这段话怎么翻译 The problem today is that lying is not an isolated phenomenon 读音but characteristic of a

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  Text 1   Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.   No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word&amateur& does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community, and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.   A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile researc but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.   Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.   51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as .   [A] sociology and chemistry[B] physics and psychology   [C] sociology and psychology[D] physics and chemistry   52. We can infer from the passage that .   [A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation   [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science   [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community   [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones   53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .   [A] the process of specialization and professionalisation   [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study   [C] the change of policies in scientific publications   [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs   54. The direct reason for specialization is .   [A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation   [C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societies   核心词汇:   academic[9A kE5demik]a.学院的;学术性的;(academ古希腊哲学家柏拉图及其弟子研究学问的地方+ic形容词后缀&学术的)   accumulate[E5kju:mjuleit]vt.堆积,积累,积聚vi.累积,聚积(ac+cumul堆积+ate&堆积起来&积累);accumulation(n.积累,堆积)即accumulate+tion   amateur[5AmEtE:]a./n.业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等)(amat+eur人&热爱的人&业余爱好者)   comparison[kEm5pArisn]n.比较,对比,比喻,比拟(compar+ison名词后缀)   connotation[9cCnEu5teiFEn]n.含蓄,含义(con+not(e)+ation),con前缀&一起&,note记录,ation名词后缀,所有东西都被一起记录在其中&含义   constitute[5kCnstitju:t]vt.组成,构成,形成;设立,建立,任命(con 一起 +stitute&放到一起&构成)   crucial[5kru:FiEl, 5kru:FEl]a.至关重要的,决定性的   definition[9defi5niFEn]n.定义,解释;(轮廓影像等的)清晰度;阐明(defin +ition名词后缀&定义)   delay[di5lei]v.耽搁; 延误;推迟; 延期(de不+lay放置&未及时放置好&耽搁)   demonstrate[5demEnstreit]v.论证,证实;演示,说明(de加强+monster+ate动词&加强显示&证明)   distinction[dis5tiNkFEn]n.区别,差别;级别;特性;声望;显赫(distinct+ion名词后缀)   emphasis[5emfEsis]n.加强语气; 强调;(赋予某事物)特殊的意义、 价值或重要性(em加强语气+phas显示+is名词后缀&加强显示&强调)   integrate[5intigreit]v.(使)成为一体,(使)结合在一起(integ完整+ate动词后缀&使结合)   journal[5dVE:nl]n.定期刊物,杂志,日报;日志,日记(journ日期+al形容词后缀&日期,杂志)   logical[5lCdVikEl]a.逻辑的,符合逻辑的(log说话+ic名词后缀&说话的学问+al形容词后缀&合乎逻辑的)   overall[5EuvErC:l]a.全面的,综合的n.(pl.)(套头)工作服   participate[pa:5tisipeit]v.参加, 参与(parti部分,分开+cip进入+ate动词后缀&进入一部分&参加);participation(n.参加;分享)即Parti+cip+ation   primacy[5praimEsi]n.第一或首先的状态; 首席的职责, 重要性(prim第一,主要的+acy名词后缀&重要性)   professional[prE5feFEnl]a.职业的,专门的n.自由职业者,专业人士(profession+al形容词后缀);professionalisation(n.职业化)即professional+is(e)+ation   psychology[sai5kClEdVi]n.心理,心理学,心理状态(psycho心理+logy名词后缀表示科学,学问&心理学)   publication[pQbli5keiFEn]n.出版物;出版,发行;公布,发表(public公众的+ation名词后缀)   reckon[5rekEn]vi.计算,总计,估计(up) ;猜想;依赖;认为把&&看作;视为(reck注意+on表状态或动作的动词后缀 &指望)   referee[refE5ri:]n.裁判员(refer+ee表示人&被提出的人&裁判)   reflect[ri5flekt]v.反射;表达;反映;仔细考虑(re反+flect弯曲返回&反射)   represent[repri5zent]v.描述,表示;代表,代理;阐明,说明(re+present)   response[ris5pCns]n.回答,响应,反应(re回+spons+e名词后缀&承诺回应&回答)   reveal[ri5vi:l]v.展现,显示,揭示,揭露,告诉,泄露(re反+veal&反盖上&不让盖上&揭露)   separate[5sepEreit9 5sepErit]a.分离的,分开的(se分开+par安排+ate动词和形容词后缀&分离)   split[split]v.裂开,劈开;分裂,分离n.分化,分裂,裂口   难句分析:   难句1 No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word &amateur& does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific commUnity and, in Particular, may not fully share its values.   [分析]第一个句子的主干是&No... distinction can be drawn between...&,冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。在第二个句子中,一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless,表示语意的转折,其主句是&the word &amateur& does carry a connotation...&,后面有一个同位语从句,里面有两个并列谓语。   [译文]在科学领域内,专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分:任何规则都有其例外。但是&业余&这个词的确包含这样的意义,那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体,具体地说,他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。   难句2 The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.   [分析]此句中两个分句有同一个主语,即the trend,两个谓语为was obvious和can be illustrated。前一个分句中based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修饰areas of science。   [译文]特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域,这种倾向自然尤为明显,这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。   难句3 A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.   [分析]此句的主语是a comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half(中心词为a comparison),谓语是reveals,宾语主体结构是not simply... but also...所连接的两个并列宾语,注意宾语emphasis和definition前都有分词来修饰。   [译文]对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较,我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加,而且学术论文的出版标准也在不断变化。   难句4 The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.   [分析]此句主干是&The... result has been to do sth.&。注意逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语,其核心词是a result,可以被看成是前面句子主语的同位语,在其内部主要是一个长的定语从句,而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by..., and then by...。   [译文]其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难,而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强,这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行,进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。   文章类型:自然科学&&科学史   这篇文章的主题为科学知识的专门化(specialization)与专业化(professionalisation)。   试题解析:   51. 19世纪专业化的发展在像那样的科学领域可能看得更清晰。   [A] 社会学与化学[B] 物理学与心理学   [C] 社会学与心理学[D] 物理学与化学   细节事实题【正确答案】 [D]   定位在第二段倒数第二句找到题干中的19th century,然后在最后一句中找到与题干中be more clearly seen in sciences相对应的most obvious in those areas of science。随后确定文中的关键词areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training。因此[D]为正确选项。   52. 根据本文,我们可以推知:   [A] 专业化和职业化之间几乎没区别。   [B] 业余人员能够在科学的某些领域同专业人员竞争。   [C] 专业人员往往欢迎业余研究人员加入科学团体。   [D] 业余人员拥有全国性学术机构,但没有地方性学术机构。   推理题【正确答案】[B]   首先本题四个选项未曾提及geology,因此不必去第三、四段找考点。从第一段可知,专门化(针对研究领域)与专业化(针对研究人员)都属于相关科学的发展,但二者内容、性质不同,因此[A]项错误。第二段阐述了professionals和amateurs的关系,首句说,二者没有什么截然不同,而且exceptions(特例)can be found to any rule,其潜台词是,对于人们一般所认同的rule&&专业比业余要好,也有例外,亦即&在某些情况下,业余人士甚至比专业人士做的更好&,因此[B]项符合题意。[C]项与第二句所说的事实情况(amateur...not fully integrated into the scientific community)相反,[D]项所说的national / local在第二段未曾提及,故都不能选。   53. 作者写地质学的发展是为论证:   [A] 专业化与职业化的发展过程。[B] 业余人员在科学研究中的艰辛。   [C] 科技出版物出版方针的变化。[D] 专业人员对业余人员的歧视。   例证题【正确答案】 [A]   定位在第二段最后两句或第四段第一句。第二段最后一句中的The trend... can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。说明第三段是作为例证来说明这一trend(趋势)的。而且根据第四段第一句也可进行判断,该句的前半句(Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way)即为第三段的总结,所以选择[A]项。   54. 专业化的直接原因是   [A] 交流的发展。[B] 职业化的发展。   [C] 科学知识的扩展。[D] 学术团体的分化。   细节事实题【正确答案】 [C]   定位在第一段第一句专业化是科学知识不断积累的结果。该句的含义是:科学知识的积累促进了知识的进一步分类和分化(或专门化)。只有[C]项符合题意。   全文翻译:   专业化是科学知识不断积累的结果。通过将学科细化,个人能够继续把握信息并将它作为深入研究的基础。但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。   第一段:简单介绍了科学发展所带来的两个结果:科学的专业化和职业化。   在科学领域内,专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分:任何规则都有其例外。但是&业余&这个词的确包含这样的意义,那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体,具体地说,他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。19世纪的专业化的发展,以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求,对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域,这种倾向自然尤为明显,这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。   第二段:在科研过程中,专业化的发展,对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。   对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较,我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加,而且学术论文的出版标准也在不断变化。因此,在19世纪,局部的地质研究本身就可形成一种有价值的研究;而到了20世纪,如果局部的研究能够被专业人员接受,那么它越来越倾向于涉及体现或思考更广阔的地质面貌。另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式进行区域的研究。其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难,而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强,这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行,进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来,形成一两个全国性的团体,而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中,要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。   第三段:以英国地质学的发展过程为例,说明职业化和专业化过程。   虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展,但是它的效果直到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而,从科学领域的范围来看,19世纪必须被视为科学结构改变的关键时期。   第四段:在前面几段论述专业化的基础上,指出19世纪被视为科学结构改变的关键时期。   Text 2   A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide&the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.   There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access&after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we&ve ever had.   Of course, the use of the Internet isn&t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.   To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn&t have the capital to do so. And that is why America&s Second Wave infrastructure&including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on&were built with foreign investment. The English, the German, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain&s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you&re going to be. That doesn&t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.   55.Digital divide is something.   [A]getting worse because of the Internet[B]the rich countries are responsible for   [C]the world must guard against[D]considered positive today   56.Governments attach importance to the Internet because it .   [A]offers economic potentials[B]can bring foreign funds   [C]can soon wipe out world poverty[D]connects people all over the world   57.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of .   [A]providing financial support overseas[B]preventing foreign capital&s control   [C]building industrial infrastructure[D]accepting foreign investment   58.It seems that now a country&s economy depends much on .   [A]how well developed it is electronically   [B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants   [C]whether it adopts America&s industrial pattern   [D]how much control it has over foreign corporations   核心词汇:   attach[E5tAtF]v.系,贴,装,连接;使成为一部分;使依恋(at+tach&钉子&附上)   attention[E5tenFEn]n.注意,注意力;立正;特别照顾;照料(at+tent+ion名词后缀&思维伸展出去&注意)   colony[5kClEni]n.殖民地;侨民;聚居区;(动植物的)群体   combat[5kCmbAt]v./n.战斗,搏斗,格斗(com共同+bal打,击&共同&共同打&战斗)   divide[di5vaid]v.分,划分,分开;分配;(by)除(di分开+vid+e分开)   enormous[i5nC:mEs]a.巨大的; 极大的(e出+norm规则,规范+ous形容词后缀&出了正常状态&巨大的,过分的)   finance[5fainAns]n.财政,金融v.为&&提供资金(fin+ance&最后起作用的东西&资金)   foundation[faun5deiFEn]n.建立,设立,创办;地基;基金,捐款;机构(found基础+ation名词后缀&基础,地基)   impoverish[im5pCvEriF]v.使贫穷;使枯竭(im加强前缀+pover词根+ish动词后缀);同根词:poverty (贫穷)&pover+ty名词后缀。   infrastructure[5infrE9strQktFE]n.基础结构,基础设施(infra内+struct+ure名词后缀&基础结构)   invasion[in5veiVEn]n.入侵,侵略,侵犯(in+vas+ion名词后缀)   investment[in5vestmEnt]n.投资,投资额   loom[lu:m]n.织布机,织机v.隐现,(危险、忧虑等)迫近   prejudice[5predVudis]n.偏见,成见;损害,侵害v.使抱偏见,损害(pre预先+judice&预先判断&偏见)   respect[ris5pekt]n./v.尊敬,尊重n.敬意,问候,关系,方面(re再+spect&反复看&尊敬)   responsible[ris5pCnsEbl]a.承担责任 ;(指人)可靠的, 可信赖的(response回应+ible形容词后缀&能回应的&负责任的)   sovereignty[5sCvrinti]n.主权;主权国家(sover+(r)eign+ty),sover(=over)在上,reign统治,ty名词后缀,在上面统治;sovereign(统治的;统治者)&sover+(r)eign。   universal[ju:ni5vE:sEl]a.普遍的,全体的,通用的;宇宙的,世界的(univers+al形容词后缀);universalize(v.使普遍化)即universal+ize   难句分析:   难句1 As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access&after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.   [分析]此句主干是&...It is in the interest of business to do sth....&,句中前面as引导的是伴随状语,而非原因状语,要理解为&随着&,而非&因为&。破折号后面的部分是进一步解释说明前面的主句。   [译文]随着互联网的日趋商业化,上网普及对商家是有利的&&毕竟,上网人数越多,未来的客户就越多。   难句2 To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.   [分析]此句主干是&...some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anticolonial prejudices...&。前面的不定式可以被看成是一个目的状语。   [译文]要想利用因特网,某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见。   难句3 The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you&re going to be.   [分析]此句用了the more... the more...的句型。逗号之间的which today is an electronic infrastructure是Third Wave infrastructure的非限制性定语从句。   [译文]你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施(今天主要指电子基础设施)的外国资金越多,那么你的情况就越好。   文章类型:时文&&信息科学   本篇文章谈论数字鸿沟(digital divide)这一概念,并说明在世界范围内普及因特网(Internet)可以从技术角度缩小数字鸿沟。   试题解析:   55. 数字差异是的某种东西。   [A] 因为因特网而变得更糟[B] 富裕国家应该负责   [C] 全世界必须提防[D] 如今被认为是积极的   细节事实题【正确答案】[C]   定位在第一段数字鸿沟(digital divide)将把整个世界分为信息丰富地区和信息贫乏地区。20年前作者和其妻子就已经开始在演讲中讨论这种隐隐呈现的危险(looming danger),这里的danger指的就是digital divide。对于危险自然应当防御(work against),所以选择[C]项。   56. 政府重视因特网,因为因特网   [A] 提供经济潜力。[B] 能够带来外国投资。   [C] 能够很快消除世界贫穷。[D] 把世界各地的人们连接起来。   细节事实题【正确答案】[A]   首先根据题干中的Internet和Governments定位至第二段第三句。从中可以看出越来越多政府推广因特网的直接原因是怕(在经济上)&落后&于其他国家,其潜台词就是因特网拥有巨大的(经济)潜能(enormous potential),所以选择[A]项。   57. 作者提到美国这个例子,是为了证明的政策是正确的。   [A] 向国外提供经济援助[B] 防止外国资本的控制   [C] 建立工业基础设施[D] 接受外国投资   例证题【正确答案】[D]   在第四段中,作者引用美国的例子是为了说明首句,因此可以判断考点在首句,即&要想利用因特网,某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见&,只有[D]项符合题意。   58. 现在看来,一个国家的经济非常依赖于   [A] 它在电子方面的发展程度多高。[B] 它是否歧视移民。   [C] 它是否采用美国的产业模式。[D] 它在多大程度上控制着外企。   细节事实题【正确答案】 [A]   定位在最后一段,该段中间有一例证,可以缩小考点范围,把最后一段中涉及例子的内容排除。在该段落剩下的内容中,找与题干&economy&相关的关键词,我们发现倒数第三句中有better off,确认它就是答案所在的句子,&引进用于修建电子基础设施的外国资金越多,那么你的情况就越好。&因此选择[A]项。   全文翻译:   今天,人们十分关注所谓的数字分化问题&&世界上信息资源丰富的地区和信息资源贫乏的地区之间的差异;这个差异确实存在,我和我妻子20年前就曾谈及这种隐约的危险。然而,那时还不太明显的是一些抵制数字分化的、新的积极因素。实际上我们是完全有理由感到乐观的。   第一段:指出虽然信息资源丰富与信息资源贫乏国之间存在着巨大差异,然而仍然有理由保持乐观。   一些技术上的因素使我们有理由期望差异会缩小。随着互联网的日趋商业化,上网普及对商家是有利的&&毕竟,上网人数越多,未来的客户就越多。越来越多的政府,惟恐自己的国家落后,纷纷推广因特网的普及。一、二十年之内,全球将有一二十亿人进入因特网。因此,我认为在未来的数年中,数字分化将缩小而不会变大。那是好消息,因为互联网很可能成为我们消除所面临的贫困的最强有效的工具。   第二段:表明这种国与国之间的差距会因互联网技术的发展而慢慢消除。   当然,使用因特网不是惟一消灭贫困的方法。因特网也不是我们所拥有的惟一工具,但它却有巨大的潜力。   第三段:指出虽然互联网不是消除贫困的惟一工具,但却有着巨大的潜力。   要想利用因特网,某些贫困国家必须克服对国外投资所持的过时了的反殖民的种种偏见。那些认为外国投资是对本国主权的侵犯的国家最好还是研究一下美国的基础设施(社会的基本结构基础)建设历史。当初美国建设自己的工业基础设施时,缺乏必要的资金,因此美国的第二次浪潮,即基础设施的建设&&包括公路、港口,高速公路、港口城市等等&&都是用国外资金建造的。英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国人都在前英国殖民地投资。他们提供资金,美洲移民建造。想想看,现在谁拥有这一切?美国人。我想,在这件事上,像巴西或其他任何地方同样也该这样。你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施(今天主要指电子基础设施)的外国资金越多,那么你的情况就越好。这并不是说卑躬屈膝,任人愚弄,也不是对外国公司不加控制。但这的确意味着你已认识到外国公司对本国能源及通信基础设施建设的重要性,这些基础设施是充分利用因特网所必要的。   第四段:从互联网出发,指出贫困国要改变对外来投资的不良印象。   Text 3   Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long selfanalysis known as the journalism credibility project.   Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.   But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)into which they plug each day&s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a readymade narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.   There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the &standard templates& of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middlesize cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.   Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they&re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.   Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn&t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.   This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.   59.What is the passage mainly about?   [A]needs of the readers all over the world   [B]causes of the public disappointment about newspapers   [C]origins of the declining newspaper industry   [D]aims of a journalism credibility project   60.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .   [A]quite trustworthy[B]somewhat contradictory   [C]very illuminating[D]rather superficial   61.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their .   [A]working attitude[B]conventional lifestyle   [C]world outlook[D]educational background   62.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its .   [A]failure to realize its real problem [B]tendency to hire annoying reporters   [C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D]prejudice in matters of race and gender   核心词汇:   astonish [E5stCniF]vt.使惊讶,使吃惊   backbone[5bAkbEun]n.脊椎, 中枢, 骨干, 支柱, 意志力, 勇气, 毅力, 决心,主干(back+bone)   bias[5baiEs]n./v.(使有)偏见,偏心,偏袒(bi 二+as 名词后缀&有两种观点&偏见   contradictory[7kCntrE5diktEri]a.矛盾的,对立的(contradict反驳+ory形容词后缀)   conventional[kEn5venFEnEl]a.惯例的,常规的(convention+al)newsroom(编辑室;阅览室)&news+room。   credibility[9kredi5biliti]n.可信性(cred+ibility),cred词根&相信&(如credit&cred+it&信用),ibility名词后缀&可&&性&(如ability&a+(i)bility)   dedicate[5dedikeit]vt.奉献;献身于(de加强+dic说+ate动词后缀&反复说&致力于)   elite[ei5li:t]n.[集合名词]精华;精锐;中坚分子(e出+lit=lig选+e 名词后缀&选出的人&精英人物)   factual[5fAktFEl]a.事实的, 实际的   gender[5dVendE]n.(生理上的)性;(名词、代词等的)性(gen+der名词后缀)   illuminating[i5lju:mi9neitiN]a.照明的;启发的(illuminat(e)+ing形容词后缀),illuminate(照明;启发)可看作illumin+ate,illumin谐音&一路明&,ate动词后缀,&使&&一路明&&照明&引申为&启发&。   metropolitan[metrE5pClitEn]a.首都的,主要都市的,大城市   plug[plQg]n.塞子,插头v.堵,塞,插上,插栓   questionnaire[kwestFE5nZE]n.调查表,问卷(question+aire)   scratch[skrAtF]v.抓,搔,扒n.抓,搔,抓痕;起跑线   sponsor[5spCnsE]n.发起人,主办,保证人v.发起,主办(spons许诺+or名词后缀&发起人;主办方;保证人)   superficial[sju:pE5fiFEl]a.表面的;肤浅的,浅薄的(super在&&上面+fic +ial形容词后缀&在表面&肤浅的)   survey[sE:5vei]v./n.俯瞰,眺望;全面审视,调查;测量图,勘定   symposium[sim5pEuzjEm]n.讨论会; 专题论文,专题论文集(sym共同,相同+pos放+ium&放在一起讨论&专题讨论)   template[5templit]n.模板(templ(e)+ate),temple寺庙,ate吃,当今倾向于素食者日益增多,而temple是ate素的&模板&(template)。   volunteer[9vClEn5tiE]n./v.自愿(者,兵);自愿(提供)(volunt+eer人&意愿的人&志愿者)   难句分析:   难句1 Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.   [分析]此句主语是this project,谓语是has turned out to be,findings为宾语,mostly lowlevel是宾语的定语修饰成分,about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是宾语的补语成分。combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want是过去分词引导的伴随状语,其中about what in the world those readers really want是puzzlement的补语。   [译文]遗憾的是,这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现,诸如新闻报道中的事实错误,拼写或语法错误,和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。   难句2 There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the &standard templates& of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.   [分析]此句的结构主句是一个there加系动词的用法。而表语后都有一个定语从句。本句的定语从句是which helps explain why the &standard templates& of the newsroom seem alien to many readers。   [译文]新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节,这就是为什么新闻编辑室的&标准模式&与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。   难句3 The astonishing distrust of the news media isn&t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.   [分析]此句的主干是一个not... but结构。注意这个结构引导的是两个方式状语。其核心词分别是inaccuracy和the daily clash。   [译文]读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任的根源并非是报道失实或低下的报道技巧,而是记者与读者的世界观的日常冲突。   难句4 If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.   [分析]此句中it代表上文提到的a troubled business,即&问题重重的新闻界&。now focused narrowly on race and gender是插入语,也是修饰program的定语。本句在would后面有两个并列宾语open up和look for。此句中含有一个虚拟语气:If it did, it would open up...。   [译文]如果它能注意这个问题的话,它就应该进一步开放其多样化栏目(该栏目目前只关注种族和性别两个方面),雇佣一些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者。   文章类型:社会科学&&传播学&&大众传媒   本扩展文章的主题有关美国新闻业的信任度。   试题解析:   59. 本文要探讨的是什么?   [A] 世界各地读者的需求。[B] 公众对报纸失望的原因。   [C] 新闻业衰败的根源。[D] 新闻可信性调查项目的目的。   中心主旨题【正确答案】 [B]   文章第一句就开宗明确地提出了本文旨在说明的问题,即为什么美国人不相信在报纸上读到的东西。很明显,该文的主旨就是论述公众对报纸不信任的原因。[B]项中的disappointment和原文中的distrust在这件事情上表达的情感是一致的,因此为正确选项。   60. 新闻可信性调查项目的结果是。   [A] 非常可信[B] 有点矛盾   [C] 很有启发性[D] 十分肤浅   细节事实题【正确答案】 [D]   第二段中作者用Sad to say和mostly lowlevel findings来评价这次调查,可以判断该调查的结果是相当浮于表面的。所以选择[D]项。   61. 正如作者所指出的,新闻记者的根本问题在于他们的。   [A] 工作态度[B] 传统的生活方式   [C] 世界观[D] 教育背景   细节事实题【正确答案】[C]   第六段末句最后直接点明,是记者与读者世界观的冲突引起了人们对报纸的不信任,因此[C]项符合题意。   62. 尽管做出了努力,但新闻业人仍然不能满足读者的需求,因为它。   [A] 没有认识到它的真正问题[B] 雇用令人恼怒的记者   [C] 进行不准确报道的可能性[D] 在种族和性别问题上的歧视   细节事实题【正确答案】[A]   定位最后一段的最后两句话,根据But it never seems...(新闻业从未&&)和If it did,...(如果它做到了&&)就可以看出,新闻业并未认识到它真正的问题之所在,也未采取过任何手段,因此选择[A]项。   全文翻译:   为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西?美国新闻编辑协会正试图回答这个痛苦的问题。该组织正深深陷入一个长期的自我剖析过程,即新闻可信度调查项目。   第一段:提出问题,为什么那么多的美国人不相信自己在报纸上看到的东西?   遗憾的是,这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现,诸如新闻报道中的事实错误,拼写或语法错误,和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。   第二段:对美国新闻协会有关此问题所做的调查的评价。   但这种对媒体的不信任有更深刻的根源。多数新闻记者都学着用一套标准的模式去看待世界,并把每天发生的事件纳入这种模式。换言之,在媒介机构的新闻编辑室中存在着一套约定俗成的报道模式,为在其他方面可能造成误解的新闻报道提供了一个主干框架和一个现成的故事叙述结构。   新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节,这就是为什么新闻编辑室的&标准模式&与众多读者的意趣相差甚远的原因。在最近一次调查中,问卷被送到了全国五座中等城市及一座大都市的记者手中,然后随机地给这些城市的居民打电话,问他们同样的问题。   结果表明,与其他美国人相比,新闻记者更有可能居住在富人区,有女佣,有奔驰车,炒股,而他们不太可能去教堂,参加支援服务,扎根社区。   记者们往往属于广义的社会文化精英的一个部分,因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英传统的价值观。读者对新闻媒介令人震惊的不信任的根源并非是报道失实或低下的报道技巧,而是记者与读者的世界观的日常冲突。   第三到第六段:进而指出:美国人不相信报纸,其原因远远深刻于新闻协会所做的调查,并分析不信任的真正原因。   这种现象对于任何行业都是难堪的局面,特别是对于一个正在衰落的行业来说尤其如此。这是一个棘手的行业,却不断地雇用观点总体上使客户恼怒的雇员。然后它又出资组织研讨会和可信度调查项目,去探究为什么顾客们恼火了,为什么会有那么多人逃避报刊。但它似乎从来就没回过头来去注意那么多以前的顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见。如果它能注意这个问题的话,它就应该进一步开放其多样化栏目(该栏目目前只关注种族和性别两个方面),雇佣一些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者。   第七段:提出解决问题的方案,即招聘世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者。   Text 4   The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying:&Won&t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anticompetitive force?&   There&s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.   I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer&s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world&s wealth increases.   Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing&witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan&but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.   Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won&t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of &defending competition& on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?   63.What is the typical trend of businesses today?   [A]to take in more foreign funds[B]to invest more abroad   [C]to combine and become bigger[D]to trade with more countries   64.According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is .   [A]the greater customer demands[B]a surplus supply for the market   [C]a growing productivity[D]the increase of the world&s wealth   65.From paragraph 4 we can infer that .   [A]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers   [B]WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs   [C]the costs of the globalization process are enormous   [D]the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition   66.Toward the new business wave, the writer&s attitude can be said to be .   [A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimistic[D]biased   核心词汇:   acquisition[9Akwi5ziFEn]n.取得,学到,养成(习惯);获得的东西(ac+quis+ition名词后缀)   affiliate[E5filieit]v.使隶属(或附属)于n.附属机构,分公司(af+fili+ate)   barrier[5bAriE]n.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物)(barr栅栏+ier)   beneficial[9beni5fiFEl]a.(to)有利的,有益的(benefic+ial形容词后缀)   concentration[9kCnsEn5treiFEn]n.专心,专注;集中,集结;浓度(concentrate+ion名词后缀&集中)   detrimental[7detri5mentl]a.有害的(detriment损害,危害+al&危害的)   gigantic[dVai5gAntik]a.巨大的,庞大的   hyperactive[7haipE(:)5rAktiv]a.活动过度的(hyper+active活动的);hper前缀&超过;过度&(h脱落,元音y变u,即为uper),active活跃的。   infringement[in5frindVEnt]n.违反, 侵害(n+fringe+ment)in否定前缀,fringe(边缘;刘海;穗),ment名词后缀,已经&不&在&边缘&&侵入内部&侵害;infringe(v.侵害)&in+fringe   massive[5mAsiv]a.大而重的,厚实的,粗大的;大规模的,大量的(mass+ive形容词后缀)   multinational[mQlti5nAFEnEl]a./n.跨国公司;跨国公司的(ulti+national),multi前缀&多&(如multiple&multi+ple倍&v.加倍;多倍的;倍数),national国家的。   pessimistic[9pesi5mistik]a.悲观的(essimist+ic)pessimist悲观主义者,ic形容词后缀   phenomenon[fi5nCminEn]n.现象,稀有现象,珍品,奇迹,杰出人才   resort[ri5zC:t]v.凭借,求助,诉诸n.度假胜地,手段   supervise[5sju:pEvaiz]vt.监督,管理;指导(uper在上面+vis看+e动词后缀&在上面看&监督)   surpass[sE:5pa:s]vt.超过,胜过(sur超过+pass&通过并超过&胜过)   sweep[swi:p]v.扫,打扫;席卷,冲光;扫过,掠过   unsurpassed[5QnsE:5pB:st]a.凌驾的, 非常卓越的,超越的(n+surpass+ed)un否定前缀,surpass(v.超过)&sur前缀&超&+pass过,ed形容词后缀。   witness[5witnis]n.目击者,证人;证据,证明v.目击,目睹;作证(wit知+ness名词后缀&知情者)   难句分析:   难句1 International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.   [分析]此句的主干是&International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economies...&,后面的that open up and welcome foreign investment是economies的定语从句。   [译文]在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的国家的经济中国际分公司在国民生产中所占的比重越来越大。   难句2 I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers& demands.   [分析]此句主干为&I believe that...&,其中that引导了believe的宾语从句,其中的又一个that可替换为as the ones that,是一个定语从句。冒号后面的部分是the most important forces的同位语,其中markets后面的that从句是markets的定语,capable of meeting customers& demands是operations的补语。   [译文]我认为,推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推动全球化进程的力量,包括日趋下降的运输与通讯费用,较低的贸易与投资壁垒,以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产。   难句3 And should one country take upon itself the role of &defending competition& on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?   [分析]此句的主干是&should one country take upon itself the role...&,而that affect many other nations是issues的定语从句。as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case是issues的补语。on issues是take upon itself the role的状语。   [译文]在那些将会影响许多其他国家的事情中,如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案,一个国家是否应该担负起&保护竞争&的责任呢?   文章类型:社会科学&&经济学   本文的主题有关企业合并与收购浪潮,并分析其产生的原因,认为并没有给消费和技术进步带来伤害。   试题解析:   63. 如今,企业的典型趋势是什么?   [A] 吸收更多的外国资金。[B] 更多地投资海外。   [C] 合并、变得更大。[D] 与更多的国家发展贸易。   细节事实题【正确答案】 [C]   考点在于对第一段,也即对文章主题的理解。第一段第一句话表示世界正在经历有史以来最大的一次合并和收购的浪潮。这一浪潮不仅影响到美洲和欧洲,还涉及一些新兴国家。可见,当今商业发展的主要趋势是合并,从而使有些企业变得更大。所以,[C]项正确。   64. 根据作者的观点,隐藏于合并浪潮背后的一个推动力是。   [A] 更大的消费者需求[B] 市场的供应过剩   [C] 日益提高的生产力[D] 世界财富的增长   细节事实题【正确答案】 [A]   第三段指出,推动合并和收购这一狂潮的最重要力量同导致全球化过程的力量是一样的,其中包括falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers和enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers& demands。[A]项&顾客更大的需求&符合最后一项,属于推动力之一。   65.根据第四段,我们可以推知:。   [A] 日益增多的行业合并肯定会损害消费者的利益。   [B] 世界电信的合并成为既有利可图又要付出代价的恰当例子。   [C] 全球化进程的代价高昂。   [D] 标准石油托拉斯可能给竞争带来过威胁。   推理题【正确答案】 [D]   从第四段中,我们得知,当前还没有足够多的例证来论证有关合并浪潮的利与弊。一百年前,由于人们对美国标准石油托拉斯(the Standard Oil Trust)持有戒心,它被解散。根据这一点,我们可以推断,美国标准石油托拉斯可能会威胁竞争。所以选择[D]项。   66. 对于新的企业合并浪潮,作者的态度可以说是。   [A] 乐观的[B] 客观的[C] 悲观的[D] 有偏见的   态度题【正确答案】[B]   考点在于把握全文主题(theme)及作者态度(author&s attitude)。纵览全文,作者首先描述了合并与收购的热潮,分析了这一狂潮背后的动因,以实例说明其带来的利益,又在文末告诫人们防范其弊端。可见,作者对于合并与收购的态度比较客观,因此选择[B]项。   全文翻译:   世界正在经历一场前所未有的巨大的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲,并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。这些国家的许多人面对这个浪潮开始忧虑:&企业合并的浪潮会不会变成一股不可控制的反竞争的力量?&   第一段:从现象引出问题:企业合并的浪潮会不会变成一股不可控制的反竞争的力量。   无疑,大企业正在变得更大、更强。跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20%的份额。而现在,这个数字上升到25%强,并且还在迅速上升。在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的国家的经济中国际分公司在国民生产中所占的比重越来越大。比如,在阿根廷,经过90年代初的改革之后,跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43%增加到几乎70%。这个现象造成了人们对小型企业和民族资本的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定的极大关注。   我认为,推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推动全球化进程的力量,包括日趋下降的运输与通讯费用,较低的贸易与投资壁垒,以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产。所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害的。随着生产力的提高,世界的财富也在增长。   第二、三段:作者指出企业规模确实越来越大及其原因。   目前证明这股合并浪潮是带来利还是弊的实例并不多。但是很难想象当今的几个石油公司的合并是否会重新造成约100年前美国标准石油公司对竞争造成的同样的威胁,那时由于人们对该公司的这种担心而导致了它最终的解散。像世界通讯这样的通讯公司合并似乎没有给消费者带来更高的费用,或者降低技术进步的速度。相反,通信的价格在迅速下降。在汽车行业,合并也同样在增加&&比如戴姆勒与克莱斯勒,雷诺与尼桑的合并&&但消费者看起来并未受到伤害。   第四段:指出很难断定合并浪潮是好是坏,并且说明目前的合并不会威胁到竞争机制。   但是合并运动必须受到严密监视这个事实仍然存在。就在几星期以前,格林斯潘对银行业的巨大合并发出了警告。谁来充当最终的借贷者,对这家正在形成的庞大银行发挥监督、规范和运作的作用。当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严厉时,跨国公司会不会把它们的生产从一地转到另一地呢?在那些将会影响许多其他国家的事情中,如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案,一个国家是否应该担负起&保护竞争&的责任呢?   第五段,指出人们还是要密切关注兼并浪潮,暗指兼并可能具有危险性。   Text 5   When I decided to quit my fulltime employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming &I wanted to spend more time with my family&.   Curiously, some twoandahalf years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term &downshifting& has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of &having it all&, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.   I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of &juggling your life&, and making the alternative move into &downshifting& brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on &quality time&.   In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a wellestablished trend. Downshifting&also known in America as &voluntary simplicity&&has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting selfhelp books for people who want to
there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their clingfilm to m there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid&90s equivalent of dropping out.   While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economy decline&after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late&80s&and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middleclass downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.   For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the&80s,downshifting in the mid&90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life&growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one&as a personal recognition of your limitations.   67.Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?   [A]Fulltime employment is a new international trend.   [B]The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.   [C]&A lateral move& means stepping out of fulltime employment.   [D]The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.   68.The writer&s experiment shows that downshifting.   [A]enables her to realize her dream   [B]helps her mold a new philosophy of life   [C]prompts her to abandon her high social status   [D]leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine   69. &Juggling one&s life& probably means living a life characterized by .   [A]nonmaterialistic lifestyle[B]a bit of everything   [C]extreme stress[D]anticonsumerism   70.According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of .   [A]the quick pace of modern life[B]man&s adventurous spirit   [C]man&s search for mythical experiences[D]the economic situation   核心词汇:   absolute[5AbsElu:t]a.绝对的,完全的;确实的,肯定的(ab不+solute&决不松开&绝对的)   acquaintance[E5kweintEns]n.认识,相识,了解;相识的人,熟人(acquaint告知+ance名词后缀&熟悉)   adventurous[Ed5ventFErEs]a.喜冒险的;充满危险的 (adventur(e)冒险+ous形容词后缀)   alternative[C:l5tE:nEtiv]n.两者择一,抉择(alternate交替+ive形容词后缀&二者择一的)   block[blCk]n.大块木(石)料;街区;障碍物v.阻塞,拦阻   cling[kliN]v.(to)粘住;依附;坚持   compel[kEm5pel]v.强迫,迫使(com共同+pel推&一起推&强迫)   curious[5kjuEriEs]a.好奇的, 求知的, 古怪的, 爱挑剔的(cur+ious形容词后缀&关心的,好奇的);curiously (ad.好奇地;奇怪地)&curious+ly   deadline[5dedlain]n.最后期限(dead+line)   doctrine[5dCktrin]n.教条,教义;法律原则;声明(doctr教+in+e名词后缀&教的东西&教条)   equivalent[i5kwivElEnt]a.相等的,等价的n.相等物,等价物(equi+val力量+ent&力量平等&相等的)   juggle[5dVQgl]vi.玩戏法, 诓骗, 篡改vt.耍弄, 歪曲, 篡改n.玩戏法, 魔术, 欺骗 &拿扑克牌玩杂耍(juggle),引得大家咯咯(guggle)笑&,文中juggle引申为&忙忙碌碌&   lateral[5lAtErEl]a.旁边的,侧面的(later+al)later即单词&后来&,al词后缀,&后来者只能靠边站&&旁边的   minister[5ministE]n.部长,大臣(mini+ster&小人&古代大臣称自己是小人&部长,大臣)   passionate [5pAFEnEt]a.充满热情的,即passion+ate,passion(激情;暴怒),ate此作形容词后缀   preach[pri:tF]v.宣讲(教义),布道;竭力鼓吹,宣传;说教   prompt[prCmpt]a.敏捷的,迅速的,即刻的v.激起,促进,推动   recognition[rekEg5niFEn]n.认出,辨认;承认(recogn+ition名词后缀)   redundancy[ri5dQndEnsi]n.冗余(red+und+ancy),red(=re),und词根&多&,ancy名词后缀,&越来越(re)多&&冗余。同根词:abundant(丰富的)&ab加强前缀+und多+ant形容词后缀   resignation[rezig5neiFEn]n.辞职;听天由命(resign+ation名词后缀);resign(v.辞职;顺从)&re+sign,re前缀=away或=again,sign签署,故&签署后离开&&辞职,&再次签署&&顺从   simplify[5simplifai]v.简化,使单纯   strain[5strein]v.拉紧;紧张;扭伤;竭尽全力n.拉紧;负担   thrift[Wrift]a.节约,节俭;繁荣.可记:&节俭&导致&繁荣&;thrifty(节俭的;繁荣的)&thrift+y形容词后缀。thrift&thrive(v.繁荣),类似变化的单词有theft(n.偷)&thieve(v.偷)   难句分析:   难句1 A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming &I wanted to spend more time with my family&.   [分析]此句主干是&a lateral move promoted me to...&。其中that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress是a lateral move的定语,although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming &I wanted to spend more time with my family&是状语,其中逗号之间的in the manner of a disgraced government minister是插入语。   [译文]一次平级的人事调动伤了我的自尊心,并阻断了我的事业发展,这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业,尽管就像面子扫尽的政府部长那样,我也掩饰说&我只想与家人更多的呆在一起&。   难句2 Curiously, some twoandahalf years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term &downshifting& has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.   [分析]此句主干是&... my experiment... has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality&。注意其谓语是一个turn sth. into sth.的结构。前面两个逗号之间的是时间状语。   [译文]奇怪的是,大约两年半的时间我写完两部小说后,我这个被美国人称为&放慢生活节奏&的试验,却使我老掉牙的借口变成了现实。   难句3 I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of &juggling your life&, and making the alternative move into &downshifting& brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.   [分析]此句中I have discovered是主句的主谓结构,that abandoning the doctrine of &juggling your life&, and making the alternative move into &downshifting& brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status是主句的宾语,其中abandoning the doctrine of &juggling your life&, and making the alternative move into &downshifting&为该宾语从句的主语,brings为谓语。as perhaps Kelsey will after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress既是伴随状语,又是插入语,其主语为Kelsey,谓语为will,而after her muchpublicized resignation from the editorship of She after a buildup of stress是本插入语中的时间状语。   [译文]我已经发现(由于压力过大,凯茜已公开宣称辞去《她》杂志编辑的职务,在这之后她也许会有同样发现),放弃&忙忙碌碌&的生活哲学,转而过一种&放慢生活节奏&的生活所带来的回报,比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。   难句4 Downshifting&also known in America as &voluntary simplicity&&has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism.   [分析]此句主干是&Downshifting has bred a new area...&,破折号之间的是插入结构,ironically也是插入语,可放在句首,what相当于thought which。   [译文]具有讽刺意味的是,&放慢生活节奏&&&在美国也称&甘愿简朴&&&甚至孕育了一个崭新的、可称之为反消费主义的生活方式。   难句5 For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the &80s, downshifting in the mid&90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life&growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one&as a personal recognition of your limitations.   [分析]此句主干是&... downshifting in the mid&90s is not...&。其中who were urged to keep juggling through the &80s是修饰the women of my generation的定语从句。growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one既是插入语,又是the mythical good life的同位语。本句中not so much A(a search for the mythical good life) as B(a personal recognition of your limitations)的句式含义,即&与其说是A,不如说是B&。   [译文]对我们这一代女性来说,整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活,90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻找那种自己种有机蔬菜并试图与之合一的神话般美好生活,还不如说是对我们自身局限性的认识。   文章类型:人文科学&&生活态变的转变   本文的主题是慢节奏(downshifting)的生活方式。作者以第一人称的口吻叙述了自身生活方式转变的过程,谈及慢节奏的生活方式在美国的发展情况,并剖析了这种现象背后的原因。   试题解析:   67. 根据第一段,下面哪项说法正确?   [A] 全职工作是一种新的国际潮流。   [B] 作者因环境所迫而辞去工作。   [C] &一次平级调动&意味着退出专职工作。   [D] 作者只是太想多花时间与其家人在一起了。   判断题【正确答案】 [B]   作者在第一段中说明她放弃工作时,根本没想到自己会成为一种新兴时尚的一分子,她辞职是因为一次平级的人事调动伤害了她的自尊心,妨碍了她的事业发展。可见,作者的辞职是出于环境所迫,所以[B]项是正确答案。   68. 作者的实践表明:降低节奏。   [A] 使她能够实现自己的梦想   [B] 帮助她形成了一种新的人生观   [C] 促使她放弃了自己很高的社会地位   [D] 使她接受了《她》杂志所倡导的生活哲学   细节事实题【正确答案】 [B]   第二段中作者提到自己已经是一个由信奉&拥有一切&生活哲学的人转变或一个知足常乐的人,对于作者而言,&慢节奏&的生活方式是一种新的生活哲学。因此选择[B]项。   69. &Juggling one&s life&可能指的是过一种具有特性的生活。   [A] 不追求物质利益的生活方式[B] 很容易满足   [C] 极度紧张[D] 反消费主义   词汇题【正确答案】 [C]   在第三段第一句,juggling one&s life与downshifting恰好是相对立的两种生活方式,说明她从a buildup of stress取得的financial success and social status远不及downshifting给她带来的回报多,因此选择[C]项。   70. 根据本文的观点,美国出现放慢生活节奏的原因是。   [A] 现代生活的快节奏[B] 人们的冒险精神   [C] 人们对神话般生活体验的追求[D] 经济形势   细节事实题【正确答案】 [D]   第五段第一句话指出,在美国,产生这种慢节奏生活方式是源于20世纪80年代末期因为经济萧条而进行的裁员。当时采取这种措施是为了应对这种经济衰退。因此选择[D]项。   全文翻译:   当我决定辞去自己的全日制工作时绝没有想到,自己竟成了一种新的国际性潮流的一分子。一次平级的人事调动伤了我的自尊心,并阻断了我的事业发展,这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业,尽管就像面子扫尽的政府部长那样,我也掩饰说&我只想与家人更多的呆在一起&。   奇怪的是,大约两年半的时间我写完两部小说后,我这个被美国人称为&放慢生活节奏&的试验,却使我老掉牙的借口变成了现实。我已从一个&拥有一切&哲学(琳达&凯茜过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的)的狂热支持者,变成了一个知足常乐的女人。   我已经发现(由于压力过大,凯茜已公开宣称辞去《她》杂志编辑的职务,在这之后她也许会有同样发现),放弃&忙忙碌碌&的生活哲学,转而过一种&放慢生活节奏&的生活所带来的回报,比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。什么也说服不了我回到过去那种凯茜所宣扬的、我也曾自得其乐的生活中去:每天12小时的工作日,压得人喘不过气来的最后期限,可怕而紧张的办公室的尔虞我诈,在&最佳时期&为人父母的限制。   第一至第三段:作者介绍了自己从忙碌生活过渡到悠闲生活的缘由,及经过。   在美国,摆脱忙碌,转而过一种简单、更远离物质化的生活已成明确趋势。具有讽刺意味的是,&放慢生活节奏&&&在美国也称&甘愿简朴&&&甚至孕育了一个崭新的、可称之为反消费主义的生活方式。对于那些想简单生活的人来说,有许多很畅销的帮你轻松生活的自助书籍;有各种简讯,例如省钱简报,会给美国人提供成千上万条有用的点子去做事,从保鲜膜的再利用到自制肥皂;甚至还有一些支援性团体,帮人按90年代中期脱离传统社会的人的生活方式去生活。   第四段:通过举例论证,简单悠闲生活已经在美国成为一种趋势。   在美国,这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应&&出现于20世纪80年代后期,企业缩小经济规模所引起的大规模裁员&&也与节俭的观点密切相连;在英国,至少在我所熟悉的中产阶级慢节奏生活的人中,我们对于为什么寻求简朴的生活有不同的原因。   第五段:作者指出赞成这种趋势的原因。   对我们这一代女性来说,整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活,90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻找那种自己种有机蔬菜并试图与之合一的神话般美好生活,还不如说是对我们自身局限性的认识。   第六段:指明作者追求闲适生活的真正原因。
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