语言学习法：如何听收音机学语言？
How to Learn a Language by Listening to the Radio如何听收音机学语言？
Did you ever study another language without feeling like you understood how it's really spoken? Would you like to get better at understanding speech in another language? One way to improve your listening skills and learn to understand native speakers when they speak at a normal rate is to listen to the radio in the language you're studying. Listening carefully can also help you improve your
and fluency when you speak. Here's how to get the most out of your experience.你有没有过这样的语言学习经历，觉得自己虽然在学习语言，却不懂这门语言到底是怎么说的？想不想对另一种语言表达有更好的理解？其中一种提高听力能力和学习母语人士正常说话的方式就是听收音机。仔细听，能帮助你提高发音和语言的流利程度。我们的经验之谈如下：
1.Find a radio station broadcasting in the language you are studying.找个用你正在学习的语言广播节目的无线之声。
2.Try a few different stations until you find one(s) that seem to work best. 在找到最好的之声前，多试试其他的可能。
DJs who probably don't make much sense even to those who do speak the language. For learning the language, you'll be better off if you can find a station that focuses more on things like news, weather, and call-in advice programs.跳过那些充斥着大嘴巴主持人的音乐之声，因为就算是母语人士来听，也不会觉得他们的节目有多少语言学习意义。要学习语言，最好是找一个更专注于新闻、天气和热线建议等的之声栏目。
3．Set aside some time each day to listen. 每天留出一点时间来听节目。
Even if you only listen for five or ten minutes each day, you'll still be exposed to the language, and that's what you are trying to do.就算每天只听四到五分钟，只要你持续接触这种语言，你也会有所收获的。
4．Don't worry if you don't understand anything at first.一开始什么都不懂也别担心。
If you're only getting the
word, you're still getting something. Even if you don't understand a word, you're still hearing the intonation and rhythm, the sound and the flow of the language. As you progress, you'll get better at picking out words and interpreting their meanings as they flow past at the speed of speech. This intonation and rhythm is also part of the accent that you will develop.刚开始你可能只能听懂零星的几个单词，但是你还是能学到些东西的。即使你一个单词都不懂也没关系，因为你在听语音语调和节奏，你在听语言的声音和旋律。随着你不断进步， 当单词以演讲的速度出现时，你会很快的把它从句子中挑出来并说出它的意思。语调和节奏也是口音中你会学到的东西。
5. Use any contextual clues available to you to begin to understand what you hear. 刚开始理解所听到的内容时，记得使用所有的上下文线索。
One place to start is to listen to things that repeat.听重复的内容会是个好开头。
6．Use contextual clues from the radio website.利用之声网站上的上下文线索。
If you're listening to Internet radio, see if the website has any shows as podcasts so that you can back up and listen to a
several times. The repetition in listening is an important part of learning accurately.如果你听的是网络之声，看看网络是否提供有博客节目（数字广播技术，网络广播或类似的网络声讯节目），博客可以让听众实现倒退和多次反复听同一个片段的功能。重复听是准确学习的重要方面。
7．Don't worry about skipping words you don't know, especially at first. 不要担心错过不懂的单词，尤其是在刚开始。
Looking up every word (even if you can spell it) is a
killer and it's not too effective for remembering the words. At this point, you're listening for language in general anyway, not because you actually need the details of each caller's question.在字典里查每一个生词（就算你会拼写）会磨掉你的动力，也并不是记忆单词的有效方法。听收音机学语言，你只是在大概地听语言，实际上你不会需要知道所有的细节（比方说热线电话的问题）。
8．Try to understand a little more each time you listen.每次听，都努力让自己的理解进步一点点。
One day, you might figure out that what you're hearing is a weather report. Over the next days, challenge yourself to pick out the words for &sun& or &rain& or &degrees,& and so on. Over time, work up to understanding more and more what the weather forecast is in the place where the radio station is based.有一天，你发现自己在听的是天气预报。再过几天，挑战一下，从听到的内容里找出&晴&、&雨&或&度& 等单词。再过一段时间，你会逐渐发展，对之声当地的天气了解得越来越多。
9．Be patient and persistent. 耐心，持之以恒。
Languages are not small or simple, and learning an new language is a lifetime endeavor. Learn a few words today, any way you learn them, and learn a few more tomorrow. Eventually they will grow to add up to meaning, and it will get easier to understand, and to add on to what you can understand.语言学习是大工程，也很复杂，学习一门语言需要一生的坚持努力。今天学习一些单词，不管你通过怎样的学习方法，都可以，然后明天再学习一些。最后积少成多，你会了解单词的意义，这样理解就会变得简单，最终会变成你能理解的内容。
10.Most of all, have fun. 最重要的是学得开心！
If it's , it will be hard to make yourself do it every day. If it's fun, a game, a puzzle, something you look forward to, then you'll be listening to more and richer broadcasts as the months and years go by, and one day you'll realize you understood the whole show!要是觉得学习语言是苦差事，那就很难每天坚持。如果觉得学习很快乐，是游戏，是猜谜，是你期待的东西，那么随着时间流逝，你就能听到更多、内容更丰富的广播，总有一天你会意识到，你学懂了这门语言！
想要快乐听收音机学语言？欢迎光临 沪江听写酷集中各国的原声广播资源，资料丰富功能强大，快来加入感受一下很酷的听写吧！
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“收音机”英语单词怎么写？
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请登录后再发表评论!有声英文阅读-各类词书都是怎样编成的
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How Dictionaries Are Made
各类词书都是怎样编成的
It is widely believed that every word has a correct meaning, that we learn these meanings mainly from teachers and grammarians, and that dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage. Few people ask by what authority the writers of dictionaries and grammars say what the say. I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it up in the dictionary. The English woman said firmly, &What for? I am English. I was born and brought up in England. The way I speak is English.& Such self-assurance about one's own language is fairly common among the English. In the United States, however, anyone who is willing to quarrel with the dictionary is regarded as either eccentric or mad.
Let us see how dictionaries are made and how the editors arrive at definitions. What follows applies only to those dictionary offices where first-hand, original research goes on - not those in which editors simply copy existing dictionaries. The task of writing a dictionary begins with the reading of vast amounts of the literature of the period or subject that the dictionary is to cover. As the editors read, they copy on cards every interesting or rare word, every unusual or peculiar occurrence of a common word, a large number of common words in their ordinary uses, and also the sentences in which each of these words appears.
That is to say, the context of each word is collected, along with the word itself. For a really big job of dictionary writing, such as the Oxford English Dictionary, millions of such cards are collected, and the task of editing occupies decades. As the cards are collected, they are alphabetized and sorted. When the sorting is completed, where will be for each word anywhere from two or three to several hundred quotations, each on its card.
To define a word, then, the dictionary editor places before him the stack of cards il each of the cards represents an actual use of the word by a writer of some literary or historical importance. He reads the cards carefully, discards some, re-reads the rest, and divides up the stack according to what he thinks are the several senses of the word. Finally, he writes his definitions, following the hard-and-fast rule that each definition must be based on what the quotations in front of him reveal about the meaning of the word. The editor cannot be influenced by what the thinks a given word ought to mean. He must work according to the cards, or not at all.
The writing of a dictionary, therefore, is not a task of setting up authoritative statements about the &true meanings& of words, but a task of recording, to the best of one's ability, what various words have meant to authors in the distant or immediate past. If, for example, we had been writing a dictionary in 1890, or even as late as 1919, we could have said that the word &broadcase& means &to scatter& (seed, for example), but we could not have states that from 1921 on, the most common meaning of the word should become &to send out programs by radio or television.& In choosing our words when we speak or write, we can be guided by the historical record provided us by the dictionary, but we cannot be bound by it, because new situations, new experiences, new inventions, new feelings, are always forcing us to give new uses to old words. Looking under a &hood,& we should ordinarily have found, five hundred years ago, today, we find a car engine.
人们普遍认为每个单词都有准确的词义，人们还认为我们主要是向教师和语法学家们学习这些词义，人们还谥为一切词典和语法书都是解释词义和词的用法的最高权威。几乎没有人会提出这样的问题：词典和语法的编著者们根据什么权威资料来说出他们所说的那些话。我有一次曾和一位英国妇女争论过一个英语单词的发音。我让她查一查英语词典。这位英国妇女坚定地说：&还查词典干什么？我是英国人。我生在英国，长在英国。我讲的话是英语&。在全体英格兰人当中这种对自己语言的十分自信的态度是相当普遍的。可是，在美国，若是有人想同词典争论，那或者会被认为是颠狂或者是疯子。
让我们来看看各类词书都是怎样编成的，看看编者们是怎样给每个词条下定义的。下面所述的方法是那些汇集第一手的原始研究资料的词典编纂机构所采用的，而不是那些只是简单地抄一抄现有的一些词典的内容的那些编词典的机构所采用的方法。编词典的工作始于博览所编的词书内容所包括的该段时期里该门学科内有关的浩瀚的文献资料。在词书编者们博览群书的过程中，他们把每一个有趣的词汇，罕见的词汇，每一个普通词汇的不普通的特别的用法，大量常见词的种种常见的用法，以及这些词汇所出现的例句都一一作成卡片。
这也就是说，不但要汇集该词汇，而且还要把每个词所出现的上下文语言环境也汇集起来。对于编写词典这样十分庞大的工程来说，例如编像《牛津英语大词典》之类，要汇集数百万张卡片。因此要完成这样一部巨著需要费时数十年。在汇集卡片的过程中，要把卡片按字母顺序排列加以分类整理。分类整理工作完成之后，整本词典不论在任何位置上的单词都应当有从二三句到数百个例句的引文出现在该单词的卡片上。
为了确定单词的义项，然后，词典的编者就把能说明该单词用法的那一堆卡片摆在自己的面前；每一张卡片都阐明了某一文学作品或某一重要历史文献的作者对该单词的实际用法。词典编者要仔细认真地研读，再根据词典编者认为单词所含有的几个义项将这一推卡片加以分类。最后词典编者写出每个义项的定义，在下定义时，编者必须遵守这样一条不容改变的铁的规则：那就是每个义项的定义编者必须根据摆在面前那些卡片上的例句所含有的该词的词义来写。词典编者不能接受到自己认为某词应该有某个义项的这一想法的影响。词典的编者必须根据所汇集的卡片来编词典，不然的话，就根本不必去汇集那些卡片了。
因此，编写一部词典并不是这样一种工作：编者以权威的身份给所有的单词都规定出一些所谓的&真正的词义&；编写词典是一种记录工作，编者要尽自己的最大努力记录下在很久以前或在最近刚出版的著作中，各种不同的的单词所具有的意义。例如，如果我们是在1890年或者迟至1919年或者迟至在1919年编写一本词典，我们本来可以说broadcast这个词的意思是&撒播&（例如：撒播种子），但是从1921年起我们就不能再这样说了。从1921年起这个词最普遍的意义应该是&通过收音机或电视机播出节目&。当我们说话或写作时在精选推敲用词方面，我们要依词典提供给我们历史上的记录为准绳，但也不能受词典上的记录所束缚，因为一些新的情况，新的经历，新的发明，新的感情总是迫使我们给旧的词汇赋予新的用法。我们查一下&hood&这个词，就会发现，在500年前，意思是&修道士&（a monk），今天这一词条下的解释却是汽车引擎或汽车发动机。
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