Who Cares What I Think? | About Politics, Media, Life, People, Films. There is drama in even the most mundane things. You just need to keep your eyes and ears open…and your laptop handy to write whatever crap comes to your mind! After all, who cares what you think?
Let’s Connect!Follow my blog through email!
Follow my blog with a Wordpress account!
Read on if you want to know
If you like it, do share with friends!
Blogroll - i.e., Blogs that mine aspires to be!
Send to Email Address
Your Email Address
Post was not sent - check your email addresses!
Email check failed, please try again
Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.
%d bloggers like this:Language map: What&s the most popular language in your state?
What Language Does Your State Speak?
Illustration by Lisa Larson-Walker
Last month, I wrote about , a feature that included 88 super-simple maps of my own creation. As a follow-up, I&m writing up short items on some of those maps, walking through how I created them and how they succumb to (and hopefully overcome) the shortfalls of viral cartography.
One of the most interesting data sets for aspiring mapmakers is the Census Bureau&s . Among other things, that survey includes a detailed look at the languages spoken in American homes. All the maps below are based on the responses to this survey. However, an ACS participant does not select his language from a list of pr he fills in a blank box with his self-selected answer. For instance, some people answered the ACS with &Chinese,& while others gave specific dialects such as &Mandarin& or &Cantonese&. These were all treated as different languages in the ACS data and when constructing these maps. (See the .) New York is marked &Chinese& because more people responded with &Chinese& than any other language other than English or Spanish. If all Chinese languages (or languages under the umbrella of a larger language family) had been grouped together, the answers for many states would change. In addition, Hawaiian is listed as a Pacific Island language, so following the ACS classifications, it was not included in the Native American languages map. The spelling of each language is based on the language of the ACS.
Data source: Census Bureau American Community Survey. Map by Ben Blatt/Slate.
OK, that map is not too interesting. Now, let&s remove Spanish from the mix.
Data source: Census Bureau American Community Survey. Map by Ben Blatt/Slate.
Advertisement
Given these new parameters, we now see a trio of Native American languages, Navajo, Dakota, and Yupik, on the map. Navajo is the most prevalent Native American language, with more than 170,000 speakers, while Dakota lags behind with just 18,000. According to the census, there are more speakers of Navajo in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona than there are speakers of other Native American languages in all other states combined.
Data source: Census Bureau American Community Survey. Map by Ben Blatt/Slate.
Here are a couple more language groups of interest. First, the Scandinavians. The census categorizes Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian as Scandinavian languages.
Data source: Census Bureau American Community Survey. Map by Ben Blatt/Slate.
Next up, . For the purposes of this map, we consider Hindi, Gujarati, Urdu, Bengali, Panjabi, Marathi, Nepali, and Sinhalese to fall into that category.
Data source: Census Bureau American Community Survey. Map by Ben Blatt/Slate.
Finally, African languages. The choices here are Amharic, Berber, Chadic, Cushite, Sudanic, Nilotic, Nilo-hamitic, Nubian, Saharan, Khoisan, Swahili, Bantu, Mande, Fulani, Gur, Efik, Mbum, as well as &Kru, Ibo, Yoruba,& which the census lists as a single language.
Data source: Census Bureau American Community Survey. Map by Ben Blatt/Slate.
See more of .
Correction, May 13, 2014: This article originally misspelled Arapaho in the map of most commonly spoken Native American languages. (.)
Update, May 16, 2014: This paragraph was revised to clarify how the maps were constructed. (.)
Correction, May 27, 2014: This article originally misstated that only two languages categorized by the Census as Native American languages&Navajo and Dakota&were displayed in the "Most Commonly Spoken Language Other than English or Spanish." It also included Yupik. ()
"action": {
"text": "Give now",
"url": "/giveplus?wpsrc=spgift_all_display_holiday_interstitial"
"submit": "Sign up"
mode: campaigns.modes.overlay,
frequency: 20,
resurrection: 0,
initialDelay: 1,
completeOnClose: false,
dismissOnClose: false,
options: {
onOpen: function() {
$(".overlay-wrapper").css("z-index", "");
Culturebox
The Sony Emails Are Fair Game
No, Aaron Sorkin, reporting on the hacked documents is not “spectacularly dishonorable.”
Justin Peters
The Year’s Best Advertisements
Budweiser puppies, Woo Woo, the return of Salt-N-Pepa, and more of 2014’s best commercials.
Alison Griswold and Slate Staff
Have Yourself a Tactile Little Christmas
Gift ideas for parents who want their kids to play the old-fashioned way.
John Dickerson
Women’s Work
The jobs recovery was supposed to be great for women. It hasn’t exactly worked out that way.
Heather Rogers
Slate Picks
Listen to Our Ultimate Holiday Playlist
Holiday tracks for the season, exclusively for Slate Plus members.
Slate Staff
Tina Fey and Rachel Dratch Send Up NPR in This 1997 Second City Sketch
Sharan Shetty
Future Tense
Taking a Page From the Patent Troll Playbook
The Harvard professor who went after a Chinese restaurant used some familiar tactics.
Charles Duan
Bad Astronomy
Dark Sky in Canarias
Phil Plait
Sports Nut
Inside the ESPN Empire
An exit interview with ombudsman Robert Lipsyte.
Chris LaskowskiWMAP- Content of the Universe
WMAP's Universe
What is the Universe Made Of?
The key questions that need to be answered by astrophysicists are: What is really out there? And of what is it all made? Without this understanding it is impossible to come to any firm conclusions about how the universe evolved.
Protons, Neutrons and Electrons: The Stuff of Life
You, this computer, the air we breathe, and the distant
are all made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are bound together into nuclei and atoms are nuclei surrounded by a full complement of electrons. Hydrogen is composed of one proton and one electron. Helium is composed of two protons, two neutrons and two electrons. Carbon is composed of six protons, six neutrons and six electrons. Heavier elements, such as iron, lead and uranium, contain even larger numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons. Astronomers like to call all material made up of protons, neutrons and electrons &baryonic matter&.
Until about thirty years ago, astronomers thought that the universe was composed almost entirely of this &baryonic matter&, ordinary atoms. However, in the past few decades, there has been ever more evidence accumulating that suggests there is something in the universe that we can not see, perhaps some new form of matter.
WMAP and Dark Matter / Dark energy
By making accurate measurements of the , WMAP is able to measure the basic parameters of the Big Bang model including the density and composition of the universe. WMAP measures the relative density of baryonic and non-baryonic matter to an accuracy of better than a few percent of the overall density. It is also able to determine some of the properties of the non-baryonic matter: the interactions of the non-baryonic matter with itself, its mass and its interactions with ordinary matter all affect the details of the cosmic microwave background fluctuation spectrum.
WMAP determined that the , from which
it follows that the mean energy density in the universe is equal to the critical density
(within a 0.5% margin of error). This is equivalent to a mass density of
9.9 x 10-30 g/cm3, which is equivalent
to only 5.9 protons per cubic meter. Of this total density, we now (as of January 2013) know the breakdown to
4.6% Atoms. More than 95% of the energy density in the universe is in a form that has never been directly detected in the laboratory! The actual density of atoms is equivalent to roughly 1 proton per 4 cubic meters.
24% Cold Dark Matter.
Dark matter is likely to be composed of one or more species of sub-atomic particles that interact very weakly with ordinary matter.
Particle physicists have many plausible candidates for the dark matter, and new particle accelerator experiments are likely to bring new insight in the coming years.
71.4% Dark Energy.
The first observational hints of dark energy in
the universe date back to the 1980's when astronomers were trying
to understand how clusters of galaxies were formed.
attempts to explain the observed distribution of galaxies were
improved if dark energy were present, but the evidence was highly
uncertain.
In the 1990's, observations of supernova were used to
trace the expansion history of the universe (over relatively
recent times) and the big surprise was that the expansion appeared
to be speeding up, rather than slowing down!
There was some
concern that the supernova data were being misinterpreted, but the
result has held up to this day.
In 2003, the first WMAP results
came out indicating that the universe was flat (see above) and
that the dark matter made up only 24% of the density required to
produce a flat universe.
If 71.4% of the energy density in the
universe is in the form of dark energy, which has a
gravitationally repulsive effect, it is just the right amount to
explain both the flatness of the universe and the observed
accelerated expansion.
Thus dark energy explains many
cosmological observations at once.
Fast moving neutrinos do not play a major role in the evolution of
structure in the universe. They would have prevented the early
clumping of gas in the universe, delaying the emergence of the
first stars, in conflict with the WMAP data.
However, with 5
years of data, WMAP is able to see evidence that a sea of cosmic
neutrinos do exist in numbers that are expected from other lines
of reasoning.
This is the first time that such evidence has come
from the cosmic microwave background.
Another Probe of Dark Matter
By measuring the motions of stars and gas, astronomers can &weigh& galaxies.
In our own solar system, we can use the velocity of the Earth around the Sun to measure the Sun's mass. The Earth moves around the Sun at 30 kilometers per second (roughly sixty thousand miles per hour). If the Sun were four times more massive, then the Earth would need to move around the Sun at 60 kilometers per second in order for it to stay on its orbit. The Sun moves around the
at 225 kilometers per second. We can use this velocity (and the velocity of other stars) to measure the mass of our Galaxy. Similarly, radio and optical observations of gas and stars in distant galaxies enable astronomers to determine the distribution of mass in these systems.
The mass that astronomers infer for galaxies, including our own, is roughly ten times larger than the mass that can be associated with stars, gas and dust in a Galaxy. This mass discrepancy has been confirmed by observations of gravitational lensing, the bending of light predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity.
HST Image of a gravitational lens
for an HST press release describing this image.
By measuring how the background galaxies are distorted by the foreground cluster,
astronomers can measure the mass in the cluster. The mass in the cluster is more than five
times larger than the inferred mass in visible stars, gas and dust.
Candidates for the Dark Matter
What is the nature of the &dark matter&, this mysterious material that exerts
a gravitational pull, but does not emit nor absorb light? Astronomers do not know.
There are a number of plausible speculations on the nature of the dark matter:
Brown Dwarfs: if a
mass is less than one twentieth
of our Sun, its core is not hot enough to burn either hydrogen or deuterium, so it shines
only by virtue of its gravitational contraction. These dim objects, intermediate between
stars and planets, are not luminous enough to be directly detectable by our telescopes.
Brown Dwarfs and similar objects have been nicknamed MACHOs (MAssive Compact Halo Objects)
by astronomers. These MACHOs are potentially detectable by gravitational lensing
experiments. If the dark matter is made mostly of MACHOs, then it is likely that baryonic
matter does make up most of the mass of the universe.
Supermassive Black Holes: these are thought to power distant &K& type
. Some astronomers speculate that dark matter may be
made up of copious numbers of black holes. These black holes are also
potentially detectable through their lensing effects.
New forms of matter: particle physicists, scientists who work to understand the
fundamental forces of nature and the composition of matter, have speculated that there are
new forces and new types of particles. One of the primary motivations for building
&supercolliders& is to try to produce this matter in the laboratory. Since the
universe was very dense and hot in the early moments following the Big Bang, the universe itself was a wonderful particle
accelerator. Cosmologists speculate that the dark matter may be made of particles produced
shortly after the Big Bang. These particles would be very different from ordinary
&baryonic matter&. Cosmologists call these hypothetical particles WIMPs (for
Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) or &non-baryonic matter&.
Dark Energy: a Cosmological Constant?
Dark Energy makes up a large majority ot the total content of the universe, but this was not always known. Einstein first proposed the cosmological constant (not to be confused with the Hubble
Constant) usually symbolized by the greek letter &lambda& (&L), as a mathematical fix to the theory of general relativity.
In its simplest form, general relativity predicted that the universe must either expand or
contract. Einstein thought the universe was static, so he added this new term to stop the
expansion. Friedmann, a Russian mathematician, realized that this was an unstable fix,
like balancing a pencil on its point, and proposed an expanding universe model, now called
theory. When Hubble's study of nearby galaxies
showed that the universe was in fact , Einstein
regretted modifying his elegant theory and viewed the cosmological constant term as his
&greatest mistake&.
Many cosmologists advocate reviving the cosmological constant term on theoretical grounds, as a way to explain the rate of expansion of the universe. Modern field theory associates this term with the energy density of the vacuum. For this energy density to be comparable to other forms of matter in the universe, it
would require new physics theories. So the addition
of a cosmological constant term has profound
implications for particle physics and our understanding of the fundamental forces of nature.
The main attraction of the cosmological constant term is that it significantly improves
the agreement between theory and observation. The most spectacular example of this is the
recent effort to measure how much the expansion of the universe has changed in the last
few billion years. Generically, the gravitational pull exerted by the matter in the
universe slows the expansion imparted by the Big Bang. Very recently it has become
practical for astronomers to observe very bright rare stars called supernova in an effort
to measure how much the universal expansion has slowed over the last few billion years.
Surprisingly, the results of these observations indicate that the universal expansion is
speeding up, or accelerating! While these results should be considered preliminary, they
raise the possibility that the universe contains a bizarre form of matter or energy that
is, in effect, gravitationally repulsive. The cosmological constant is an example of this
type of energy. Much work remains to elucidate this mystery!
There are a number of other observations that are suggestive of the need for a
cosmological constant. For example, if the cosmological constant today comprises most of
the energy density of the universe, then the extrapolated
of the universe is much larger than it would be without
such a term, which helps avoid the dilemma that the extrapolated age of the universe is
younger than some of the oldest stars we observe! A cosmological constant term added to
the standard model Big Bang
theory leads to a model that appears to be consistent with the observed
WMAP's measurements of
, and with the
observed properties of X-ray clusters.
Other Interesting Sites and Further Reading:
On dark matter:
on dark matter and the Big Bang.
A recent introductory
by David Spergel on searching for dark matter. This article is geared towards physics undergraduates and will appear in &Some Outstanding Problems in Astrophysics&, edited by J.N. Bahcall and J.P. Ostriker.
On MACHOs:
: The Warsaw experiment searching for MACHOs.
: The Berkeley/Livermore/Australia search for MACHOs.
On gravitational lensing:
Cosmological Constant:
Donald Goldsmith, &Einstein's Greatest Blunder? The Cosmological Constant and
Other Fudge Factors in the Physics of the Universe&, (Harvard University Press:
Cambridge, Mass.) A well written, popular account of the cosmological constant and the
current state of cosmology.当前位置：
＞＞＞—What has made him upset recently?—____alone to face a trou..
—What has made him upset recently?—____alone to face a troublesome milk case.A．LeftB．Being leftC．Having leftD．To leave
题型：单选题难度：偏易来源：不详
马上分享给同学
据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“—What has made him upset recently?—____alone to face a trou..”主要考查你对&&可数名词及其单复数，动名词，表语从句，缩写与简写&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
现在没空？点击收藏，以后再看。
因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
可数名词及其单复数动名词表语从句缩写与简写
可数名词：
是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西；因此它有复数形式，当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时，句子的谓语也应用复数形式。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 可数名词复数的规则变化：&
1.清辅音后读/s/; 2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/;&
map-maps bag-bags car-cars
以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词
bus-buses watch-watches
以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾 的词　
license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词　　
变y 为i再加es
baby-babies另外： 1）以y 结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：　 如：two Marys　the Henrys&&&&& monkey---monkeys　holiday---holidays　　 比较：层楼：storey---storeys　 story---stories 2）以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo---photos　　piano---pianos&b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes　 3）以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　roof---roofs&& safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs； b. 去f, fe 加ves，如：half---halves　knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves& wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves； c. 均可，如：handkerchief:& handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 可数名词复数的不规则变化： 1）child---children　foot---feet　 tooth---teeth&& mouse---mice　 man---men　woman---women　& 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。& 如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）单复同形　如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin　 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: && a dollar,　 a meter, two meters 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如：staff& people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说a staff& a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，&the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。& 如：The Chinese are industries and brave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4）以s 结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 　"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 　&&一千零一夜&&是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)　trousers,　clothes&； 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);　suit(套); two pairs of trousers 6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼 复合名词的复数形式： && 名词作定语名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1）用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会& students reading-room 学生阅览室　& talks table 谈判桌　&&& the foreign languages department 外语系 2）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：men workers　　women teachers　gentlemen officials 3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车)& arms produce　武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷 4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如：two-dozen eggs　两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)& a ten-mile walk 十里路　 two-hundred trees 两百棵树&&&&&&&&&&& a five-year plan　一个五年计划　　&可数名词单复数知识体系：
&不同国籍人的单复数：
动名词概念：
动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰，动名词有时态和语态的变化。现在分词和动名词用法比较：
动词的-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词两种形式。他们的句法功能如下：动词的-ing形式如果作句子的主语或者宾语时，应该是动名词形式；如果作补语或者状语时，应该是现在分词形式。那么作表语或者定语的动名词和现在分词又该怎样区分呢？ 1、动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较：（1）动名词作表语说明主语的内容，回答what的问题；现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，说明主语的性质、特征等，回答how的问题。如：One of the best exercises is swimming. 游泳是最好的运动项目之一。&&&&&&&& What pleases him most is bathing in the sea. 最使他高兴的事是在海中沐浴。&&&&&&&&&The situation both at home and abroad is very in-spiring. 国内外的形势都很鼓舞人心。 &&&&&&& The color is pleasing to the eye. 颜色悦目。 （2）动名词作表语，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互换位置，其句意不变；现在分词作表语，表语和主语则不能互换位置。如：Our work is serving the people.&&&&& （＝Serving the people is our work.）我们的工作是为人民服务。&&&&&&&&&The news was disappointing. 那消息令人失望。 （3）作表语的现在分词前可以用very，quite，rather，greatly等副词修饰，而动名词则不可以。如：What he said was very encouraging. 他的话很鼓舞人心。 &&&&&&& Our goal is realizing the four modernizations in the near future. 我们的目标是在不久的将来实现四个现代化。 （4）现在分词与形容词一样可以和more，the most构成形容词的比较级和最高级，而动名词则不可以。如：The story is the most fascinating. 那个故事最迷人。 （5）作表语用的现在分词除了和be连用以外，还可以和其它的系动词连用；而作表语的动名词则通常只能和be连用。如：His speech seems inspiring．他的演讲似乎很鼓舞人心。 &&&&&&& His interest is writing for the news papers. 他的爱好是给报社写文章。 （6）有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有：exciting，moving，inspiring，missing，interesting，disappointing等。 2、动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较：（1）动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个定语从句。如：a swimming girl＝a girl who is swimming 一个在游泳的姑娘 &&&&&&& a walking stick＝a stick that is used for walking 一根拐杖 （2）现在分词作定语有时可以后置，而动名词则通常只能放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：The girl wearing glasses is one of his students. 戴眼镜的那个女孩是他的一个学生。 &&&&&&& I bought some reading materials. 我买了一些阅读材料。 &动名词的用法：
1、作主语：例如：Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。　2、作宾语：　　a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如：admit承认 appreciate感激 avoid避免 complete完成 consider认为 delay耽误 deny否认 detest讨厌 endure忍受 enjoy喜欢 escape逃脱 fancy想象 finish完成 imagine想象 mind介意 miss想念 postpone推迟 practice训练 recall回忆 resent讨厌 resume继续 resist抵抗 risk冒险 suggest建议 face面对 include包括 stand忍受 understand理解 forgive宽恕 keep继续例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗？&&&&& 　 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。　　　　　b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如：admit to &prefer...to& &burst out& &keep on&& insist on&& count on&& set about&& put off&& be good at&& take up&& give up&& be successful in& &be used to& &lead to& devote oneself to&& object to &stick to& no good&& no use be fond of& &look forward to& be proud of&& be busy& &can't help &be tired of&& be capable of&& be afraid of& &think of3、作表语，对主语说明、解释：例如：Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 4、作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途：例如：a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台 &&&&&&&&&&& a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如：boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点 &&&&&&&&&&& a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机动名词知识体系：
&动名词与不定式用法对比：
&表语从句的概念：
用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。引导表语从句的词有从属连词that、whether、as though(if)；关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等；关系副词when, where, why, how, however, when。表语从句用法：
1、表语从句的引导词：引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词型what，以及as if,as though,because等连词： 如：The fact is that he doesn't really try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。 &&&&&&& The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。 &&&&&&& The problem is how we can find him. 问题是我们如何找到他。 &&&&&&& That was when I was fifteen. 这是我15岁时发生的事。&&&&&&&&&It isn't as if you were going away for ever. 又不是你离开不回来了。 &&&&&&& It is because I love you too much. 那是因为我太爱你了。注：whether可此导表语从句，但与之同义的if 却通常不用于引导表语从句；because可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since, as, for等也不用于引导表语从句。 2、连词that的省略问题引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略： 如：My idea is(that) we should do it right away. 我的意见是我们应该马上干。&&&&&&& The trouble is(that) he is ill. 糟糕的表语从句用法拓展：
名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句，表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。例如：The problem is how we can get the things we need. 问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how在表语从句中充当方式状语) 　　&&&&&&&&&&& The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what在表语从句中充当宾语) 　　&&&&&&&&&&& What I told him was that I would find him a good play. &&&&&&&&&&& 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语，that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略) 　　&&&&&&&&&&& That is what I want to tell you. 那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语) 　　&&&&&&&&&&& That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why在表语从句中充当原因状语) 注意：“That is why...”是常用句型，意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结：如：That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne.珍妮，这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异，说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。//ThatiswhyIcame.这就是我来的原因。下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构，它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：　　（1）“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，“That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样：如：That is(the reason) why I can not agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。　　（2）“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由，“That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果：如：He did not see the film last night.&&&&&&& That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. 昨天晚上他没有去看电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因) 　　&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&& He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. 他以前曾看过那部电影，因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因，第二句话说明结果)缩写与简写的概念：
用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词生成的新词，读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。 如：Foreign Language Teaching Agency→FLTA上海外教网 &&&&&&& Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福 &&&&&&& Teach English as a Foreign Language→TEFL &&&&&&& Teach English as a Second Language→TESL &&&&&&& Graduate Record Examination→GRE美国研究生入学考试 缩写的几种类型：
1、单词缩写应省略在辅音之后，元音之前：英文单词缩写一般以辅音结尾，而不以元音结尾。如American省略为Am，而不省略为Ame或Amer，Medicine或Medical缩写为Med，European缩写为Eur等。但Science例外，缩写为Sci，可能是因为元音I之后又是元音E的缘故。缩写刊名每个词首字母必须大写，而不可全部都用大写或小写。2、压缩字母法：仅个别单词采用压缩字母方式缩写。如：Japanese缩写为Jpn而不是Jan&&&&&&& National应缩写为Natl而不是Nat经常有读者将Japanese写成Jan是参考文献著录中常见的错误。如：Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology，应缩写为JpnJOphthalmol，National Cancer Institute Research Report缩写为NatlCancerInstResRep。而Nat是Nature和Natural的缩写，如：NatureMedicine, Naturebiotechnology分别缩写为NatMed, NatBiotechnol。另外CN是中国的国别代码，期刊缩写刊名中，ChinaChinese不得缩写为CN，而应缩写为Chin.采用压缩写法是为了避免与其他常用缩写混淆。如：Japanese不能缩写为Jan,可能是Jan是January的固定缩写形式，National缩写为Natl而不缩写为Nat,可能是Nat是Nature和Natural的缩写。 3、学科名称缩写：刊名中学科名称缩写很常见，因而了解学科名缩写规则非常必要。凡以-ogy结尾的单词，一律将词尾-ogy去掉，如Cardiology缩写为Cariol，Biology缩写为Biol,以-ics结尾的学科名词，缩写时将-ics或连同其前面若干字母略去。如：Physics缩写为Phys。以-try结尾的词，缩写时将-try连同前面若干字母略去。如：chemistry缩写为Chem。其中也包括其他形容词的缩写。 4、刊名中常用词和特殊单词的缩写：期刊名中有些常用单词可以缩写为一个字母。如：Journal缩写为J&&&&&&& Quarterly缩写为Q&&&&&&& Royal缩写为R&&&&&&&&New缩写为N&&&&&&& South缩写为S 5、刊名首字母组合：有些杂志名称缩写采用首字母组合，而且已被固定下来，一般都是国际上有较大影响的期刊，并得到国际上众多索引性检索工具的认同。如：The Journal of American Medical Association缩写为JAMA，&British Medical Journal缩写为BMJ等。 6、国家名称的缩写：刊名中国家名称的缩写分为两种情况。如国家名称为单个词汇，缩写时常略去词尾或词的后部分若干字母。如：American缩写为Am&&&&&&& British缩写为Br&&&&&&& Chinese缩写为Chin而国家名称由多个词组组成时，常取每个词的首字母，如United States of America 缩写为USA或US。 7、虚词一律省略：有许多虚词，如the, of, for, and, on, from, to等，在缩写时均省去。如：Journal of chemistry缩写为J chem&&&&&& Archives of Medical Research缩写为Arch Med Res
发现相似题
与“—What has made him upset recently?—____alone to face a trou..”考查相似的试题有：
186799355313358674356268323307379366