equivalence of studieswoof是什么意思啊

Equivalence of Several Two-stage Methods for Linear Discriminant Analysis_百度文库
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http://www.xinhuanet.cor;http://www.chinanews.cn/;http://english.people.co;http://www.newsday.com;TwelvepairsofChinese―Eng;oneareprovidedbyChinesee;Inordertostudythenewswri;tenFebr
 http://www.xinhuanet.corn/http://www.chinanews.cn/http://english.people.com.cn/http://www.newsday.comTwelvepairsofChinese―Englishcomparativenewssamples,24newsstoriesinall,areselectedfromwebsitesofXinhuaNewsAgency,People’SDailyOnlineandChinaNewsServices.TheEnglishversionsoneareprovidedbyChineseeditors.These24storiesconstituteofthenewsdatapoolsinthispaperandisnamedDATAI.Inordertostudythenewswritingpracticeofwesternreporters,IalsolookthrouglltheAssociatedPress(AP)storiesonthewebsite:www.newsday.com,datingfromFebruary1totenFebruary8,2006andpickoutallthehardstoriesrelatingtoChina.Altogether,therearesuchstories.ThesetenbecomeanothernewsdatapoolofthispaperandisnamedDATAII.Sourcesofeachnewsstorywillbeidentifiedinthisthesis.Sinceallthenewsdataarefromofficialnewsagencies,anthontyandauthenticityareguaranteed.Allmaterialsuptoaretranslatedoreditedin2005or2006tomakeSUrethattheyaredate,SOnoveltyisalsomaintained.newsstoriesMostarepairedinbothChineseandEnglishofnewstoretracethetranslationwillnotbestrategyandpairedprocess.Occasionally,fortheclarificationarefeatures,samplesandonlyEnglishversionslisted.1.3ResearchMethodologyTextthreetypologyoffortranslatorsisfirstlyutilized.AccordiogtoKatharinaReiss,therearekindstexts―content-focused(informative),form―focused(expressive)andnewsappeal?focused(operative).Hardcharacterizedasishighlyinformation-condensed,andmaybeconcernedprimarilyifnotexclusivelywithcommunicatinghavelessresponsibilitytoretaintheformorinformation.Therefore,translatorstext.Thestructureoftheoriginalmajortaskistotransmitreaders.information,especiallythemostimportantandrelevantinformationforthetarget2Thenwegoontoexplorethestylefeaturesofnewsstories.OurtargetlanguageisInordertomaketheEnglishversionEnglishandtargetreadersareEnglish-speakingpeopleidiomaticandattractive,wetrytofindouthowtoconformittotheconventionsofEnglishnews.Atthenextstage,ChineseandEnglishnewsversionsarecomparedfirstinaretermsofmicro-elements,secondlyinsolvetermsofmacro-elements.Relevantstrategiesgeneralprovidedtospecificproblems.Afterthat,astrategy(multi-leveltranslationvariationmodel)tosummarizethespecificstrategiesstatedabovewouldbepresented.1.4PreviewofEachChapterAltogether,therearefivechaptersinthisthesis.ChapterOnewillspecifytheresearchstatement,makingclearthatthisthesisisgoingtodiscussthetranslationofdomesticnewsfromChinesetoEnglish.Corpusselectionandresearchmethodologiesthischapter.ChapterTwowillmakesomeaarealsocoveredinbriefofprevioustranslationstudieswhichcouldshedlightOUthetopictobediscussedinthisthesis.neyarefunctionalapproaches,willmakeatranslators’subjectivityandtranslationvariationtheory.ChapterThreedetailedanalysisofnewstextatvariouslanguagelevels,becausetextanalysisistheveryfoundationoftranslationstrategyandpractice.ChapterFourisorganizedonthebasisofChapterThreeatanditdrawsupseveralstrategiesusingtranslationvariationtheorylevelsofnewsstories.ChapterFivepresentsalldifferentlanguageultimateconclusionforthisthesisandanoverridingstrategyfornewstranslationcalledmulti-levelvariationmodel.3ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewInthischapter,wewillbrieflygothrou曲threehotissuesinthetranslationtheoriescircle,namelyfunctionalism,translators’subjectivityandtranslationvariationtheory.Theyarehelpfulinf'mdingoutandunderstandingthemostsuitablestrategyofnewstranslation.2.1FunctionalApproachFunctionalapproach,withintranslationstudies,is‘‘atraditionstemmingfromBuhler,whichseesjudgmentsaboutthecommunicativeSkopos/purpose(ReissandVermeer)orsetoffunctions(Nord)oftheactoftranslatingaslyingattherootoftranslators’decisions’’(Baker,200l:29)Theapproachholdsthatanyactionhasanaimorpurpose.TranslationisaparticulartranslationalactionbasedonST.TheSkopostheorybroughtforthbyVermeeristhemostimportantfunctionalisttranslationtheory.Accordingtothistheory,theprimeprinciplethatanytranslationshouldobserveisthe“Skoposrule”:theSkopos(purpose)anytranslationisgoingtofulfilldecidesthewholetranslatingprocess.Skoposisessentialtotranslationandplaysadirectlydecisiveroleinwhattranslationstrategiesthetranslatorwilladoptinthewholetranslatingprocess.Thetargettexts("IT)basedonthesamesourcetext(ST)permitbigdifferencesduetotheirdifferentgivenpurposes.Therefore,wecouldn’tregard“equivalence’’astheonlytranslationstandard.Whenequivalenceruleisinvalid,adequacybecomesthestandard.Skopostheoryseesequivalenceasoneoftheexpressivemodesofadequacy.Thefunctionalisttranslationtheoriescastoffthefettersofequivalencetheorybyusing“Skoposrule’’asanoverridingprincipleandplacingtranslationintheframeofactiontheoryandcross―culturalcommunicationtheory.Inthissense,functionalismbroadensthescopeoftranslationstudiesandgivestranslatorsmoreroomtowork.Theoretically,functionalistsgiveussomebasicunderlying‘rules’ofthetheory(ReissandVermeer,1984:119、.Theseare:1.Atranslation(orTT)isdeterminedbyitsSkopos.42.ATTisanofferofinformationinaatargetcultureandTLconcerningallofferofinformation{nsonrcecu珏u撑andSL,3.ATTdoesnotinitiateanofferofinformationinaclearlyreversibleway.4.ATI"mustbeinternallycoherent,5.ATTmustbecoherentwiththeST.6.Thefiverulesabovestandinhierarchicalorder,withtheSkoposrulepredominating。ThecolaerentrUlestatesthatTT‘'mustbeinterpretableascoherentWiththeTTreceiver’Sasituation'’.(ReissandVermear1984:113)Inotherwords,the"ITmusthetranslatedinsuchwaythatitiscoherentfortheTTreceivers,giventheircircumstancesandknowledge。Thehierarchicalorderoftherulesmeansthatinter-textualcoherence(rule5)isoflessimportancethanintra-textualcoherence《rule4),whichintu/n,issubordinate(rule1).Vermeertermsitas‘'detlwoning”oftheST.STforthem如rreferenceonly.isantotheSkoposinformationprovider,2.2Translator'sSn掰eetivityWithinthetranslationcirclenowadays,anofl把rhotissueSOistranslator’Ssubjectivity.Forlongahistory,translatorsor灯anslationtheotstshavebeenarguingabouttranslators’statusonandroleintranslationpractices。Someinsisttheyshouldalwaysbeloyalscholarsaretotranslators'subordinativeposition,sayingtheirmaster,ortheoriginalauthor.However,moreandmoregranttranslatorsnOWwillingtoreasonablerightstomakenecessarymodificationstothetext。Theythinkthattranslationisnotrigidreproductionofmeaningfi'omonelanguagetoallotherbutaprocessofthetranslator'sinterpretation,presentinghisOWIIasunderstandingofthemeaningbymeaussuchactivereading,construing,paraphrasingandexplaining.Thistreadgivestranslatorsmoreroomtobringtheirtalentsintofullplay.2.2.1ChoosingTranslationMaterialsWhatkindofbooksorarticlesthetranslatorislikelytochoosefortheirwork?Thisis5relatedtotranslator’Ssubjectivity。MatteoRiceiinlateQingdynasty,forexample,hadntranslatedmanyscientificworks。AsmissionarytoChina。whydidn’thestick协hisdesignatedreligioustaskandtranslateBibleinthefirstnecessarytostudyplace?Toaflswerthisquestion,itisthehistoricalbackgroundofthatperiod。FeudalorauthoritiesandCatholicism.InpeoplebeforegovernmentofficialsofthatperiodwerestillsuspiciousaboutChristianityordertofulfillhismissionaryhecouldcommithistask,MatteoRiccihad招wintheastrustofChinesemajortask.Westernsciences,suchastronomyandarithmetic,areofparticularinteresttotheill―informedChinesepeople.Therefore,histranslationstrategyisextremelyintelligentandappropriatetotheoccasion。Translators’choiceofsourcematerialsdependsreason011histasteandideas.淞wellasthesocialandculturalbackground。OneimportantthathischoiceofSOIlrCCtextsforYanFu‘SSUCCESS≈atranslatorisonandhisstylea∞basedthedesiresandexpectationsofhispotentialreaders.HetranslatedEvolutionandEthicswiththepurposeofmakingtheChinesepeopleawal'eofthefactthatthebiologicallawof“survivalofthe矗ttest”wasalsoapplicabletosocialdevelopmentandhistoricalevolutionandwarningthemofthedangerofeliminationofthewholenation.HistranslationofAnInquiryintotheNatumandCausesoftheWealthofNationsalsorevealedhisbeliefthatthein口oductionofcapitalisteconomicandpoliticalthoughtsisinevitable。HewouldliketofindinSmith'steachingsatheoreticalfoundationfordevelopingcapitalisminChina.Similarly,histranslationofJ.S.Mill’SLogicaimedatintroducingthemethodologyofmodemnaturalsciences,SOastoadvocatethemethodofinductionandtocombatapriorism.(HuangZhonglian,2002:is)Alltheseexamplesindicatethattranslatorswouldactivelyandvoluntarilychooseappropriatematerialsisoneaspectoftheirtoworkon.Thissubjectivity.2.2.2TheImpactofSnMeetivityuponTranslationStrategiesEmployedTranslator’Ssubjectivitywouldundoubtedlydeterminethestrategieshewouldliketoadopt.Thetranslatorwouldstick{ohisOWlllanguagefeatureandartisticstyle;onsomeoccasions,healsoinfuseshisownideasintothetext,oratleastdoessomeabridgementadaptationtoortheoriginalideas.6包含各类专业文献、应用写作文书、各类资格栲试、中学教育、文学作品欣赏、生活休闲娱樂、行业资料、高等教育、专业论文、74变译理論与对外新闻报道的英译等内容。 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