CitationsSee all >25 References4.08 · Universit?t Mannheim33.74 · Graz University of TechnologyAbstractUntil recently, one of the main aims of the World Wide Web has been to offer users a wide range of information. This information was authored, by and large, by professional information providers. Recent advancements on the Internet, however, have changed this paradigm and the clear distinction between information producers and consumers is becoming blurred. New technologies such as weblogs, wikis, file sharing services, podcasting and social networks allow users to become an active part on the Web and let them participate in developing content.
In this chapter, an overview of several successful community-based concepts and services is given. The fact that many of these concepts have existed before is pointed out together with true novelties of their current implementations. Moreover, a critical view of recent communities, their importance and impact is presented. Especially the potential loss of individuality and the movement towards an“integrated society”with a common shared memory is discussed. We also venture to look at the future development of e-Communities in the light of ubiquitous access to information with technologies such as“always-on”wearable cameras and E-Ink.Discover the world's research12+ million members100+ million publications500k+ research projects
THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF E-COMMUNITIES ON THE WEB
Josef Kolbitsch Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 30, 8010 Graz, Austria josef.kolbitsch@tugraz.at Hermann Maurer Institute for Information Processing and Computer Media Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16c, 8010 Graz, Austria hmaurer@iicm.edu Keywords:
Communities,
Collaborative
Applications,
Information
File Sharing, Podcasting, Social Networks. Abstract:
of information.
This information
was authored,
professional
information
providers.
advancements
distinction
between information
producers and
is becoming
blurred. New
technologies such
file sharing
podcasting
social networks
on the Web
let them participate in developing content. In this chapter, an overview of several successful community-based concepts and services is given. The fact that many of these concepts have
pointed out together with true novelties
current implementations. Moreover, a critical view of recent communities, their importance and impact is presented. Especially
individuality
“integrated
a common shared memory
is discussed. We also venture to
future development of e-Communities in
of ubiquitous
information
technologies
as “always-on”
wearable cameras and E-Ink. 1
INTRODUCTION During
has evolved
network. Traditionally,
information
was published
professional
information
providers such
advertising
their products
research institutions. Moreover, personal homepages could be established by users. Although millions of individuals make use of the Web
the past only
small percentage was
and participating
technological obstacles including
the lack of technical background and
complicated
from producing web-pages and from participating in other services
Blount 2003]).
successful
exceptions
rule are discussion forums
and communities
for diseases and
disabilities,
dating services. Recently, however, concepts and services that let users
and distribution
introduced
file sharing
services, and
networks have
a movement
participation,
information
are capable
existing content,
the Internet. This
of popular,
community-based
Internet, discusses
outlook on future applications and their significance. Section
introduces
Wikipedia being
sharing services
podcasting,
networks. The
technologies
are discussed
an attempt
in conjunction
forthcoming
technical developments. 2 COMMUNITY-BASED SERVICES ON THE WEB In
community-based
introduced
the Internet.
technologies
were coined
emphasising
the evolutionary
process the Web is undergoing and the innovation
[O’Reilly 2006;
The following sub-sections
relevant community-based services on the Web. 2.1 Blogs Blogs,
for weblogs,
pages that contain articles similar to newsgroup postings in a
chronological
are usually
small group of authors and cannot be edited by the public. Postings
are regular,
a day (see
a combination
editorials
magazines, “hotlists”,
the “breaking news” section on news channels.
Contributions
frequently
current event
discussion
in parliament, the release of a new record, etc. In
Technorati,
tracking blogs
almost 40 million blogs
(source: [Technorati 2006]). About eleven percent of American Internet users have read blogs,
maintained blogs in 2004 (see [Lenhart et al. 2004]). 2.1.1 Blog Styles Currently,
are available: diaries
(accounting
about seventy percent of all blogs)
and filters (about ten to fifteen
see [Herring
et al. 2004]).
In diaries and
their personal
topics public.
diary-style
have been published was started in January 1994 by Justin Hall,
2001]). Nowadays,
particularly
well-liked
people who
tell friends (and
strangers)
about their
experiences. An example for a young woman’s blog discussing taboo and
provocative
rather popular
3; [MissIzzy 2006]). Filter-style
noteworthy resources
determining
the relevance
popularity
is approach is not unlike Google’s ranking mechanism Figure 1: Blogger, one of the free and easy-to-use services for creating b logs. Figure 2: Slashdot—probably the best known and most popular filter-style blog currently available.
Figure 3: MissIzzy with its sometimes controversial topics is one of the most popular diary-style blogs in Singapore. complemented
the respective
resources’
often limited
particular
globalisation, music, or computers and technology. One of the best known
filter-style blogs
is Slashdot, a
web-site with a very
on technology (see Figure 2; [Slashdot 2006]). Due
intrinsically opinionated.
They allow users to express themselves and
audience. However,
in personal
environments
also in organisations
and enterprises.
utilised for keeping employees informed of the status of projects, of new policies or similar
they can be used to encourage the communication and co-operation
departments
large organisations. 2.1.2 Technical Aspects A major part of the success of blogs is their ease-of-use—even
as difficult
organising
in mailboxes.
Blogger make it possible
start a new weblog
within a few minutes (see Figure 1; [Blogger 2006]). Hence, they are
replacement
traditional homepages. Another aspect that makes blogs a popular means for
communication
technologies
that greatly
community-building
users: permalinks,
Permalinks
persistent
postings on
to another blogger’s
article, the permalink
entry can be used.
trackback-enabled a link from
newer blog entry
existing one is
established
automatically.
trackback, blog entries can be linked practically bidirectionally, and
by someone else (cf., [Maurer and Tochtermann 2002]). RSS (“RDF Site Syndication” or “Really Simple Syndication”) is
technology that lets users retrieve a
in general.
subscribing
are provided
short summaries,
entries. When users read an interesting article on a blog they have subscribed to (using RSS) they can write a blog entry
original posting
permalink.
initial posting is informed trough trackback. This
combination
technologies
blogs—the
blogosphere.
particular
foster community-building among bloggers. This relatively simple
up-to-date
interested
and transforms occasional visitors into frequent readers. 2.2 Wikis The term
is derived from
wiki wiki, which
is Hawaiian
“quick”.
appropriate description
Cunningham’s
development
organisation of
Cunningham
2001]). Wikis
collaborative,
authoring environments, where anyone on the Internet can edit existing
they Figure 4: No other wiki has more pages or more authors than Wikipedia.
instantly become a writer. This
authoring system
previously
Web. Content
management
standard for
web-sites,
of hierarchical
management,
publishing process
newspaper publishing.
incorporates administrators, editors, authors, and mere
distinguish between
authors and
the same capabilities in the system. This aspect is of particular interest because initial authors
modify “their”
seem utterly chaotic, there are several very large wiki sites offering
quality content
provided by
community (see
characteristic
wikis work
all authors
single wiki
and neutral. 2.2.1 Advantages and Drawbacks of Wikis Their “open”
nature makes wikis more
flexible than conventional,
editor-based
web-sites.
new information becomes available it can be added to the wiki
immediately,
approval. Similarly,
when an error
by a reader
to contact
administrator
the document. Moreover, wiki documents can be written using a relatively uncomplicated syntax, and features such
as version
well-suited
for collaborative environments. At the same
openness of
through editors
inserted accidentally,
deliberately.
the other hand,
information
provided on
is vandalism,
information,
defamatory content,
advertisements
existing content is deleted or overwritten, etc. In many cases, however, such
vandalism are repaired
within minutes
version (cf., [Viégas et al. 2004]). 2.2.2 Wikipedia The
largest wiki
Wikipedia,
online encyclopaedia
available in more than
200 languages (see
[Wikipedia
an author and
information
instantly—even anonymously.
the project’s rapid and steady growth: from Wikipedia’s founding
articles have
written in
about 400.000
Wikipedia offers
commercial encyclopaedias, and can deliver more supplementary content
hyperlinks
information
reference.
This makes
people trust
other resources. However,
information provided
quality assurance
mechanisms
available.
Research shows,
on average,
than Figure 6: YouTube is a service where users of the community can post the video clips they produced. Figure 5: Flickr—a popular photo sharing service that makes use of tagging.
for-profit
encyclopaedias
[Giles 2005]). One
incorrect data
journalist
John Seigenthaler.
on Wikipedia
associated
the assassination
collaborated with
(see [Seigenthaler 2005]). As a consequence, the rights of anonymous
authors have been restricted.
addition to
in Wikipedia
discussed.
this feature
[Wales 2005]), it has not been realised yet.) In some cases,
incomplete content
just as bad
information.
a politician’s successes while deliberately omitting the promises that were not implemented is obviously not balanced
impression.
Similarly, due
systematic
provide unified views
in Wikipedia. Although one of aims of the
encyclopaedia
and cultural differences as well
different national and lingual backgrounds might
have an influence
on the content.
article on the
for instance,
the corresponding
and included
a comprehensive
references.
Thus, even
both articles
and objective
the background of the authors and the
observed. In
professional,
editor-based
encyclopaedias
systematic
authoring guidelines
of articles, etc.
2.3 File Sharing Services File
best known
in conjunction with
applications
allow users
Internet such
as Napster
or Kazaa. These
downloading music and
illegally.
Recently, however,
also several
been introduced.
web-based, provide
storing documents, help users organise content, and let them make documents publicly available. A popular file sharing tool is Flickr, a service for sharing
organising photos (see Figure 5; [Flickr 2006]).
inside images.
Additionally,
every photo
that loosely
corresponding image.
“wedding”,
“Vienna”. Consequently, a
“Vienna” would
also list this
searching,
users can also browse the vast archive using tags. Every photo shown
supplemented
tags assigned by the author. By selecting a tag, all images with the same tag are displayed. A
6; [YouTube
share video
tagging mechanism
CurrentTV takes
can viewers
publish them
CurrentTV’s
conventional Figure 8: The podcast directory integrated in Apple’s iTunes Music player. Figure 7: YouTube does not only offer home-made videos on their web-site but also broadcasts a selection on a traditional TV channel.
television channels (see
Figure 7; [YouTube 2006]). Thus, viewers may even become TV producers. 2.3.1 Podcasting A
to sharing
podcasting.
Basically,
podcasting means
producers regularly
upload audio
format to a server and insert references to these new files into an
subscribing
podcast (actually to the
RSS feed) have access to the full list of audio files made available by the producer and are notified
the users’
downloaded. Therefore,
podcasting
of “audio on demand” service (see [Biever 2005]). A
integrated
music player
catalogues
podcasts (see
wide range
to amateur
religious programmes
and masses
professionally
produced shows
[Nature 2006]).
podcasting
identified as
technology
e-Learning applications
initiatives. Lectures
discussions
provided free-of-charge
2006]). In
conference
presentations
are disseminated as podcasts on the Internet (e.g., [JISC-CETIS 2006]). 2.4 Social Networks Social
structures
the social
individuals.
connections
individuals,
the weight of edges can be used
degree of “amity”.
developments,
previously
for describing
structures,
was successfully applied to the online world. On the
social networks
are chiefly
utilised for
maintaining
and acquaintances
Such services
functionality
with members
information, etc. Users joining
social network have to fill out
containing
information
person’s name,
order that
most social
their friends but also their friends’ friends (second degree friends). This feature
clearly facilitates
creating new connections in the network. Well-known
examples for general-purpose social networks are
MySpace, the sixth most popular
more than 78 million registered
users, and
Friendster with about
10; [MySpace
Friendster
specialised
similar interests
established.
for instance,
professionals
business partners
[OpenBC 2006]). Figure 9: MySpace, a social network with more than 78 mn registered users—the sixth most popular web-site worldwide. Figure 10: With about 25 mn members, Friendster is one of the most successful social networks.
2.5 Other Community-Based Applications A
applications
of social networks and file sharing systems. del.icio.us, for
bookmarking
(see Figure
[del.icio.us
retain bookmarks
del.icio.us database
local computers.
to bookmarks
similar bookmarks
who else bookmarked the same web page, it is possible to find people
similar interests.
Hence, del.icio.us is
information
but also includes mechanisms from social networks. Furl is
a service similar to del.icio.us (see Figure 13; [Furl 2006]). In Furl, not only bookmarks but the actual
an internal database.
create a space
containing
to store—their own “Private Web”. Further
the community
and OhmyNews. Eventful is
a web-site listing
events for almost
14; [Eventful
2006]). The
service together
description,
location and
additional
information
by members of the community. The second application, Ohmy
which articles are authored by “citizen reporters”—amateur journalists from the global community ([OhmyNews 2006]).
often faster
traditional news
information written by locals and first-hand witnesses. 3 WHAT IS REALLY NEW? WHAT IS DIFFERENT? On close
inspection,
“novel” concepts
technologies
introduced
are essentially
[O’Reilly
2005]). Similar
for example,
hypermedia
Xanadu, Microcosm
or Hyperwave
Fountain et al. 1990; Maurer 1996]). However,
that distinguish
applications
previous implementations.
these services do but how they achieve it. Moreover, all of the concepts and
introduced
chapter have one aspect in common: they get better the more people
[O’Reilly
more people
environments
as Wikipedia
Ohmy News,
respectable
the results get. 3.1 Blogs Newsgroups,
editorials,
and “what’s
new” pages
have existed
conceived.
Blogs, however,
and comments,
offering functionality beyond
operations.
software is
lightweight
application
not overloaded
with functions
of. Moreover,
blogging tools are free, easy to use, and hardly any special skills or technical background knowledge are required. Most
importantly,
the Web a chance to participate. Editorials, for example, are “passive”
most users. There
Readers, however, do usually not have
way to comment
on editorials on the same
they could write a letter Figure 12: del.icio.us, one of the pioneers in social bookmarking services. Figure 11: OpenBC is a social network of professionals.
to the editor, but this letter might be shortened or not published
blogs, however, every
reader can
on, someone
Additionally,
of technologies
helps forming a blogging community. 3.2 Wikis Although
put forward
new concept
was previously
is far from
of the World
Berners-Lee
the system as the
“read/write Web”, where users are not only
author documents
Even earlier,
the genuine
versioning
and allowed
new content
share it with
Software such as Hyperwave implemented these features. Further,
to establish
encyclopaedia
This notion
the Interpedia Project was
proposed on the Usenet (e.g., [Foust
participate
in developing
encyclopaedia, Interpedia
quality assurance by
this mechanism, various independent organisations could rate
encyclopaedia
the accuracy
Displaying
an article
of approval
organisations,
it easier for
information
the community. 3.3 File Sharing Although
the file sharing
concept on a
large scale is relatively
technologies
enabling file sharing
existed since
the Internet. Anyone
can set up an
HTTP server on
computers, for
Software such as Napster employ proprietary protocols for the same
search functionality
the application
purpose-built
was possible
audio files
available on
technologies
attractive
relatively consumer-friendly. An
innovative
file sharing
functionality distinguishes
approaches
to organising
[Mathes 2004]).
In previous environments,
taxonomies were
Although annotations
for organising
content in the same way
tags are used nowadays,
classification
such loose metadata did not seem reasonable. 3.4 Social Networks Social
existed for
associations
with Figure 13: Furl is a social bookmarking service that lets users not only store references to pages but the actual resources. Figure 14: A worldwide event directory, where users submit information on upcoming events.
interests,
workgroups
societies were
successful
was developed.
characteristics
social networks
introduced
computer-mediated systems.
functionality,
these “computer
cooperative
work” environments
collaboratively
authoring content,
organising
information, maintaining
the systems,
communication
[Schmidt and Bannon 1992]). Today’s
significantly less
functionality.
available only
purpose—communication—and
incorporate
diverse functionality
collaborative
authoring.
This lowers
social networks easier to handle even for novice users. 4 IMPACT OF RECENT COMMUNITY-BASED DEVELOPMENTS The
transformations
undergoing
new technologies
fundamental
organisations
participate instead
only passively
as readers. Furthermore,
there is a willingness to share
content, and
content databases. One of the best examples is Google Earth, where
geographic
information are made publicly available ([Google 2006]). For
tendency “materialises” in a combination of blogs, file sharing services
on weblogs
continuous
thoughts, experiences
complementing
photos and
the infrastructure
maintaining
friends and acquaintances (cf., [Kolbitsch 2006]). An
developments
is that the world
getting yet “smaller”. Teenagers
in Europe,
New Zealand
their lives
neighbours. Although,
perspective,
was possible
only recently
above (and
other technologies
telephony). Especially the blend of social networks and blogging is intriguing: in social networks, it is possible to find new
friends or
rediscover
blogs, on the other hand, are the means to stay informed on their
activities—from
as buying a new CD or doing a mountain bike tour to a three-month trip to South America. From
enthusiastic
perspective,
direction where
individual
experiences
increasingly rare. Imagine holidays in Papua New Guinea. On the Internet,
travel-related
first-hand
experience,
wide range
etc. Thus,
impression
we will see and what it will be like. 5 FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS Looking
at the development of communication among
written language
increased the
importance
the introduction
of compulsory
education further spread
reading and writing. About 150 years ago, photography
were invented, and some
were introduced.
years ago,
radio broadcasting was started. 70 years ago, anyone interested and able to afford it,
could buy a c forty years ago, the same
forty years
television
About twenty-five years ago, the Walkman was introduced. Twenty
became affordable
available.
ago, computer
implemented
in numerous organisations.
the Internet in general) took
About five to
ten years ago,
social networks were introduced. Considering
became available to the public only about 200 years ago, that widespread
technologies
television
that blogging
being only
ago, it can be assumed
that recent technologies permitting
user participation
almost anyone on the Internet in only a few years. We
information will
Moreover, most people on the Web will be members of
specialised community.
the technologies
just the beginning of a movement towards an “integrated society”. Already today we reveal more personal and intimate
absolute strangers)
[MissIzzy 2006],
above, is a
(see section
female author
personal experiences
and intimacies on
can relate
experiences and
sometimes even
where they
perception that
the experiences,
they only read about it.. To
increasing degree,
individuals
merge their own
experiences with the
experiences
other users
side-effect of
communication systems.
Consequently,
might find
any truly individual experiences. 5.1 Upcoming Technologies We believe that the key to the further success of
the recent community-based services, and the formation of
integrated
is ubiquity.
to be able
experience”
of someone
else’s life, this other person has to provide a stream of data (text,
virtually anywhere.
have ubiquitous access to this information. Both
as current
technologies
demonstrate.
Hewlett-Packard,
an “always-on”
wearable camera that captures what the user
recorded continuously and is to be stored in data centres. With such
individuals
a continuous
their perspective, on the Internet. E-Ink
technology
the potential to revolutionise the way we have access
to information.
a material
requires electricity
matrix-based display
while displaying
image. The
can be changed
display. However,
electronic paper is thin, flexible, can display both monochrome and colour
images, and
power consumption
Figure 15; [eInk 2006]). With
resolution wearable
cameras, foldable
network connections,
can publish
information anytime
anyplace and
ubiquitous access
information
for example,
partner sitting
watching your
presentation
conference—from
your perspective.
imagine being
in Papua New
technologies,
“tune in” to your holidays anytime they want to (when you make
available).
watch part
replacement for
conventional
guidebook.
more radically,
complete substitute for the actual trip! CONCLUSION In
a network for
community-based
global collaboration.
managing information
file sharing services and social networks attract millions of users on
developments,
participate
share Figure 15: Demonstration of e-Ink technology. e-Ink paper is thin, flexible, and content can be changed as if it were a regular display. Source: [eInk 2005]
experiences,
emotions. Although
users unprecedented
opportunities
generally viewed
positively,
the risks that may be involved. The
communication
a transformation
unnoticed.
fact, we are
develop an integrated society with
a “shared
a consequence,
individual experiences
unavoidable.
our society
increasingly
network-based services,
become dependent
be particularly problematic
interpersonal communication.
developments
electronic communities
it remains
growing influence of information technology will have on our society and everyday lives. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research
publication
was supported
the Styria
Professorship
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&Hoegg et al. (2006) define Web 2.0 as & the philosophy of mutually maximizing collective intelligence and added value for each participant by formalized and dynamic information sharing and creation. & The simple definition & Social Web & can be preferred, while some researchers describe the term by focusing on applications (Korica/Mauer/Schinagl 2006) or use the term & Social Software & (Casta?eda 2007). Other definitions focus on the social or sociological aspects of Web 2.0 (Birdsall 2007; SpannerWorks 2007; Beer/Burrows 2007 ) or place emphasis on the technical aspects or applications allowing Web 2.0 functionalities (Facca/Lanzi 2004; Anderson 2007; McKinsey 2007b). &ABSTRACT: During the last two decades the retailing industry is finding itself in a state of constant evolu- tion and transformation. Globalization, mergers and acquisitions, and technological develop- ments have drastically changed the retailing landscape. The explosive growth of the Internet has been one of the main catalysts in this process. The effects of the Internet have been mostly felt in retail sectors dealing mainly with intangibles or information products. But these are not likely to be limi increasingly retailers of physical products realize that the empowered, sophisticated, critical and well-informed consumer of today is essentially differ- ent to the consumer they have always known. The web, and particularly what is known as So- cial Media or Web 2.0, have given consumers much more control, information and power over the market process, posing retailers with a number of important dilemmas and chal- lenges. This article explains what the new face of the Internet, widely referred to as Web 2.0 or Social Media, is, identifies its importance as a strategic marketing tool and proposes a number of alternative strategies for retailers. Implementing such strategies will allow retailers not only to survive, but also create competitive advantages and thrive in the new environment. Full-text · Article · Jan 2008 &Some UCDI-ventures such as YouTube mainly foster the consumption of user- they facilitate commenting and rating only as add-ons. Other UCDI-ventures strive for ongoing interaction of users via instant messaging, chat rooms, or message boards (Korica et al., 2006). Examples of the latter category are Facebook or LinkedIn, both building a service model around iterative and sustained user interactions. &ABSTRACT: A recent wave of Internet-related entrepreneurship focused on virtual communities. It produced User-Community-Driven Internet ventures (UCDI-ventures), characterized by (1) user-contributed content, (2) network effects, and (3), an interactive community. Whereas light pole examples such as YouTube, MySpace, or Facebook have received high capital market valuations, many other ventures have failed, making research on the phenomenon and related success drivers worthwhile. This paper integrates three general venture success drivers from the entrepreneurship literature and two specific UCDIventure related ones. Drawing on the case of the online video sharing community Clipfish in Germany, it demonstrates the relevance of the proposed UCDI-venture success drivers. The paper concludes with an assessment of the five success drivers and suggests three steps of future research. Full-text · Conference Paper · Jan 2008 &Nowadays Web 2.0 technologies are influencing our daily life (O&#x27;Reilly, 2006). New opportunities such as Weblogs, Wikis or Podcasts help to bring so called microcontent closer to the user (Maurer & Schinagl, 2006) (Korica et al, 2006). Learning and teaching can be realized in very new and very various ways (Seitzinger, 2006). &ABSTRACT: This paper tracks the question how the usage of an interactive pen display benefits teaching at universities. The advantages and disadvantages as well as important didactical aspects that need to be concerned in this context are discussed. First results of a survey on the application area of interactive pen displays for higher education purpose that was carried out at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) in winter term 2007/08 are reflected. Although the results of the survey are surprisingly significant in favour of the interactive pen display overall strategies for a widespread usage at universities are recommended. Full-text · Article · Jan 2008 ArticleMarch 2017 · International Journal of Actor-Network Theory and Technological InnovationArticleMarch 2017ArticleMarch 2017ArticleMarch 2017Data provided are for informational purposes only. Although carefully collected, accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Publisher conditions are provided by RoMEO. Differing provisions from the publisher&#x27;s actual policy or licence agreement may be applicable.This publication is from a journal that may support self archiving.
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