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合作伙伴：From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A variety of camouflage patterns on a formation of
Aircraft camouflage is the use of
to make them more difficult to see, whether on the ground or in the air. Given the wide variety of possible backgrounds and lighting conditions, no single scheme works in every situation, and many camouflage schemes have been tried. A common approach has been a form of , the top of the aircraft being painted in ground colours, the bottom in sky colours. For faster and higher-flying aircraft, sky colours have sometimes been used all over. Aircraft flying by night have often been painted black, but this actually made them appear darker than the night sky, leading to paler night camouflage schemes.
Aircraft were first aircraft camouflage has been widely employed since then. Camouflage has been dispensed with when air superiority was not threatened or when no significant aerial opposition was anticipated.
During and after , the
project developed
camouflage using lamps to increase the brightness of the aircraft to match the brightness of the night sky. Recent experiments have again explored
systems which allow colours, patterns and brightness to be changed to match the background.
Camouflage for aircraft is complicated by the fact that the appearance of the aircraft's background varies widely, depending on the location of the observer, the nature of the background and the aircraft's motion. For this reason, many military aircraft were painted to match the sky when viewed from below, and to either match the ground or break up the aircraft's outline when viewed from above. This is a form of , likely to work best on aircraft such as
that do not do fly inverted during combat. Because of the way light hits it, patterns of dark and light will often be present on an aircraft even if it is entirely one color, which will affect the apparent size of the aircraft. Further emphasis in this direction can be made by painting an aircraft in several neutral shades with a non reflective, matte finish.
A French Army
showing ground camouflage
Camouflage is often used to delay visual acquisition from the air of an aircraft that is on or near the ground. A variety of patterns have been used to obscure aircraft outlines over specific environments. Light sand colors have been used for aircraft used over deserts, blues and greys for aircraft over the sea, and greens and browns for aircraft that are expected to operate in forested areas. A camouflaged aircraft either on the ground or flying low over the ground in bright sunlight is vulnerable to being detected from above because of its own bold, black shadow cast on the ground. This can reduce an aircraft's camouflage effectiveness at altitudes up to 3,000 feet (910 m), particularly if the ground surface is light colored and homogenous.
Camouflage for an airborne aircraft may attempt to provide concealment with colours resembling the background. Until 1941, Royal Air Force fighters were painted in ground colours (dark green and brown) above, and sky colours below. However, aircraft were being lost, and pilots reported that the colours used made their fighters conspicuously darker than the sky. The Air Fighting Development Unit at
studied the problem, and in the summer of 1941 replaced the dark brown with a paler colour, "ocean grey"; the sky blue on the underside was similarly replaced by a paler "sea grey" to reduce visibility against the bright sky. Similar adjustments were made by the Luftwaffe. Towards the end of the war, allied air superiority made camouflage less important, and some American aircraft were flown in unpainted (silver coloured) metal.
in overall black camouflage
Military aircraft flying at night have often been painted black or other dark colours, applied to just the underside of some aircraft and to the entirety of others, to reduce the risk of being seen in enemy searchlights or by . For example, the undersides of
night bombers were painted black. However, aircraft camouflaged with black paint are actually darker than the night sky, making them more visible to observers not using searchlights. Black was replaced by grey for night aircraft such as the
from 1943.
Main article:
raised the average brightness of an aircraft to match the sky.
In the early years of World War II, German
often escaped attack by aircraft because they spotted the aircraft while it was still far away as a black dot in the sky, no matter what camouflage colours were used. To solve this problem, in 1943 the U.S. Navy, following the Canadian
trials, conducted secret experiments on
under a project named "Yehudi".
lights were mounted on the leading edge of the wing of a , and around its engine cowling, with the lamps facing forward. The intensity of the lamps was adjusted to match the background sky as seen from an observer in a . Aircraft with
were not spotted until 2 miles (3.2 km) away under conditions where aircraft without the lights were spotted 12 miles (19 km) away. Though successful, the system was not put into production because of improved radar detection.
During the , Yehudi lights were again tried, this time mounted to an
painted in a dull blue-and-white camouflage pattern. The experiment reduced by 30% the distance at which an observer visually acquired the Phantom. In 1997, active camouflage was again investigated, this time with thin computer-controlled fluorescent panels or light-emitting polymer covering much of an aircraft's surface.
was influenced by the rise of military aviation during World War I. With aircraft flying over the battlefield and rear areas, units vulnerable to attack needed to hide their presence.
The French were , using irregular patches of brown and green for
fighters, as well as other Nieuport models. They later introduced a standardized camouflage scheme used on almost all combat aircraft – such as the
that consisted of dark and light green, dark and light brown, black (sometimes omitted) and an underside of grey or beige.
Like the French, the German air services used a variety of disruptive camouflage patterns until April 1917,
it used up to five colours.
Aircraft of the British
were either coloured on top and sides with a protective olive brown dope called PC.10 or the cinnamon coloured PC.12 while the undersides were a pale cream colour resulting from clear dope applied to unbleached linen. These colours were not intended primarily as camouflage, but were developed to prevent the fabric from being damaged by UV radiation from the sun. Black was used for night bombers, while a wide variety of experimental camouflages were tried out for specific roles such as trench strafing, with multiple colours. A variety of alternatives was tested in late 1917 in
Experimental Station, resulting in
(Night Invisible Varnish Orfordness) being introduced in early 1918, used for all external surfaces on night bombers. Between the wars, the British replaced PC.10 and PC.12 with
dope but continued using NIVO until superseded by World War II colours.
showing WWII
'Sand and Spinach' uppersurface camouflage
During the , when Hitler was demanding the partition of Czechoslovakia, the
implemented plans to camouflage its aircraft in its Temperate Land Scheme of "Dark Earth" and "Dark Green" over "Sky". This scheme was known colloquially as Sand and Spinach when the pattern was painted on at the factory, large rubber mats serving as guides. For many types of aircraft, particularly fighters, the rubber mats were reversed for even and odd serials, named A and B patterns. From April 1939 until June 1940, during the
and the , the undersides of fighters were painted so that the port wing or whole port half of the undersides was black, and starboard undersides painted white as a recognition feature so that allied anti-aircraft gunners wouldn't fire on their own aircraft. This was abandoned during the , when the undersides of aircraft reverted to "Sky" for fighters and light day bombers, and black for night bombers.
camouflage during most of the war was based on a Hellblau (light blue) undersurface and a two tone splinter pattern of various greens for the upper surfaces. In the first year of the war, the top colours were Dunkelgrün (dark green) and Schwarzgrün (black-green), later lighter and more greyish colours were used for fighters, though bombers mostly maintained the dark green/black green camouflage. The side of the fuselage on fighters and some light bombers often had splotches sprayed on, making the transition from the upper to the lower surface less obvious. Splotching was sometimes also applied to the remaining upper surfaces as well. The undersides of night bombers and night fighters were often painted black. A special pattern was devised for the Mediterranean front, consisting of a brown Sandgelb (sand yellow) that often faded to tan, with or without olive Olivengrün splotches and painted or sprayed on. Later in the war, as Germany lost air supremacy, camouflage of aeroplanes on the ground became increasingly important. Late war fighters received a two tone scheme not dissimilar to the Sand and Spinach of the British aircraft, with Dunkelbraun (dark brown) and Hellgrün (light green). Problems with identifying friendly aircraft resulted in a variety of supplementary identification colors being used throughout the war, including yellow Home Defense markings and the case of the
("parrot squadron", a term applied post-war) tasked with escorting
jet fighters when landing, red lower surfaces with white lines. Like the Western Allies, the Luftwaffe started the war with their night fighters in an overall black scheme, but by 1942–43 had switched to using lighter base colors of their usual
light blue undersurfaces for diurnal-flown aircraft, and a light gray base coat over the upper surfaces to match the
over the German cities they were tasked with defending.
Grumman F6F Hellcats in US Navy tri-color scheme
aircraft used a variation of the British camouflage schemes (mostly on aircraft originally built to RAF orders) but most USAAF aircraft did not use multiple shades on the top side of the aircraft. Instead, most were camouflaged in olive drab (FS.34087) above and neutral gray (FS.36173) below, though some had the edges of flying surfaces painted in medium green (FS.34092). In the later stages of the war camouflage was often dispensed with, both to save time in manufacturing and to reduce drag, leaving aircraft with a natural metal finish.
in early grey-green camouflage
used a variety of schemes throughout the war. When the war started, most combat aircraft were painted in a medium grey overall, over which a dark blue was then added to the upper surfaces. This was then superseded by a "tricolor" scheme consisted of dark sea blue above, intermediate blue for the sides, and white for the underside.
aircraft were painted in a variety of shades of green, brown and grey, with red national markings and yellow supplemental recognition markings, while most
aircraft were painted with dark green uppersurfaces.
bomber, c. 1961, in
for nuclear protection, not camouflage
During the , camouflage was for example, glossy
was used on Royal Air Force nuclear bombers as protection from nuclear flash. In the 1970s,
were developed that had a range greater than the visual acuity of pilots. Aircraft camouflage now had two major threats that it was not able to fully defeat — radar and infrared detection. Camouflage accordingly became less important. However, by the 1980s, some aircraft such as the ground attack
were painted with a variety of camouflage schemes including both disruptive ground coloration and in an example of , a false
on the underside.
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