hai but shorter than Wu Dong.His seat is__at the back of____ Wang Hai's ___but in front of_____Wu Dong's.at the back of在...的背后 in front of在...之前 2、B be made of用...制造而成 3、B to one's joy使某人高兴的是 4、A besides除了...还有 except排除在外 but排除在外,常用于nothing/anything but句型 except for常用于句首,不同类型的东西排除在外或除此之外还有的意思
为您推荐：
其他类似问题
扫描下载二维码1.Helen walks to school every day..Helen ____ to school ____ ____ every day.2.Tom is shorter than LI LEITom isn't ____ _____ LIlei2.Tom is shorter than LI LEI Tom isn't ____ _____ _____ LIlei3个横线啊
百花神の兤M
goes on foot as tall as三个的话就对了
为您推荐：
其他类似问题
goes by walkinghigher than
on foottaller than
Helen goes to school on foot every dayTom isn't taller than Lilei
1.goes on foot2.taller than
Helen walks to school every day.. Helen goes to school on foot every day. 2. Tom is shorter than LI LEI Tom isn't taller than Lilei
扫描下载二维码您的访问出错了(404错误)
很抱歉，您要访问的页面不存在。
1、请检查您输入的地址是否正确。
进行查找。
3、感谢您使用本站，1秒后自动跳转Shop by categoryEnter your search keywordAll CategoriesHi ( to bid or buy)Notification
Browse RelatedBrowse RelatedAlso shop inAlso shop in
$44.99Buy It Now
NEW ladies Sympli of Canada black Tunic shirt top in a size 12. Made of a slinky stretch fabric for a wonderful fit. Bust: 18" across. Shoulders: 15" across. Waist: free up to 20" across.Condition:New: Other (see details)Time left:3d 22h 22mItem location:Florida
$59.990 bidsSympli New. Great gift ?.
$40.00Buy It Nowor Best OfferFree Shipping28.5in length
18.5in pit to pit
$29.00Buy It NowFree ShippingAlong with her husband, Linda runs Linda’s Stuff Inc. and now employs over a hundred employees in multiple departments. The success of Linda's Stuff is the result of many contributing factors. It is b...
$69.990 bidsElongating high neckline, long sleeves, mid-thigh hitting hemline. Made from a smooth, matte jersey with mesh hem made in Canada.
$29.00Buy It NowFree ShippingThe success of Linda's Stuff is the result of many contributing factors. It is because of savvy, stylish, and budget-conscious women everywhere that we are able to do what we do, and love what we do.
$82.18Buy It NowSympli Pulse Asymmetrical Top. Size 6. 94% polyester, 6% spandex. 25-30 1/4" varying length. Excellent, like new condition. More detail below Hand-wash cold inside out, lay flat to dry. Made in Canada...
$39.950 bidsSympli the Best Draped Tunic Vest. Hand wash. 34" Long from shoulder in front to longest point. Anthropologie ONE SEPTEMBER Meda Lace Top. Armpit to armpit (unstretched): 19.5".
$25.001 bidIn excellent condition. Great color, very comfy and flattering. Sympli looks great on everyone!
$52.68Buy It Nowor Best OfferBeautiful Sympli white cowl neck top with back shorter than front. Long sleeve with one pocket on one side. Gathers in front that add nice detail. One small pen marl on shirt but in overall very good ...
$39.95Buy It Nowor Best OfferSympli The Best Canada Blue Open Front Cardigan Blouse. Good preowned condition. There is a small stain on the front that can't be seen when the top is folded open - see last two pictures for details.
$70.00Buy It Nowor Best OfferSympli tunic top. Black long sleeve top with hanging cross neckline. Elastic gathered sleeve hems and vented bottom side hems. Long and flowy. Size 16. Like new. Length-34".
$47.99Buy It NowFree ShippingMeasurements are taken while the garment is in a relaxed state. Garments with elastic or stretch to them may fit slightly larger than the stated measurements. Occasionally, I will include a range (i.e...
$85.00Buy It NowNEW Sympli True T, Long slv tunic.
Made in Canada and perfect for travel. The perfect black hi-lo tunic.
Retails for $149, our price $85! Wow! Please email with any questions and happy shopping!
$48.00Buy It Nowor Best OfferPretty ruffle cuffs and hemline.
$114.00Buy It NowA beautiful tunic that is perfect for fun, work or travel. This tunic has a v-neckline with draping at side and pleat detail at opposite hem. The stretch knit jersey fabric, which resist wrinkling, tr...
$81.00Buy It NowFree ShippingSympli basic Pure pant is a quality knit made for real bodies. This straight leg pull-on (not you grandmothers style pull-on) is beautifully proportioned and fits in all the right places. It transcend...
$79.00Buy It NowFree ShippingThis top seller is another great option to be worn with tunics or slim tops and is also a nice alternative to a legging. The slim leg with side ankle slits is a beautiful detail making it easy to be w...
$89.00Buy It Now
$59.990 bidsNWT Sympli the Best Hanky Under tank/skirt.
$75.00Buy It NowNew Sympli Cascade Top with 3/4 slv. Gorgeous storm color.
Made in Canada and perfect for travel. Retails for $129. Our price, $75. Wow! Please email with any questions.
$105.00Buy It Now
2 watching | 1 soldGorgeous NEW with tags Sympli dress. Made in Canada, perfect for travel. Retails for $175. Out price $105. Wow!! 2 available, US 16.
Please email with any questions. Happy Shopping!
$45.00Buy It NowFree ShippingSmall area of lose stitching on seam. See photo.
$99.00Buy It Nowor Best OfferLovely Sympli the Best Canada ~ Art to Wear ~ Brown Plungey neckline A-Line Tunic in size 16. Underarm to underarm measures ~.
$105.00Buy It Now
$74.500 bidsNWT Sympli the Best Mix Top.
$65.00Buy It NowFree ShippingThis 3/4 sleeve top has a relaxed fit and works as a casual top or can be dressed up with great accessories. This beautiful knit is 94% polyester and 6% spandex, a great travel piece. Do not dry clean...
$84.00Buy It NowFree ShippingFABRIC: 94% Polyester/6% Spandex - sleek with a lovely drape - Netting sections are Nylon/Spandex. “Mix Top”. COLOR: “Cinnamon” - Brown. FOR MORE INFO ABOUT DINOSAUR DRY GOODS. AROUND BOTTOM HEM= 48. ...
$50.00Buy It Now3 watching | 1 soldNew Sympli Shorty Top, 3/4 slv. in beautiful Pacific blue. Match it up with our Sympli Arc Dress to extend use into more seasons!
Made in Canada and great for travel. Retails for $89. Our price $50. ...
$85.00Buy It NowGorgeous new Sympli Ideal Shrug, size 16, black.
Made in Canada and perfect for travel, this basic black cardigan has pockets. Wow! Retails for $149. Our price $85.Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape.
If you log out, you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit.
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Author: ; Chief Editor: Max J Coppes, MD, PhD, MBA&
Background
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome in which patients are predisposed to cancer.
[] Li-Fraumeni syndrome is characterized by the wide variety of cancer types seen in affected individuals, a young age at onset of malignancies, and the potential for multiple primary sites of cancer during the lifetime of affected individuals. The following are the criteria for classic Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Li-Fraumeni–like syndrome, and the Chompret criteria, which provide guidelines for consideration of TP53 genetic testing.
Classic Li-Fraumeni syndrome criteria are as follows
A proband diagnosed with a sarcoma before age 45 years
A first-degree relative with any cancer diagnosed before age 45 years
Another first- or second-degree relative with any cancer diagnosed before age 45 years or a sarcoma diagnosed at any age
Li-Fraumeni–like syndrome criteria are as follows:
Birch definition
[] : (1) a proband with any childhood cancer or sarcoma, brain tumor, or adrenocortical carcinoma diagnosed before age 45 years
and& (2) a first- or second-degree relative with a typical Li-Fraumeni cancer (sarcoma, breast cancer, brain tumor, adrenocortical carcinoma, or leukemia) at any age
and (3) a first- or second-degree relative with any cancer before age 60 years
Eels definition
[] : Two first- or second-degree relatives with Li-Fraumeni–related malignancies (sarcoma, breast cancer, brain tumor, leukemia, adrenocortical tumor, melanoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer)&at any age
Chompret criteria for Li-Fraumeni syndrome are as follows:
A proband who has (1) a tumor belonging to the Li-Fraumeni tumor spectrum (soft-tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, premenopausal breast cancer, brain tumor, adrenocortical carcinoma, leukemia, or bronchoalveolar lung cancer) before age 46 years
and& (2) at least one first- or second-degree relative with a Li-Fraumeni tumor (except breast cancer if the proband has breast cancer) before age 56 years or with multiple tumors
A proband with multiple tumors (except multiple breast tumors), 2 of which belong to the Li-Fraumeni tumor spectrum and the first of which occurred before age 46 years
A proband who is diagnosed with adrenocortical carcinoma or choroid plexus tumor, irrespective of family history
While most hereditary family cancer syndromes involve 1 or 2 specific tumor types, members of Li-Fraumeni syndrome kindreds are at risk for a wide range of malignancies, with particularly high occurrences of , brain tumors, , soft-tissue sarcomas, bone sarcomas, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. Several other cancers have been seen at lower rates in Li-Fraumeni syndrome kindreds, including cancers of the lung, colorectum, stomach, prostate, ovary, and pancreas, as well as lymphoma, melanoma, and choroid plexus carcinoma.
and chondrosarcomas occur frequently, no evidence suggests increased occurrence of
in association with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
Pathophysiology
Li-Fraumeni syndrome has been linked to germline mutations of the tumor suppressor gene TP53. Mutations can be inherited or can arise de novo early in embryogenesis or in one of the parent's germ cells.
[] Approximately 70% of Li-Fraumeni syndrome kindreds and 40% of Li-Fraumeni–like families have germline mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene.
[, ] Over 767 germline mutations and 29, 881 somatic mutations have been identified in the TP53 gene.
TP53, which is located on band 17p13.1, codes for a 53-kd nuclear protein transcription factor that has important regulatory control over cell proliferation and homeostasis, specifically the cell cycle, DNA repair processes, and apoptosis.
Somatic (nongermline) TP53 tumor suppressor gene mutations are common in sporadic human cancers, suggesting that TP53 alterations play an important role in the development of cancer. Moreover, a broad range of cell line and transgenic animal experiments show direct involvement of TP53 mutations in malignant transformation. Alterations of p53 function are the result of either loss of function of wild type p53, increased or aberrant protein function, or dominant negative effects of the mutated protein.
This impairment in p53 function is thought to lead to loss of protection against the accumulation of genetic alterations. p53 and the ubiquitin ligase HDM2 have been shown to interact with another E3 and E4 ubiquitin ligase UBE4B to induce the polyubiquitination and degradation of p53, which prevented apoptosis of medulloblastoma and ependymoma cells. Overexpression of UBE4B was also associated with amplification of its gene in brain tumors.
These laboratory data support the hypothesis of constitutional mutations as the etiology of Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Although inactivation of TP53 confers a predisposition to cancer, this alone is not sufficient because not all families with classic Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Li-Fraumeni–like syndrome have detectable alterations of TP53. The absence of detectable germline TP53 mutations in some families suggests that other genes might be involved in the syndrome or that the p53 protein may undergo posttranslational alterations.
Specifics of the inherited TP53 mutation may have a significant effect on the cancer phenotype in the affected family. Most Li-Fraumeni syndrome–associated TP53 defects involve missense point mutations occurring in a hot-spot region of exons 5-8, a portion of the gene that codes for the core DNA-binding domain of the protein. Missense mutations lead to a stable but inactive protein, which accumulates in the nucleus of tumor cells. Frameshift, nonsense, and splice-site mutations can also be present, but do not lead to accumulation of p53 protein.
Kindreds with constitutional mutations in the hot spot region display more aggressive cancer phenotypes than patients with other TP53 mutations and those patients that appear to lack any heritable defect. Families with mutations in the hot spot region include those with younger probands at the time of cancer diagnosis. Mutations in exons 5-8 are also associated with a higher overall incidence in family members with breast cancer and CNS tumors diagnosed when patients are younger than 45 years, suggesting a higher rate of penetrance of the cancer phenotype in families with these types of inherited TP53 defects.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in both TP53 and MDM2, an integral component of p53 function, appear to influence the age of cancer onset in Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
[, ] Short telomeres are also associated with younger age of onset of first cancer in Li-Fraumeni syndrome families.
[, ] Genomic copy number variation, used as a marker of genetic instability, is higher in patients with germline TP53 mutations than in healthy controls.
Epidemiology
United States
Li-Fraumeni syndrome appears to be rare, with approximately 400 reported families described in the literature since it was first characterized in 1969; its actual population incidence is unknown. Each year, approximately 5-10 cases of soft-tissue sarcoma occur per 1 million children younger than 15 years. In a study of sarcoma patients, 10% of families with either an osteosarcoma diagnosed before age 20 years or a soft-tissue sarcoma diagnosed before age 16 years were found to have germline TP53 mutations.
A study by Yurgelun et al examined the frequency of germline TP53 alterations in patients with early-onset colorectal cancer. The study found that out of the 457 eligible participants, 6 (1.3%) carried germline missense TP53 alterations, however, none of these TP53 alterations met the clinical criteria for Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
Mortality/Morbidity
The cancers that occur most commonly in members of Li-Fraumeni syndrome kindreds are breast cancer, brain tumors, acute leukemia, soft-tissue sarcomas, osteosarcoma, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. Individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome have a lifetime cancer risk that approaches 100% by age 70 years.
[] More than half of all tumors occur before age 30 years.
[] Patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome can be successfully treated for the initial cancer, however, radiation therapy is avoided, when possible, due to several case reports and preclinical evidence demonstrating an increased risk in radiation-induced cancers in these patients.
[, ] &Furthermore, Li-Fraumeni patients are at significant risk for the development of a second primary malignancy
No evidence suggests either an ethnic predisposition for Li-Fraumeni syndrome or an increased or decreased frequency based on nationality.
Li-Fraumeni syndrome has an autosomal dominant therefore, the genetic predisposition for cancer equally affects males and females. Cancer penetrance is 93% for female carriers compared with 73% for male carriers, owing to the increased risk of breast cancer in females.
[] It is estimated that 5-8% of women diagnosed with early-onset breast cancer (at & 30 y) with a negative family history may have a mutation in the TP53 gene.
Almost 90% of affected females develop breast cancer by age 60 years, with a majority occurring before age 45 years.
[] Increased occurrence of breast cancer in males of Li-Fraumeni syndrome kindreds is not reported.
Although approximately 10% of cancers occur in individuals younger than 45 years in the general population, more than half of the cancers occur in Li-Fraumeni syndrome family members younger than 45 years.
The risk for developing soft-tissue sarcomas is greatest before age 10 years. Brain cancer also appears early in childhood, with a second peak in the fourth to fifth decade of life. Osteosarcoma risk peaks during adolescence. Breast cancer risk for females with Li-Fraumeni syndrome increases significantly at around age 20 years and continues to increase in adulthood.
Bougeard et al updated the clinical presentation of 1,730 French patients suggestive of LFS by identifying 415 mutation carriers in 214 families harboring 133 distinct TP53 alterations. The study found that in children, the LFS tumor spectrum was characterized by osteosarcomas, adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC), CNS tumors, and soft tissue sarcomas (STS). In adults, the tumor distribution was characterized by the predominance of breast carcinomas observed in 79% of the females, and STS observed in 27% of the patients.
References
International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC TP53 Database. Available at . Accessed: February 18, 2016.
Li FP, Fraumeni JF Jr, Mulvihill JJ, et al. A cancer family syndrome in twenty-four kindreds. Cancer Res. 1988 Sep 15. 48(18):5358-62. .
Birch JM, Hartley AL, Tricker KJ, Prosser J, Condie A, Kelsey AM, et al. Prevalence and diversity of constitutional mutations in the p53 gene among 21 Li-Fraumeni families. Cancer Res. 1994 Mar 1. 54(5):. .
Eeles RA. Germline mutations in the TP53 gene. Cancer Surv. -24. .
Chompret A, Abel A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Brugiéres L, Pagés S, Feunteun J, et al. Sensitivity and predictive value of criteria for p53 germline mutation screening. J Med Genet. 2001 Jan. 38(1):43-7. . .
Tinat J, Bougeard G, Baert-Desurmont S, Vasseur S, Martin C, Bouvignies E, et al. 2009 version of the Chompret criteria for Li Fraumeni syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 10. 27(26):e108-9; author reply e110. .
Bougeard G, Sesboüé R, Baert-Desurmont S, Vasseur S, Martin C, Tinat J, et al. Molecular basis of the Li-Fraumeni syndrome: an update from the French LFS families. J Med Genet. 2008 Aug. 45(8):535-8. .
Hwang SJ, Lozano G, Amos CI, Strong LC. Germline p53 mutations in a cohort with childhood sarcoma: sex differences in cancer risk. Am J Hum Genet. 2003 Apr. 72(4):975-83. . .
Gonzalez KD, Noltner KA, Buzin CH, Gu D, Wen-Fong CY, Nguyen VQ, et al. Beyond Li Fraumeni Syndrome: clinical characteristics of families with p53 germline mutations. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Mar 10. 27(8):1250-6. .
Malkin D, Li FP, Strong LC, et al. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science. 1990 Nov 30. 250(-8. .
Varley JM, McGown G, Thorncroft M, Santibanez-Koref MF, Kelsey AM, Tricker KJ. Germ-line mutations of TP53 in Li-Fraumeni families: an extended study of 39 families. Cancer Res. 1997 Aug 1. 57(15):3245-52. .
Wu H, Pomeroy SL, Ferreira M, Teider N, Mariani J, Nakayama KI, et al. UBE4B promotes Hdm2-mediated degradation of the tumor suppressor p53. Nat Med. 2011 Mar. 17(3):347-55. .
Marcel V, Palmero EI, Falagan-Lotsch P, Martel-Planche G, Ashton-Prolla P, Olivier M, et al. TP53 PIN3 and MDM2 SNP309 polymorphisms as genetic modifiers in the Li-Fraumeni syndrome: impact on age at first diagnosis. J Med Genet. 2009 Nov. 46(11):766-72. .
Renaux-Petel M, Sesboüé R, Baert-Desurmont S, Vasseur S, Fourneaux S, Bessenay E, et al. The MDM2 285G-309G haplotype is associated with an earlier age of tumour onset in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Fam Cancer. 2013 Jul 25. .
Tabori U, Nanda S, Druker H, Lees J, Malkin D. Younger age of cancer initiation is associated with shorter telomere length in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Cancer Res. 2007 Feb 15. 67(4):1415-8. .
Trkova M, Prochazkova K, Krutilkova V, Sumerauer D, Sedlacek Z. Telomere length in peripheral blood cells of germline TP53 mutation carriers is shorter than that of normal individuals of corresponding age. Cancer. 2007 Aug 1. 110(3):694-702. .
Shlien A, Tabori U, Marshall CR, et al. Excessive genomic DNA copy number variation in the Li-Fraumeni cancer predisposition syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 12. 105(32):11264-9. .
Lustbader ED, Williams WR, Bondy ML, Strom S, Strong LC. Segregation analysis of cancer in families of childhood soft-tissue-sarcoma patients. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Aug. 51(2):344-56. . .
Yurgelun MB, Masciari S, Joshi VA, Mercado RC, Lindor NM, Gallinger S, et al. Germline TP53 Mutations in Patients With Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer in the Colon Cancer Family Registry. JAMA Oncol. 2015 May. 1 (2):214-21. .
Mai PL, Malkin D, Garber JE, Schiffman JD, Weitzel JN, Strong LC, et al. Li-Fraumeni syndrome: report of a clinical research workshop and creation of a research consortium. Cancer Genet. 2012 Oct. 205(10):479-87. . .
Le Bihan C, Moutou C, Brugieres L, Feunteun J, Bonaiti-Pellie C. ARCAD: a method for estimating age-dependent disease risk associated with mutation carrier status from family data. Genet Epidemiol. ):13-25. .
Limacher JM, Frebourg T, Natarajan-Ame S, Bergerat JP. Two metachronous tumors in the radiotherapy fields of a patient with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Int J Cancer. 2001 Aug 20. 96 (4):238-42. .
Heymann S, Delaloge S, Rahal A, Caron O, Frebourg T, Barreau L, et al. Radio-induced malignancies after breast cancer postoperative radiotherapy in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Radiat Oncol. 2010 Nov 8. 5:104. .
Boyle JM, Spreadborough A, Greaves MJ, Birch JM, Varley JM, Scott D. The relationship between radiation-induced G(1)arrest and chromosome aberrations in Li-Fraumeni fibroblasts with or without germline TP53 mutations. Br J Cancer. 2001 Jul 20. 85 (2):293-6. .
McCuaig JM, Armel SR, Novokmet A, Ginsburg OM, Demsky R, Narod SA, et al. Routine TP53 testing for breast cancer under age 30: ready for prime time?. Fam Cancer. 2012 Dec. 11(4):607-13. .
Allain DC. Genetic counseling and testing for common hereditary breast cancer syndromes: a paper from the 2007 William Beaumont hospital symposium on molecular pathology. J Mol Diagn. 2008 Sep. 10(5):383-95. .
Bougeard G, Renaux-Petel M, Flaman JM, et al. Revisiting Li-Fraumeni Syndrome From TP53 Mutation Carriers. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jul 20. 33 (21):2345-52. .
Birch JM, Blair V, Kelsey AM, et al. Cancer phenotype correlates with constitutional TP53 genotype in families with the Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Oncogene. 1998 Sep 3. 17(9):1061-8. .
Birch JM, Hartley AL, Marsden HB, et al. Excess risk of breast cancer in the mothers of children with soft tissue sarcomas. Br J Cancer. 1984 Mar. 49(3):325-31. .
Curtin K, Smith KR, Fraser A, Pimentel R, Kohlmann W, Schiffman JD. Familial risk of childhood cancer and tumors in the li-fraumeni spectrum in the utah population database: Implications for genetic evaluation in pediatric practice. Int J Cancer. 2013 Nov 15. 133(10):2444-53. .
[Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Guidelines: Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. Available at . Accessed: February 18, 2016.
Villani A, Tabori U, Schiffman J, Shlien A, Beyene J, Druker H, et al. Biochemical and imaging surveillance in germline TP53 mutation carriers with Li-Fraumeni syndrome: a prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Jun. 12(6):559-67. .
Cohen RJ, Curtis RE, Inskip PD, Fraumeni JF Jr. The risk of developing second cancers among survivors of childhood soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2005 Jun 1. 103(11):2391-6. .
Hisada M, Garber JE, Fung CY, et al. Multiple primary cancers in families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Apr 15. 90(8):606-11. .
Li FP, Fraumeni JF Jr. Soft-tissue sarcomas, breast cancer, and other neoplasms. A familial syndrome?. Ann Intern Med. 1969 Oct. 71(4):747-52. .
Li FP, Garber JE, Friend SH, et al. Recommendations on predictive testing for germ line p53 mutations among cancer-prone individuals. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992 Aug 5. 84(15):1156-60. .
Peterson SK, Pentz RD, Blanco AM, et al. Evaluation of a decision aid for families considering p53 genetic counseling and testing. Genet Med. 2006 Apr. 8(4):226-33. .
Contributor Information and Disclosures
&Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
Kathleen M Sakamoto, MD, PhD&Shelagh Galligan Professor, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineKathleen M Sakamoto, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: , , , Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Specialty Editor Board
Mary L Windle, PharmD&Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of P Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug ReferenceDisclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Timothy P Cripe, MD, PhD, FAAP&Chief, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Gordon Teter Endowed Chair in Pediatric Cancer, Nationwide Children's H Professor of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of MedicineTimothy P Cripe, MD, PhD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: , , , , , , , , Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
Max J Coppes, MD, PhD, MBA&Executive Vice President, Chief Medical and Academic Officer, Renown HeathMax J Coppes, MD, PhD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: , , Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Additional Contributors
Stephan A Grupp, MD, PhD&Director, Stem Cell Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of P Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of MedicineStephan A Grupp, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: , , , , Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Katharine E Brock, MD&Fellow, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of MedicineKatharine E Brock, MD is a member of the following medical societies: , , , , , , Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Gary R Jones, MD Associate Medical Director, Clinical Development, Berlex Laboratories
Gary R Jones, MD is a member of the following medical societies: , , and
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Kavita Patel, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine
Kavita Patel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: , , , and
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
What would you like to print?
What would you like to print?
What to Read Next on Medscape
Related Conditions and Diseases
Medscape Consult
News & Perspective
Most Popular Articles
According to Oncologist/Hematologists
Recommended
2007127-overview
Diseases & Conditions
Diseases & Conditions
2007306-overview
Diseases & Conditions
Diseases & Conditions
871284-overview
Procedures
Procedures
2006584-overview
Diseases & Conditions
Diseases & Conditions
Need a Curbside Consult?
Share cases and questions with Physicians on Medscape consult.