英语的辅音、清辅音、浊辅音啥意思!分别是哪些?以及哪些是英语的辅音字母、清辅音字母、浊辅音字母有哪些分别是哪些?_百度作业帮
英语的辅音、清辅音、浊辅音啥意思!分别是哪些?以及哪些是英语的辅音字母、清辅音字母、浊辅音字母有哪些分别是哪些?
20个元音 [p][b][m][w][h][i:][i][t][d][n][j][r][E:][E][k][g] [N][l][C:][C][f][v][u:][u][s][z][B:][Q][W][T][e[A] [F][V][ai][ei][Ci][tF][dV][iE][ZE][uE][tr][dr][Eu] [au][ts][dz] 48个国际音标表 元音 12个单元音 长元音 [i:][E:][C:][u:][B:] 短元音 [i][E][C][u][Q][e][A] 8个双元音[ai][ei][Ci][iE][ZE][uE][Eu][au] 辅音 10对 清辅音 [p][t][k][f][s][W][F][tF][tr][ts] 浊辅音 [b][d][g][v][z][T][V][dV][dr][dz] 3个鼻音 [m][n][N] 3个似拼音 [h][r][l] 2个半元音 [w][j] 英语单词发音规则 一、元音字母在重读音节中的读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a 在开音节中 [ei] name plane Jane baby cake 在闭音节中 [&] bag dad hat map black back e 在开音节中 [i:] he these me Chinese 在闭音节中 [e] bed let pen desk yes egg i 在开音节中 [ai] bike fly drive time nice kite 在闭音节中 fish big drink sit milk swim o 在开音节中 [ou] those close go hoe home no 在闭音节中 [C] clock not box shop sock u 在开音节中 [ju:] student excuse duty Tuesday 在闭音节中 [∧] bus cup jump much lunch 在开音节中,元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读[u:]音,例如：June blue ruler super 二、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a在[w]音后面 [C] want what watch wash quality a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 [α:] after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father i在-nd -ld和gh前 [ai] find child light high o在-st -ld前 [ou] most postcard old cold o在m n v th前 [∧] come monkey love mother 三、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a [E]E China another woman breakfast orange comrade village cabbage e [E] hundred student open weekend chicken pocket begin children i [E]/ holiday beautiful family animal [ai] exercise satellite o [E] second tonight somebody welcome [Eu] also zero photo u [E] autumn difficult [ju:] popular congratulation January 动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,a读[ei]音,例如：operate u处在开音节位置,又在辅音字母j l r s后面时,读[u(:)]音,例如：July influence February issue 在非重读音节中,许多单词中的元音字母a e i 即可以读作[E]音,也可以读作音. 四、-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 arar在[w]音后面 [α:] car farm dark sharpener [C:] warm quarter towards oror在[w]音后面 [C:] forty morning short [E:] word worker worse er ir ur [E:] certainly bird Thursday 辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音.例如： carry sorry hurry -r音节在非重读音节中通常读[E]音,例如：dollar teacher martyr forget Saturday 五、-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 are [εE] care dare hare ere [iE] here mere ire [aiE] fire hire wire ore [C:] more score before ure [juE] pure cure are ere ire ore很少出现在非重读音节中,ure在非重读音节中读[E]音,例如：picture pleasure 重读元音字母加Rr,再加非重读元字组时,重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读,字母Rr读[r]音.例如：parent zero story during inspiring 某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象.例如：orange very American paragraph 六、元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 ai/ay [ei] afraid rain wait day play air [εE] air hair chair pair repair alal在f m前 [C] small ball talk wall all [C:l] always also salt almost [α:] half calm au/aw [C:] autumn daughter draw ea [i:] teach easy cheap please [e] heavy bread sweater weather [ei] break great ear [iE] hear dear near clear year [εE] bear pear wear swear [E:] earth learn early ee [i:] jeep week green three eer [iE] pioneer deer beer ei/ey [ei] eight neighbour they [i:] either key eu/ew在j l r s后 [ju:] new few newspaper [u:] flew brew jewelry ie/ei[s]音之后 [i:] piece field receive oa [ou] coat Joan boat goal oar/oor [C:] roar board door floor oi/oy [Ci] noise point boy toilet oo [u:] broom food tooth school book look cook foot good ou/ow [au] flower house count down [ou] know row throw though [∧] young country enough [u:] group you soup our [C:] course your four [auE] our hour ours [E:] journey ui在j l r s后 [ju:i] fluid suicide tuition [u:] juice fruit suit 七、非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音 元音字组或字群 读 音 例 词 ai/ay ei/ey Sunday foreign monkey ow [ou] yellow sparrow tomorrow 元音字组在非重读音节中读[E]音或.例如:neighbour serious famous biscuit coffee -sion -tion [Fn] impression nation -sion在元音字母后 [Vn] vision decision occasion -tion在s后 [tFEn] question suggestion -sten [sn] listen -stle [sl] whistle -sure [VE] pleasure measure -ture [tFE] picture culture 八、元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音 复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读.例如： everyday[ei] handbag[&] blackboard[C:] 有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义,融合成为一个词.其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音.例如： sun太阳 + day[ei]日子 ＞ Sunday 星期天 holy神圣 + day[ei]日子 ＞ holiday 假日 break中断 + fast[α:]斋戒 ＞ breakfast[E] 早餐 cup茶杯 + board木板[C:] ＞ cupboard[E] 碗柜 九、辅字组的读音 辅字组 读 音 例 词 b bike bus bag [/] bomb tomb cc在e前或在i/y前 [k] cake picture coat music [s] face decide cinema ch [tF] much chick rich teacher [k] school headache chemistry [F] machine -ck [k] cock pocket black knock d [d] doctor bread hand day -dge [dV] bridge fridge dr- [dr] children driver drink f [f] five four breakfast gg在e i/y前 [^] bag garden go [dV] orange large German gh [f] cough enough [/] light daughter high gu- -guegu在非重读音节中 [^] guess league dialogue [^w] language anguish h [h] hot head house hand [/] hour honest j [dV] jeep jar joke join July k [k] kind bike skate make week kn- [n] knife know knock l [l] life milk school tall m [m] monkey come autumn -mn [m] autumn column solemn nn在[k] [g]音前 [n] not shine ten note [N] uncle thank hungry -ng [N] morning young wrong p [p] paper plane pig ship pen ph [f] elephant photo telephone q [k] Iraq qu- [kw] quality quite r [r] red rubber ruler s在词首或清辅音前元音字母间或浊辅音前 [s] sit sleep desk [z] music husband sc- [sk] scarlet [s] muscle science sh [F] she fish shirt wash t在通常情况下在弱读字母ia ie io前 [t] ten letter meet [F] patient nation tch [tF] watch th在通常情况下在冠词 代词 介词 连词中在词尾-the -ther中 [θ] thin thirty method [T] the these with than [T] clothe fathe r weather tr- [tr] tree train country truck v [v] very voice love leave w [w] week win wake sweet wait [/] Answer two wh-wh-在字母o前 [w] what when white why [h] who whose whole x在重读元音前 [ks] box text exercise [gz] example exist exact wr- [r] write y- [j] yes yard yellow young z [z] puzzle zero zoo英语语音名词解释 1．音节 以元音为主体构成的发音单位,一般说来元音发音响亮,可以构成音节,辅音发音不响亮,不能单独构成音节（[m] [n] [] [l]例外）.从单词拼写形式上看,有几个元字组就有几个音节. 0-01 2．音节的划分 ①在两个音节的相邻处有两个辅字组时,一个辅字组属于前面的音节,一个属于后面的音节. 例如：let-ter mem-ber chil-dren daugh-ter ②在两个音节的相邻处只有一个辅字组时,如果前面音节里的元音是长元音则辅字组属于后面一个音节,如果前面一个音节里的元音是短元音,则辅字组属于前面一个音节. 例如：长元音 pa-per stu-dent fa-ther ze-ro mo-tor far-ther 短元音 sev-en stud-y moth-er ver-y mod-le weath-er 0-02 3．重读音节 单词中读音特别响亮的音节.用音标标记双音节、多音节词的读音时,应使用重读符号.单音节词多数是重读音节,标记读音时不需要使用重读符号. 0-03 4．开音节 ①绝对开音节：单个元音字母后面没有辅字组的重读音节.例如：no blue ba-by stu-dent se-cret. ②相对开音节：单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母,再加一个不发音字母e构成的重读音节.例如：name these bike home ex-cuse. 0-04 5．闭音节 单个元音字母后面有辅字组（r w y 除外）且以辅字组结尾的重读音节.例如：bag egg fish not cup 0-05 6．双音节词重读规则 双音节词的第一个音节通常是重读音节. 例如：&stu-dent &Chi-na &sec-ond &au-tumn in-&deed 含有a- be- de- re- in- ex- 等前缀的双音节词往往是在第二个音节上重读.双音节词的重读位置不会因增加前缀或后缀而发生改变.例如： a&bout be&fore ex&cuse re&pair for-&get-ful in-&ven-tor 0-06 7．多音节词重读规则 多音节词通常在倒数第三个音节重读. 例如：&el-e-phant con-grat-u-&la-tion 词尾有-ic或-tion,-sion的词,在-ic或-sion,-tion前的一个音节上重读.例如：scien&tific im&pression &nation 一、元音字母在重读音节中的读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 编 号 a 在开音节中 [ei] name plane Jane baby cake 1-01 在闭音节中 [&] bag dad hat map black back 1-02 e 在开音节中 [i:] he these me Chinese 1-03 在闭音节中 [e] bed let pen desk yes egg 1-04 i 在开音节中 [ai] bike fly drive time nice kite 1-05 在闭音节中 [i] fish big drink sit milk swim 1-06 o 在开音节中 [u] those close go hoe home no 1-07 在闭音节中 [] clock not box shop sock 1-08 u 在开音节中 [ju:] student excuse duty Tuesday 1-09 在闭音节中 [] bus cup jump much lunch 1-10 在开音节中,元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读[u:]音,例如：June blue ruler super 1-11 二、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 编 号 a [] China another woman breakfast 2-01 [i] orange comrade village cabbage 2-02 e [] hundred student open moment 2-03 [i] chicken pocket begin children 2-04 i []/[i] holiday beautiful family animal 2-05 [ai] exercise satellite 2-06 o [] second tonight somebody welcome 2-07 [u] also zero photo 2-08 u [] autumn difficult 2-09 [ju(:)] popular congratulation January 2-10 动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,a读[ei]音,例如：operate 2-11 u处在开音节位置,又在辅音字母j l r s后面时,读[u(:)]音,例如：July influence February issue 2-12 在非重读音节中,许多单词中的元音字母a e i 即可以读作[]音,也可以读作[i]音. 三、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 编 号 a在[w]音后面 [] want what watch wash quality 3-01 a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 [α:] after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father 3-02 i在-nd -ld和gh前 [ai] find child light high 3-03 o在-st -ld前 [ou] most postcard old cold 3-04 o在m n v th前 [] come monkey love mother 3-05 四、-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 编 号 ar ar在[w]音后面 [α:] car farm dark sharpener 4-01 [:] warm quarter towards 4-02 or or在[w]音后面 [:] forty morning short 4-03 [:] word worker worse 4-04 er ir ur [:] certainly bird Thursday 4-05 辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音.例如： carry berry mirror sorry hurry 4-06 -r音节元音字组在非重读音节中通常读[]音,例如：dollar teacher martyr comfort Saturday 五、-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 编 号 are [ε] care dare hare 5-01 ere [i] here mere 5-02 ire [ai] fire hire wire 5-03 ore [:] more score before 5-04 ure [ju] pure cure 5-05 完整的-re音节are ere ire ore很少出现在非重读音节中,ure在非重读音节中读[]音,例如：picture pleasure 非重读音节中-re音节的变体通常发[r]音,例如：salary 5-06 重读音节中元音字母加r,再加非重读元字组时,元音字母和r构成-re音节的变体,按-re音节拼读规则拼读,字母r读[r]音. 例如：parent zero inspiring story during 5-07 某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象. 例如：orange very American paragraph forest spirit 5-08 六、元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 编 号 ai/ay [ei] afraid rain wait day play 6-01 air [ε] air hair chair pair repair 6-02 al al在f m前 [:] small ball talk wall all 6-03 [:l] always also salt almost 6-04 [α:] half calm 6-05 au/aw [:] autumn daughter draw 6-06 ea [i:] teach easy cheap please 6-07 [e] heavy bread sweater weather 6-08 [ei] break great 6-09 ear [i] hear dear near clear year 6-10 [ε] bear pear wear swear 6-11 [:] earth learn early 6-12 ee [i:] jeep week green three 6-13 eer [i] pioneer deer beer 6-14 ei/ey [ei] eight neighbour they 6-15 eu/ew 在 j l r 后 [ju:] new few newspaper 6-16 [u:] flew brew jewelry 6-17 ie/[s]音后拼写为ei [i:] piece field receive seize 6-18 oa [ou] coat Joan boat goal 6-19 oar/oor [:] roar board door floor 6-20 oi/oy [i] noise point boy toilet 6-21 oo [u:] broom food tooth school 6-22 [u] book look cook foot good 6-23 ou/ow [au] flower house count down 6-24 [u] know row throw though 6-25 [] young country enough 6-26 [u:] group you soup through 6-27 our [:] course your four 6-28 [au] our hour ours 6-29 [:] journey 6-30 ui ui 在j l r s后 [ju:i] fluid suicide tuition 6-31 [u:] juice fruit suit 6-32 九、辅字组的读音 辅字组 读 音 例 词 编 号 b [b] bike bus bag 9-01 [/] bomb tomb lamb climb 9-02 c c在e前或在i/y前 [k] cake picture coat music 9-03 [s] face decide cinema 9-04 ch [] much chick rich teacher 9-05 [k] school headache chemistry 9-06 [] machine Chicago 9-07 -ck [k] cock pocket black knock 9-08 d [d] doctor bread hand day 9-09 -dge [] bridge fridge 9-10 dr- [dr] children driver drink 9-11 f [f] five four breakfast 9-12 g g在e i/y前 [] bag gardon go 9-13 [] orange large German 9-14 -gh gh- [f] cough enough rough 9-15 [] sorghum spaghetti ghost 9-16 gu- -gue [] guess league dialogue guitar 9-17 [w] language anguish penguin 9-18 h [h] hot head house hand 9-19 [/] hour honest honor 9-20 j [] jeep jar joke join July 9-21 k [k] kind bike skate make week 9-22 kn- [n] knife know knock 9-23 l [l] life milk school tall 9-24 m [m] monkey come tomato 9-25 -mn [m] autumn column solemn 9-26 n n在[k] [g]音前 [n] not shine ten note 9-27 [?] uncle thank hungry 9-28 -ng [?] morning young wrong 9-29 p [p] paper plane pig ship pen 9-30 ph [f] elephant photo telephone 9-31 -q/-que [k] Iraq cheque 9-32 qu- [kw] quality quite quarter 9-33 r [r] red rubber ruler 9-34 s在音节开头或清辅音前 在元音字母间或浊辅音前 [s] sit sleep desk 9-35 [z] music husband 9-36 sc- [sk] scarlet scout Scotland 9-37 [s] muscle science 9-38 sh [] she fish shirt wash 9-39 t在通常情况下 在弱读字母ia ie io前 [t] ten letter meet 9-40 [] patient nation 9-41 tch [] watch catch match 9-42 th在通常情况下 在冠词 代词 介词 连词中 在词尾-the -ther中 [θ] thin thirty method 9-43 [&] the these with than 9-44 [&] clothe father weather 9-45 tr- [tr] tree train country truck 9-46 v [v] very voice love leave 9-47 w [w] week win wake sweet wait 9-48 [/] answer two 9-49 wh- wh-在字母o前 [w] what when white why 9-50 [h] who whose whole 9-51 x 在重读元音前 [ks] box text exercise 9-52 [gz] example exist exact 9-53 wr- [r] write wrong wrist 9-54 y- [j] yes yard yellow young 9-55 z [z] puzzle zero zoo 9-56英语26个字母发音法（26个字母及其音标） A B C D E F G [e] [bi] [si] [di] [i] [Gf] [dIi] H I J K L M N [etN] [a0] [dIe] [ke] [Gl] [Gm] [Gn] O P Q R S T U [o] [pi] [kju] [Ar] [Gs] [ti] [ju] V W X Y Z [vi] ['dKblju] [Gks] [wa0] [zi] 英语学习：48个国际音标表 用对称法排序 20个辅音 3个鼻音 2个半元音 3个似拼音 20个元音 [p][b][m][w][h][i:][i][t][d][n][j][r][E:][E][k][g] [N][l][C:][C][f][v][u:][u][s][z][B:][Q][W][T][e[A] [F][V][ai][ei][Ci][tF][dV][iE][ZE][uE][tr][dr][Eu] [au][ts][dz] 48个国际音标表 元音 12个单元音 长元音 [i:][E:][C:][u:][B:] 短元音 [i][E][C][u][Q][e][A] 8个双元音[ai][ei][Ci][iE][ZE][uE][Eu][au] 辅音 10对 清辅音 [p][t][k][f][s][W][F][tF][tr][ts] 浊辅音 [b][d][g][v][z][T][V][dV][dr][dz] 3个鼻音 [m][n][N] 3个似拼音 [h][r][l] 2个半元音 [w][j]
首先，英语音标分为：1，元音
2，辅音：又分清辅音，浊辅音（下面的列表是上下对应的）48个国际音标表 元音 12个单元音 长元音 [i:][E:][C:][u:][B:] 短元音 [i][E][C][u][Q][e][A] 8个双元音[ai][ei][Ci][iE][ZE...
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牵缠是什么意思
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牵缠是什么意思 牵缠在线翻译 牵缠什么意思 牵缠的意思 牵缠的翻译 牵缠的解释 牵缠的发音 牵缠的同义词 牵缠的反义词 牵缠的例句
牵缠牵缠 基本解释 牵缠 网络解释1. For in that sleep of death what dreams may come& & To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there' 睡眠,也许... | For in that sleep of death what dreams may come我们一旦摆脱了尘世的牵缠, | When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, 在死的睡眠里还会做...牵缠 网络例句1. When we have shuffled off this mortal coil & &我们一旦摆脱了尘世的牵缠2. Listen to the murmur of the darkness, who is there to whisper the secrets of life into his & &假如有游子们离了家，到这里来守夜，低头静听黑暗的微语，有谁把生命的秘密向他耳边低诉呢，如果我关起门户，企图摆脱世俗的牵缠？3. So inquiry into his art is an inevitable thinking road for us to study Heidegger whole thoughts. & &海德格尔诗观是真理、诗人、艺术作品相互牵缠的涵摄性的呈现，其具体内容由以下几个方面来给予彰显：其一，艺术作品是真理的自行置入。4. He was, by a combination of feelings and entanglements, almost deluded by that quality of voice and manner which, like a pathetic strain of music, seems ever a personal and intimate thing. & &她说话的语气和一举一动就像一支忧伤的乐曲，娓娓叙述着自己内心的感受。再加上他自己和嘉莉之间感情的牵缠，更使他产生了这种错觉。5. Murmur of the darkness, who is there to whisper the secrets of life into his ears if I shutting my doors & &假如有游子们离了家，到这里来守夜，低头静听黑暗的微语，有谁把生命的秘密向他耳边低诉呢，如果我关起门户，企图摆脱世俗的牵缠？6. Faint, like one mingled in entwining love & &我感到眩晕，象是牵缠在恋爱之中7. If these people will not change this bad habit, and condescend to be pleased with what is pleasing, without fretting themselves and others about the contraries, it is good for others to avoid an ac which is always disagreeable, and sometimes very inconvenient, especially when one finds one`s self entangled in their quarrels. & &如果这些人不愿矫正恶习，不肯迁就，不肯喜欢一切别人认为可爱的东西，而总是怨天尤人，为一切不可爱的东西自寻烦恼，那么大家还是避免和他们交往的好；因为这种人总是和人难以相处，一旦你发觉自己被牵缠在他们的争吵中时，你将感到很大的麻烦。牵缠是什么意思,牵缠在线翻译,牵缠什么意思,牵缠的意思,牵缠的翻译,牵缠的解释,牵缠的发音,牵缠的同义词,牵缠的反义词,牵缠的例句,牵缠的相关词组,牵缠意思是什么,牵缠怎么翻译,单词牵缠是什么意思常用英语教材考试英语单词大全 (7本教材)
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bolero是什么意思
发音：&&名词复数:boleros&&&
中文翻译英英解释百科解释n.(pl. boleros) 〔西班牙语〕1.波莱罗舞(曲)。2.(妇女)波莱罗短上衣。
例句与用法1.Bolero is a joint project , aimed at the use of e - b / l目前国际黑客对各国计算机系统中高度敏感保密信息的攻击和窃取正在日益上升。 2.Any god s quantity of cocked hats and boleros and trunkhose . what ? - ay , ay , mr dedalus nodded她有一大堆两端尖的帽子博莱罗100和灯笼裤。 3.The lace bolero would make it a very wearable two piece for a ceremony or a blessing花边开口短上衣夹克使这套两件式套装非常适合典礼或者庆典。 4.A few coattails and the sleeveless blouse the bolero dance also all in keeping with be the party clothes to wear的餐会中穿的。有几款燕尾服和无袖上衣波利乐舞也都适合作为宴会衣服穿。 5.By comparing sea way bill with bill of lading , we can draw a conclusion that sea way bill is not document of title . although it can prevent some types of bill of lading fraud to some extent ,Bolero电子提单方案试图在由船运公司、银行和电讯公司所组成的商业链条中采用联机电脑化的登记来代替纸运输单据。 6.It can not completely replace the status of bill of lading , in the last part , the thesis introduces electronic bill of lading , especially , electronic bill of lading under " cmi rules for electronic bill of lading " and bolero electronic bill of ladingB 。 1ero欲求解决当可转让的书面纸单据转化为电子形式时所面临的特殊的法律问题。其关注的焦点在于使用电子数据交换的可转让的提单。 7.The structure of this paper goes like this , the first chapter introduce the development of e - b / l in practice and in laws . and draw a conclution that the electrification of the b / l is a history tide . in the second chapter , on the basic of reseach the security trap in e - b / l running , 1 conclude six security elements of , e - b / l : the liability of the system , the authenticity of dealers ' identity . the integrity and secrecy of electronic data , and the validity and evidence effectiveness of electronic data . from the third chapter to the eighth , 1 reseach these elements one by one . the third chapter introduce the establishment of the e - b / l security system , and some related laws the fourth chapter introduce the certification authority of e - b / l . in the fifth chapter , 1 introduce the encrypt of electronic information and some countries ' control on use / import / export crytography . the sixth chapter introduce the concept and principle of digital signature , and reseach some related legal issues . the seventh chapter reseach the legal demand of validity , then come to a conclution that to establish a independent electronic information system is necessary . in the eighth chapter , 1 reseach some countries " regulation on the evidence effectiveness of electronic data第二章在分析电子提单运作中的安全隐患的基础上，归纳出其六大安全要素，即系统的可靠性、交易者身份的真实性、数据电讯的机密性和完整性、数据电讯的合法有效性以及交易者行为的不可抵赖性。第三章到第八章分别对这六大要素进行分析：第三章介绍了电子提单网络安全体系的建立以及系统安全保护法规，第四章则介绍了电子提单的安全认证机构，第五章介绍了信息加密技术以及各国立法对密码技术的进出口及使用的控制，第六章介绍了数字签名的概念及原理，并以bolero为例介绍了数字签名的技术方式，对有关法律问题作了论述；第七章首先论述了电子提单对有效性的法律需求，然后结合国内法和国际规则的规定论证了数据电讯制度产生的必然性；第八章通过对各国立法对电子证据的法律效力的规定，论述了对电子交易至关重要的数据电讯的不可抵赖性。 8.The author then expound the definition , function and advantages of the electronic b / l from the comparison between “ electronic b / l ” and “ b / l computerlizing ” to help the readers to acquaint themselves with some basic elements of the electronic b / l . “ the second chapter introduces the operation of the electronic b / l in practice basing on the above introduction . the general idea of its operation is given through the introduction of “ seadocs ” experiment 、 “ cmi ” rules and “ bolero ” system - - three of the most influential electronic b / l projects and some other representative ones第二章在对电子提单有所了解的基础上较详细地介绍了电子提单的应用情况,通过对“ seadocs试验” 、 “ cmi规则”和“ bolero系统”这三个国际上最有影响力的电子提单实践项目以及其他一些较有代表意义的电子提单实践项目的介绍,让读者对电子提单的发展情况有一个主要的了解。 9.The ultimate aim is to create a fully electronic environment which offers an alternative to the documents in use for international trade . , . as long as our country is concerned , althrough we have set down some laws on e - commerce security , there are a lot of problems for us to solve三是bolero系统意图建立一个电子交易社区，通过身份认证，建立社区成员间的信任关系，保证成员间的电子商务能够得到顺利进行，具有较强的安全性和独立性，我国具备条件的外贸和航运企业可以考虑加入。
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