关于such...who和such...as的问题He is such a man who is always finding fault with others中的who可以用as代替吗？请说明原因主句中出现the same, as, such, so修饰先行词，需选择as做关系代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。/question/.html?si=6还是有疑问呢
不可 as是不能做从句的主语的。。。
man后面必须接whosuch as 只用于物品之类.
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扫描下载二维码提问：级别：幼儿园来自：中国
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定语从句一些常考的,常用的语法,还有关系代词,关系副词的用法!
&提问时间： 12:48:38
最佳答案此答案已被选择为最佳答案，但并不代表问吧支持或赞同其观点
回答：级别：幼儿园 15:48:15来自：河南省
定语从句即在复合句中充当定语的从句，定语从句修饰名词或者代词放在所修饰名词或代词之后，这种名词或者代词叫先行词。
引导先行词的有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词：that，which，who，whom，whose .
that指人、物，在从句中做主语（不可以省略）或宾语（可省略）
which指物，在从句中做主语（不可以省略）或宾语（可省略）
who指人，在从句中做主语（不可省略）或宾语（可省略）
whom指人，在从句中做宾语可省略，但在其之前有介词时不可以省略。
whose通常指人也可指物，在从句中做定语。
that的用法
1.定语从句的先行词被all，some，any，no，little，few，much，very,only等修饰时
You should hand in all that you have.
2.定语从句的先行词被序数修饰或在它前面有一个序数词时
He is the last person（that）I want to see.
It is the first American movie of this kind that I've ever seen.
3.定语从句的先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
4.定语从句的先行词是不定代词everything，anything，nothing等不定代词时
Is there anything else that I can do for you?
5.定语从句的先行词既有人又有物时
They talked about the persons and the things that they remebered in the old
6.主句中已有一疑问词who或which时
Which is the bike that you lost.
Who is the woman that was was praised at the meetings?
7.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that.
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen
8.that不可以用于非限定定语从句。
which的用法
1.which可以用于引导非限定定语从句
2.介词+which，其中的which不可以省略，有时候相当于where，when，why的用法
介词+关系代词：介词+whom ，介词+which
1.先行词是one,ones,anyone时用who。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
2.先行词为those时，关系代词用who。
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
3.先行词有较长的后置定语时用who。
I met a foreiner in the street yesterday who could ask me questions in
4.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用that，另一个定语从句who。
关系副词：where，when，why
where做地点状语
This is the house I was born in the house.
=This is the house I was born there.
=This is the house where I was born.
=This is the house in which I was born.
=This is the house that/which I was born in.
where代替先行词the house在从句中地点状语，代替there（副词）或in the house（介词短语),where=in which.
when的用法
He came at a time when we needed help.
=He came at a time at which we needed help.
=He came at a time which/that/省略 we needed help at .
when=at which,表示at a time
The reason why I'm calling you is no invite you to a party.
=The reason why/that/省略 I'm calling you is no invite you to a party.
why代替reason，这里要注意与表语从句的区别，这个话换成表语从句就是:
The reason is that I'm calling you is no invite you to a party.
关于定语从句的句型
1.as引导定语从句有两个意思，第一个意思是“正如、有些”，第一个意思是代替“，”前面或者后面整句话的意思。
As everybody can see,great changes have taken place in China.
正如大家所能看到的，中国已发生了巨大的变化。
The teacher is from Beijing,as/which they know from his accent.
他们从老师的口音中就知道他是北京人。
在这里which和as的用法相同但是只可以用在“，”之后代替前面整句话的意思。
2.关于as的句型
⑴such...as和the same...as
such...as像……一样的，像……之类，the same...as和……同样的
as是关系代词，such和same做定语修饰主句里的某个名字或代词，as可担任主语、宾语或表语。例如：
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我们找到了像他们厂里用的那种材料。as做主语。
Such people as you describe are short nowdays.
你描述的这种人现在已经很少了。as做宾语。
He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。as作表语
This is the same thing as we are in need of.这东西和我们所需要的东西都是一样的
⑵...such as...中的such为代词，“这样的人或物”，as担任成分，修饰先行词such。
例如： This book is not such I expect.这不是一本我所希望的书。
提问者对答案的评价：
非常详细！谢谢！
回答：级别：三年级 17:47:59来自：浙江省杭州市
楼上的答得很完整了，支持
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最新热点问题定语 知识讲解 定语修饰宾语时是放在宾语前面呢还是放在后面（北京四中网校－〉名师答疑－〉高一－〉英语）　
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　　定语 知识讲解 定语修饰宾语时是放在宾语前面呢还是放在后面
　　老师
&&&&&请问定语修饰宾语时是放在宾语前面呢还是放在后面呢?当现在分词修饰宾语放在哪呢?当过去分词修饰时又放在哪呢?请说明后举例,谢谢!
　　一般说来，形容词放在所修饰名词的前面。单个的现在分词、过去分词以及动名词作定语，都是放在所修饰名词（或代词）的前面。这些称为前置定语.
例如：&a&red&flower&;&an&interesting&story&;&这里red,&interesting都是作前置定语的。
后置定语顾名思义就是放在被修饰词的后面。可以分为以下几类：
I、形容词做后置定语
&1.&英语中有些以a为词首的形容词做定语时，均放在被修饰语后面。例如：
The&girl&asleep&soundly&is&my&younger&sister.&&&正熟睡的小女孩是我的小妹妹。
He&is&the&greatest&writer&alive.&&&他是当代最伟大的作家。
以a为首做后置定语的形容词还有：alone,&alike,&afraid,&aware,&ashamed,&awake&等。但这些词在有一状语修饰时，也可以做前置定语。例如：
the&fast&asleep&children&&&&熟睡的孩子们
the&wide&awake&patient&&&&完全醒着的病人
a&somewhat&afraid&soldier&&&一个有点惊恐的士兵
2.以后缀-able&和-ible&结尾的形容词，在意义上有强烈的谓语色彩和被动意义时，也往往后置。例如：
He&is&the&only&person&reliable.&&&&他是唯一可信赖的人。
I&know&the&actor&suitable&for&the&part.&&我认识适合扮演这个角色的演员。
3.形容词修饰不定代词时，一般放在其后。例如：
I’d&like&something&cheaper.&&&我想买些便宜的东西。
There&is&something&strange&in&the&sky.&&&&天空中有些奇怪的东西。
4.形容词短语做修饰语时，往往后置。例如：
He&looked&at&the&street&full&of&cars.&&&&&&&&他看着车辆拥挤的街道。
II、副词做后置定语
副词做定语时一般放在名词之后，在意义上表示时间、地点等。例如：
The&weather&here&is&very&nice.&&&&&&&这里的天气很好。
The&building&around&are&mostly&of&modern&constructions.&&&这附近多数是现代化建筑。
III、现在分词短语做后置定语
英语中现在分词做定语可以前置，也可以后置。但现在分词短语做定语时，一定放在被修饰成分的后面，构成后置定语。例如：
They&built&a&highway&leading&into&the&mountains.&&&&他们修建了一条通往山里的公路。
We&met&a&group&of&pupils&returning&from&school.&&&我们碰到了一群从学校回来的孩子。
现在分词短语做后置定语，在意义上相当于一个定语从句。但在转换时，要注意动词的主语和时态。例如上述两句可转化为：
They&built&a&highway&which&led&into&the&mountains.
We&met&a&group&of&pupils&who&returned&from&school.
IV、过去分词短语做后置定语
过去分词短语做后置定语时，表示被动意义、完成意义或状态意义。例如：
What’s&the&language&spoken&in&that&area?&&&&那个地区讲什么语言？
Is&there&anything&planned&for&tonight?&&&今晚有什么活动吗？
V、动词不定式做后置定语
动词不定式做后置定语与被修饰成分之间表示不同的语义关系。
1.&表示动宾关系。
做修饰语的动词不定式为逻辑谓语，被修饰的名词为动词不定式的直接宾语。例如：
I&have&a&lot&of&work&to&do&today.&我今天有很多活要干。
He&had&a&big&family&to&support.&&他有一个大家庭需要他来养活。
2.表示主谓关系。
被修饰的名词表示逻辑主语，修饰它的动词不定式结构表示逻辑谓语。例如：
He’s&always&the&first&to&come.&&他总是第一个来。
Among&the&men&to&take&part&in&the&work,&he&is&probably&the&most&active.&&在要参加这项工作的人中，他恐怕是最积极的。
3.表示修饰关系。
动词不定式对其修饰的成分起一种描绘阐述作用。例如：
It’s&already&time&to&start&planting&trees.&&&&&已经到了植树的季节。
He&had&no&chance&to&go&school&in&those&years.&&&那时候，他没有机会上学。
4.&&表示同位关系。
不定式和被修饰的名词处于平行关系，只对其起一种解说作用。例如：
Soon&came&the&order&to&start&the&general&attack.很快下达了发起总攻的命令。
We&got&no&instructions&to&leave&the&city.&&&我们没有接到离开这座城市的指示。
VI、动词不定式复合结构做后置定语
动词不定式复合结构做后置定语和动词不定式短语一样，均只能放在被修饰成分后面，做后置定语。例如：
He&bought&a&house&for&his&children&to&live&in.&&他买了一套房子给孩子们住。
It’s&difficult&for&us&to&get&there&on&time.&&&我们很难按时到达那里。
VII、介词短语做后置定语
介词短语做后置修饰语，在意义上表示时间、地点、范围、类别、来源、动宾、同位等语义关系。例如：
The&weather&in&Beijing&is&colder&than&that&in&Guangzhou.&&&&（地点）北京的天气比广州冷。
People&in&the&world&play&basketball.&&&&&（范围）世界上的人们都打篮球。
His&love&for&his&country&is&very&great.&&&&（动宾）他很热爱自己的国家。
The&city&of&New&York&is&very&large.&&&&&（同位）纽约城很大。
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一．名词I. 名词的种类：&&专有名词&&普通名词&&国名地名人名，团体机构名称&&可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：&&规则&&例词&&1&&一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days&&2&&以s, x, ch,&&sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches,&&dish-dishes&&3&&以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,&&loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs,&&proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs&&4&&以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families,&&story-stories, city-cities&&5&&以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,&&Henry-Henrys&&6&&以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes,&&potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos,&&kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/&&volcanos&&7&&以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos&&8&&以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months,&&path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：&&规则&&例词&&1&&改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet,&&goose-geese, mouse-mice &&2&&单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish,&&species li, yuan, jin, &&3&&只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods,&&glasses, compasses, contents&&4&&一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff&&5&&部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple,&&group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party&&6&&复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)&&7&&表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks,&&Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen&&8&&合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by,&&story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. ’s所有格的构成：&&单数名词在末尾加’s&&the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her&&son-in-law’s photo,&&复数名词&&一般在末尾加’the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’sthe children’s toys, women’s rights, &&以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’&&Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the&&Smiths’ house&&表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s&&Japan’s and America’s&&problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes&&表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s&&Japan and America’s&&problems, Jane and Mary’s father&&表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略&&the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s,&&my uncle’s2. ’s所有格的用法：&&１&&表示时间today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday &&2&&表示自然现象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s&&branches&&3&&表示国家城市等地方的名词the country’s plan, the world’s&&population, China’s&&industry&&4&&表示工作群体the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the&&team’s victory&&5&&表示度量衡及价值a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of&&apples&&6&&与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life’s time, the play’s plot&&7&&某些固定词组a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at&&one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西：thelegs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：thestruggle of the oppressed
鲜花鸡蛋&&在 22:45&&送了1朵鲜花&&并说：我非常同意你的观点，送朵鲜花鼓励一下
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二．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：&&1&&指一类人或事，相当于a&&kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.&&2&&第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.&&3&&表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.&&4&&表示“相同”相当于the&&sameWe are nearly of an age.&&5&&用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you&&were out&&That boy is rather a Lei Feng.&&6&&用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in&&a hurry, have a walk, many a time&&7&&用于quite, rather,&&many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.&&8&&用于so(as,&&too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish&&to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：&&1&&表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.&&2&&用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean&&3&&表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? &&4&&用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar&&5&&用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded&&6&&表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs&&7&&用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.&&8&&用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United& &States, the Communist Party of China, the&&French&&9&&用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.&&10&&在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990’s&&11&&用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.&&12&&用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：&&1&&专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China,&&love, air&&2&&名词前有this, my,&&whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. /&&Whose purse is this?&&3&&季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring&&4&&表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.&&5&&学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.&&6&&与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land&&7&&以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and&&night&&8 &&表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.& &
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三．代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：&&1&&人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them&&2&&物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs&&3&&反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself,&&itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves&&4&&指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some&&5&&疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever,&&whichever, whatever&&6&&关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as&&7&&不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no,&&many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/&&eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas?&&Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.& & Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.& & Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary./ We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us hasstrong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:&&1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day,every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed theexam.&&2)another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).&&The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / someothers.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either&&all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.&&Allof the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written inEnglish. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either ofus is a teacher.
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四．形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：&&1&&修饰some, any,&&every, no和body,&&thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible&&2&&以-able,&&-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only&&solution possible&&3&&alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake&&4&&和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long&&5&&成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful&&6&&形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：&&代词&&数词性状形容词&&冠词前的形容词&&冠词&&指示代词&&不定代词&&代词所有格序数词基数词性质&&状态大小&&长短&&形状新旧&&温度颜色国籍&&产地材料&&质地名词&&all&&both&&such&&the&&a&&this&&another&&yoursecond&&nextone&&fourbeautiful&&good&&poorlarge&&short&&squarenew&&coolblack&&yellowChinese&&Londonsilk&&stone3) 复合形容词的构成：&&1&&形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous&&2&&形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving&&3&&形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered&&4&&副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged&&5&&副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII. 副词副词的分类：&&1&&时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never&&2&&地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why&&3&&方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly,&&really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however,&&meanwhile&&4&&程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite,&&rather8关系副词when, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1. 同级比较时常常用as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far,any, a great deal。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is fourtimes as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
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五．介词I. 介词分类：&&1&&简单介词about, across, after, against, among,&&around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on&&2&&合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside,&&throughout, upon, within, without&&3&&短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up&&to, due to, owing to, thanks to&&4&&双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till&&after, in between &&5&&分词转化成的介词considering(就而论), including&&6&&形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介词区别：&&1&&表示时间的in, on,&&atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关&&2&&表示时间的since,&&fromsince 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始&&3&&表示时间的in,&&afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中&&4&&表示地理位置的in,&&on, toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外&&5&&表示“在…上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分&&6&&表示“穿过”的through,&&acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关&&7&&表示“关于”的about,&&onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述&&8&&between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间&&9&&besides与except的区别besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首&&10&&表示“用”的in,&&withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音&&11&&as与like的区别as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似&&12&&in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置
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六．动词I. 动词的时态：1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：&& &&现在时过去时将来时过去将来时&&一般&&ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask&&进行&&am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking&&完成&&have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked&&完成进行&&have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)I lived in Beijingfor ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that book.我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all themorning. 我早上一直在读那本书。4. 一般将来时的表达方式：&& &&将来时用法例句&&1&&will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.&&2&&be going to+动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It’s going to clear up.&&We’re going to have a party tonight.&&3&&be + doing 进行时表示将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.&&Are they leaving for Europe?&&&&4&&be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.&&The meeting is about to close.&&5&&be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.&&6&&一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five o’clock.&&The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 动词的被动语态：&& &&常用被动语态构成 常用被动语态构成&&1&&一般现在时am/is/are asked6过去进行时was/were being asked&&2&&一般过去时was/were asked7现在完成时have/has been asked&&3&&一般将来时shall/will be asked8过去完成时had been asked&&4&&过去将来时should/would be asked9将来完成时will/would have been asked&&5&&现在进行时am/is/are being asked10含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked&&注&& &&意&& &&事&& &&项&&被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be&&going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如：&&Trees should not be planted in summer. /&&The boy was made fun of by his classmates.&&Newspapers used to be sent here by the&&little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：&&It is believed that…& && && && &It is generally considered&&that…& && && &&&It is said that…&&It is well known that…& && && &It must be pointed out that…& && && && &&&It is supposed that…&&It is reported that…& && && && &It must be admitted that…& && && && && & It is hoped that…下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：&&The window wants/needs/requires&&repairing.& && && & The book is worth&&reading twice.&&The door won’t shut. / The play won’t&&act.& && && && &The clothes washes&&well. / The book sells well.&&The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels&&very cold.下面词或短语没有被动态：&&leave, enter, reach, become, benefit,&&cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur,&&belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with,&&consist of, have on, lose heart等等
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七．情态动词I. 情态动词基本用法：&&情态动词&&用法否定式疑问式与简答&&can&&能力（体力，智力，技能）&&允许或许可（口语中常用）&&可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）can not / cannot /can’t doCan…do…?&&Yes,…can.&&No,…can’t.&&could&&couldn’t do&&may&&可以（问句中表示请求）&&可能，或许（表推测）&&祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not do May…do…? Yes,…may.&&No,…mustn’t/can’t.&&might&&might not doMight…do…? Yes,…might&&No,…might not.&&must&&必须，应该（表主观要求）&&肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustn’t doMust…do…? Yes,…must.&&No,…needn’t/don’t have to.&&have to&&只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）don’t have to doDo…have to do…?&&Yes,…do.& &No,…don’t.&&ought to&&应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用shouldought not to/oughtn’t to doOught…to do…?&&Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.&&shall&&将要，会&&用于一三人称征求对方意见&&用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shan’t doShall…do…?&&Yes,…shall.&&No,…shan’t.&&should&&应当，应该（表义务责任）&&本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldn’t doShould…do…?&&will&&意愿，决心&&请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉will not/won’t doWill…do…?&&Yes,…will.&&No,…won’t.&&would&&would not/wouldn’t do&&dare&&敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/daren’t doDare…do…?&&Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.&&need&&需要&&必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/needn’t doNeed…do…?&&Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.&&used to&&过去常常（现在已不再）used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do&&didn’t use to doUsed…to do…?&&Yes,…used.&&No,…use(d)n’t.&&Did…use to do…?&&Yes,…did.& &No,…didn’t.II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测：以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking withhis friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We cou it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him inthe library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III. 情态动词注意点：1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be ableto有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2. used to和would:&&used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’tdo；Need/dare…do…?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
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八．非谓语动词I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：&&非谓语形式&&构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构&&不定式&&to do&&to be doing &&to have doneto be done&&to have been done在非谓语前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用&&在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语&&分词&&现在分词doing&&having donebeing done&&having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用&&在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done &&动名词&&doing&&having donebeing done&&having been donesb’s doing具有名词的作用&&在句中做主、宾、定和表语II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：&&情况&&常用动词&&只接不定式做宾语的动词&&hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect,&&wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen&&只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语&&mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise,&&suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike,&&avoid, risk, resist, considercan’t help, feel like, succeed in, be&&fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud&&of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to,&&devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to&&两者都可以&&意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer,&&continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事&&stop doing 停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）&&remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）&&go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）&&try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）&&mean doing （意识是，意味着）can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：&& &&常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句&&不定式&&ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want,&&wish, encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel,&&let, make&&现在分词&& &&notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep,&&have, feel主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.&&过去分词&&动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：&& &&区别举例&&不定式&&与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生I have a lot of papers to type.&&I have a lot of papers to be typed.&&动名词&&通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shall we go to the swimming pool?&&现在分词&&与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water / the boiled water&&the developing country/the developed&&country&&the falling leaves / the fallen leaves&&过去分词&&与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：&& &&区别举例&&不定式&&多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。My dream is to become a teacher.&&To obey the law is important. &&(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty,&&task做主语时常用)&&动名词&&与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。It is no use saying that again and again.&&Teaching is my job.&&分词&&无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。&&现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。The situation is encouraging.&&The book is well written.&&(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking,&&boring, amusing及其-ed形式)
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九．定语从句I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。&&关系词&&先行词从句成分例句备注&&关系代词&&who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with&&your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am&&working&&The boy (whom) she loved died in the&&war..whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about&&history.&&The boy whose father works abroad is my&&deskmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.&&She is the pop star (that) I want to see&&very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth&&$10.&&The picture which was about the accident&&was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by&&all of us.&&This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.&&as做宾语一般不省略&&关系副词&&when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met&&there.可用on whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因状语I can’t imagine the reason why he turned&&down my offer.可用for whichII. that与which, who, whom的用法区别：&&情况&&用法说明例句&&只用that的情况&&1．&&先行词为all, everything, anything,&&nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。&&2．&&先行词被all, any, every, each, much,&&little, no, some, few等修饰时&&3．&&先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时&&4．&&先行词既指人又指物时&&5．&&先行词被the only, the very修饰时&&6．&&句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1.He told me everything that he knows.&&2.All the books that you offered has been given out.&&3.This is the best film that I have ever&&read.&&4.We talked about the persons and things that we&&remembered.&&5.He is the only man that I want to see.&&6.Who is the man that is making a speech?&&只用which, who, whom的情况&&1．&&在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人&&2．&&在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。&&3．&&先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for&&further study.&&I like the person to whom the teacher is&&talking.&&Those who respect others are usually&&respected by others.III. as与which的区别：&&定语从句&&区别例句&&限制性定语从句中&&名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.&&Don’t read such books as you can’t&&understand. &&非限制性定语从句中&&as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.&&They won the game, which we hadn’t&&expected.&&As is well known, he is a famous film&&star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：&&类别&&语法意义及特征例句&&限制性定语从句&&对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time when I&&left.&&非限制性定语从句　&&对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died&&ten years ago.
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十．名词性从句&&种类&&作用常用关联词例句&&主语从句&&在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后that, whether, if, as if, as though, who,&&whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, whereverWhether he will come or not doesn’t&&matter much.&&Whoever comes here will be welcome.&&表语从句&&在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后It looks as if it is going to snow.&&宾语从句&&在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词He asked me which team could win the&&game.&&同位语从句&&放在名词之后(news,&&problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容You have no idea how worried we are.&&The fact that he lied again greatly&&surprised us. 十一。状语从句&&种类&&连接词注意点&&时间状语&&when, whenever, while, as, before, after,&&until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the&&moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。&&地点状语&&where, wherever &&原因状语&&because, as, since, now thatbecause语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。&&条件状语&&if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on&&condition that从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替&&目的状语&&so that, in order that, for fear thatso that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词&&结果状语&&so…that, such…that &&比较状语&&than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the&&more &&方式状语&&as if, as though, asas if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。&&让步状语&&though, although, even if, even though,&&as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which,&&whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用
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十二。倒装句&&种类&&倒装条件例句&&完全倒装&&here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调Out rushed the children.表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Under the tree stood two tables and four&&chairs.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Present at the meeting were 1,000&&students.&&部分倒装&&never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little,&&not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首Hardly did I know what had happened.only和修饰的状语放于句首Only then did he realized the importance&&of English.not only…but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒Not only does he know French, but also he&&is expert at it.neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装Neither do I know it, nor do I care about&&it.so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒So busy is he that he can not go on a&&holiday.as引导的让步状语Child as he is, he has learned a lot.so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。He can play the piano. So can i.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中May you be in good health!省略if的虚拟条件Were I you, I would not do it in this&&way.
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十三。虚拟语气&&类别&&用法例句&&If引导的条件从句&&与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）&&主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If he were here, he would help us.与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词&&主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词If I had been free, I would have visited&&you.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式 /&&should+动词原形 / were+不定式&&主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, we would not&&go camping.&&其它状语从句&&as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式They are talking as if they had been&&friends for years.in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may /&&might / would等+动词原形Turn on the light so that we can see it&&clearly.&&宾语从句&&demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形He suggested that we not change our mind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反I wish I could be a pop singer.&& &&主语从句&&在It is&&necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered /&&requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形It is strange that such a person should&&be our friends.&&其它句型中&&It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形It’s high time that we left.would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式I would rather you stayed at home now.If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望If only our dream had come true!
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十四。重要句型1.& && & It was not until midnight that hefinished his task.2.& && & Not until he came back from abroad wasI able to see him again.3.& && & The harder you work, the greaterprogress you will make.4.& && & He walked around the house, gun in hand.5.& && & May you be in good health!6.& && & Wish you a pleasant journey back home!7.& && & The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-seteyes.8.& && & What surprised me most was hisimagination and patience.9.& && & He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and hishands under his head.10.& &Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green andhis first teacher.11.& &On the wall hang two pictures of famousscientists.12.& &Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’thelp feeling very proud.13.& &No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at thetheatre than(when) the play started.14.& &Young as he is, he has learned advancedmathematics.15.& &How I regret the hours wasted in thewoods and fields!16.& &There stands a beautiful vase in thecorner of the room.17.& &Ten miles north of the town lies a paperfactory.18.& &There goes the bell.19.& &Nowhere has the world ever seen such abird as here.20.& &It is no use crying for help.21.& &If only I had been your student in themiddle school!22.& &It is believed that such a thing willnot happen again.23.& &Only when he explained did I realize thereason for this.24.&&“He works particularlyhard.”&&“So he does, and so do you.”25.&&Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having oneexamination after another.26.&&Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements.
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十五。动词搭配
1. add to增加，增进 &&add… to把…加进…&&addup相加 &&addup to总计，所有这一切说明&&1)I don't think these facts will ________ anything.&&2)Fifty new books have been ________ the library. &&3)The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.&&4)You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________.&&(add up to, added to, add to, added…up )2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉 break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开 break off暂停，中断 break in强行进入，插话
break into闯入break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发 break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散 break through突破&&1)The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods.&&2)When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried.&&3)Don't break ________ while others are speaking.&&4)Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee?&&5)When does school break ________?&&6)After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.&&(away from, down, in, off, up, up ) 3. bring up抚养，呕吐，提出
bring about造成
bring out拿出，出版
bring in引入，引进，挣钱 bring back使回想起 bring down使下降，使倒下&&1) The shopkeeper brought his price _________to only five dollars.&&2) The school has brought _________ newforeign teachers to teach oral English.&&3) The song brought ___________ happymemories of our schooldays.&&4) Do you know what brought ___________ thismisunderstanding?&&5) The kind old man agreed to bring__________ the young orphan.&&6) We decided to bring the matter ___ at thenext meeting.&&7) The wind brought _______ a lot of treeslast night.&&8) Next month they will&&bring ________ a new edition of&&the book.&&( down,in, back, about, up, up, down, out )4. call on号召，拜访（某人）
call at拜访、参观（某地） call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回忆起, 征召入伍&&call in召集，请某人来 call out大喊，高叫 call off取消，不举行&&1) Doctors are often called _____ in themiddle of the war.&&2) Please wait for me at home. I'll call_______ you at your house at seven tonight.&&3) The trains calls _______ several bigcities between Beijing and Guangzhou.&&4) He called her name __________, but shedidn't answer.&&5) The sports meet was called ____ on accountof the rain.&&( in, for, at, out, off)5. come about发生，出现 come down下跌，落，降，传下来
come in进来 come into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)
come on来临/ 快点
come out出版，结果是
come along一道来，赶快 come to达到 (an end/anagreement/a stop)苏醒，合计，总共是
come over走过来 come up发芽，走近
come across偶然碰到
come back回想起 come from来自，源自&&1)I come _________ the book I lent you last month.&&2)How did it come _________ that you both got lost? I thought you had a map.&&3)It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before.&&4)Come __________ now, or else we shall be late.&&5)He came __________ me like a tiger.&&6) Theprice of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year.&&7)The word came __________ use many years ago.&&8)When the examination result came _________, he had already got a job. 9)The bill came __________ over a thousand dollars.&&10)I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they haven't come __________ yet.&&(for, about, back, on, at, down, into, out, to, up )6. cut across抄近路&&cutdown砍倒，削减 &&cutoff切断，割掉，断绝关系 &&cutup连根拔除，切碎
through剪断，凿穿&&cutout删（省）掉，戒掉 &&cutin插嘴 &&1) Don'tcut ___ this tree. It will be very shady in summer.&&2)You must cut ________ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will causeillness.&&3)We decided to cut _________ the moor（旷野） to the village.&&4)Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the tree into pieces.&&5)The electricity was cut ___________ when the lady refused to pay the bill.&&6)We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut __________. （down, down, across, up, off, in ）7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）&&diefrom死于（意外事故、情形）&&dieaway渐渐消逝&&dieout绝种&&diedown(炉火)渐熄&&dieoff逐一死去8. fall behind落后 &&fallover one's feet 跌跤 fall down掉下，跌倒
fall back撤退，后退&&1)Babies often fall _____ when they are learning to walk.&&2)Our team seems to have fallen __________ the others.&&3)As soon as the enemies fell __________, the people returned to their village.&&4)She fell__________ the bench and had her leg broken. （down, behind, back, over ）&&9. go in for从事，喜爱，参加 &&gothrough通过，经受 &&go over复习，检查&&goup（价格）上涨，建造起来&&goafter追捕，追赶&&goagainst违反&&goahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧&&goaway离开&&goby时间过去&&godown下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉&&goon(with)继续进行&&gowith相配，陪同&&gowithout没有，缺少&&goout外出，熄灭&&goall out全力以赴&&gooff爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应&&goback on背约，食言&&gobeyond超出&&1)Many new factories have gone __ in the past few years.&&2)Rents have gone __________ greatly recently.&&3)Many years have gone ___________ since we first met.&&4)Let's continue our journey until the sun goes _______.&&5)His actions went ___________ the will of the people,&&6)I can't do it, for it goes ___________ my duty.&&7)Over 100 students went ____________ this entrance examination.&&8)The bomb went ____________ and killed ten people.&&9)The buyer went ___________ the car carefully before reaching a decision.& &&&10)This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue shirt.&&11)If you think you can solve the problem, go ______.&&12)Many students went __________ playing basketball. (up, up, by, down, against, beyond, through, off, over, with, ahead, infor ) 10. get down下来，记下，使沮丧get down to致力于，专心于&&get on进展，进步，穿上，上车&&get off脱下,下车&&get in收集，插（话） &&get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假&&get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复 &&get along with进展，相处&&get up起床&&get through打通电话，完成，通过 &&get round消息传开&&get close to sth. 接近，几乎&&get into (trouble) &&get to (know) &&get back取回，收回&&get out& &1)She spoke so fast that I couldn't get ____ what he said.& &2)We will find ways to get _________ difficulties.& &3)The story has got __________, and everyone knows about it.& &4)When I get _________ with the report, I'll go to the cinema.& &5)After a delicious meal the two men got __________ to business.& &6)Don't always get __________ a word when others are speaking.& &7)It took me a long time to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience.&&(down, over, round, through, down, in, over)11. give away赠送，泄露，出卖 &&give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布 &&give off发出（光、热、气体）&&give in (to sb.) 屈服&&give up放弃，让（座位）& &1)His accent at last gave him __________.& &2)The liquid gave ________ a strong smell.& &3)The headmaster gave ___________ the names of the prize-winners.& &4)The soldiers gave _________ the town to the enemies.& &5)Who will help me to give the books ___________?& &6)Don't believe in those who give his friends ________.& &7)After a long walk, my strength gave ____________.&&(away, off, out, up, out, away, out)12. hand in交上，提交&&hand out分发 &&hand down流传，遗传13. hang about闲逛&&hang up挂电话14. hold back阻止，隐瞒 &&hold up举起，使停顿 &&hold on别挂电话，等，坚持 &&hold out持续，坚持，伸出 &&hold down控制，镇压& &1)I'm sure he is holding something _________.& &2)She managed to hold ______ her emotion until her guests had left. Then shecried.& &3)Tell him to hold ________ a moment. I'll come soon.& &4)Our food supply won't hold _________ for more than a few days.& &5)The train was held ________ as a result of the floods.& &6)These measures helped to hold ___________ the city's population.& &7)Hold ___________ your left arm, please.&&(back, back, on, out, up, down, up)15. keep up (courage, English, spirits)保持，&&keep up with跟上&&keep off (grass)不接近，离开 &&keep away from避开，不接近，离…远远的&&keep out of &&keep to (rules, promise)坚持，遵守& & &&keep on继续，坚持下来&&keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下&&keep from克制，阻止& &1)The angry lady told the strangers to keep ________ from her.& &2)I can hardly keep ________ my tears after hearing his words.& &3)Only pride kept her __________ bursting into tears.& &4)I can scarcely keep __________ asking him what he has done.& &5)&Don't touch me,& screamed the woman, &Keep __________!&& &6)Keep _________ until you succeed.& &7)Keep _________ your courage, and you'll succeed in the end.& &8)The thick coat can keep the cold ___________.& &9)Always try to keep ___________ the rules when you play a game.&&10) I can't keep ________ with everything you're doing.&&(away, back, from, from, off, on, up, out, to, up) 16. knock at/on敲&&knock into撞到某人身上&&knock down撞倒&&knock out of把…敲出&&knock over撞倒 &&knock off停止工作，休息& &1) The boxer soon knocked his opponent_________.& &2) The office stuff knocks _________ at sixevery day.& &3) Try knocking __________ the window and seeif there is anyone indoors.& &4) He was so absorbed in his book that heknocked __________ the car parked there.& &(down, off, on, into)17. leave for离开前往&&leave out删去，遗漏 &&leave behind遗留,忘记拿走 &&leave to留给，遗嘱赠于&&leave over遗留，剩下，延期& &1)&Whose name has been left __________?& demanded the teacher.& &2)When he died, he left all his property _____ his niece.& &3)He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella ___________.& &4)Don't leave this matter _________ until tomorrow.& &5)Leave some meat ___________ for tomorrow.& &6)Those are questions left _________ by history.&&(out, to, behind, over, over, over)18. look up查找，向上看& &lookthrough翻阅，浏览&&look on旁观&&look on…as看作&&look into调查 &&look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找& &lookout(for)当心 &&look about / around/round四下查看&&look down upon瞧不起&&look back upon回忆，回顾&&look ab. up and down仔细打量某人look ab in the face/eyes直视某人& &1)I spent two hours looking ______ the students' papers.&&2)Look _______! There is a big hole in front.& &3)He took part in the game, and the rest of us just looked ______ and cheered forhim.& &4)The old man looked _____ upon the days of his youth.& &5)She was so snobbish（势利）that she looked __________ upon all his neighbours.& &6)The police promised to look __________ the case as soon as possible.& &7)He looked __________ but saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing.&&(through, out, on, back, down, into, about/around/round)19. make up编造，配制，打扮，组成&&make up for弥补 &&make into / of / from 制成&&make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单）&&make for走向，驶往，促使& &1)Can you make this length of cloth __________ a suit?& &2) I asked the driver if he was making___________ London?& &3)My father made __________ a check for me to buy the camera.& &4)We must make the loss _________ next week./ He tried hard to make ________ for& & the damage he had done.& &5)He made __________ a story, which I found hard to believe.& &6)Someone is coming, but I can't make ___________ who it is.&&(into, for, out, up/up, up, out)20. pass away去世&&pass by经过&&pass down(on)…to传给&&pass through经历&&pass over漠视，忽视& &1)The old clock has been passed ________ to me from my grandfather's grandfather.& &2)The man passed ___________ last week in peace.& &3)We are passing ____________ difficult times.& &4)The secretary passed ___________ the details in the first part of his report.& &(down, away, through, over)21. pay back还钱，报复&&pay for付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应&&pay off还清& &1)How much did you pay __________ the dictionary?& &2)You should pay _________ the money you borrowed from me.& &3)I'll pay him ____________ for all his crimes(罪行) against me.& &4)Some day, you'll pay __________ what you have done today.& &5)Has she pay ____________ the debt yet?&&（for, back, back, for, off）22. pick up拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language& && && &/knowledge)，恢复重获(pick up health)& &pickout挑选，辨认，看出& &1)I picked the information __________ while waiting in the queue.& &2)My friend has arranged to pick me _________ at 6:00.& &3)The patient has picked _________ health during the last two weeks.& &4)She picked _______ the most expensive pair of shoes.& &5)I can't pick John ___________ in the crowd.& &6)Can I pick __________ VOA with this short-wave radio?& &7)He fell down suddenly, but picked himself ___________ quickly.&&(up, up, up, out, out, up, up)&&pick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词23. put up搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下&&put up with忍受&&put out伸出，扑灭&&put off推迟& &putinto放进，翻译&&put away放好，存钱&&put down记下，平息&&put on穿戴，上映，增加(puton weight/speed)&&put forward 提出，提前&&put through 接通电话&&put aside放到一边&&put back放回& &1)He put _________ half his wage every week.& &2)The government soon put __________ the revolt（暴乱）.& &3)Put your watch __________. It's slow.& &4)He put __________ his hand for me to shake.&&5). Please put me __________ to Extension（分机）2.& &6)We put ___________ for night at the village inn.& &7)He is very proud, and he often put _________ airs.（摆架子）& &8)We had a telephone put _____________ in our office.& &9)I can't put __________ with your laziness.& &(away,down, forward, out, through, up, on, up, up)24. pull down拆掉，推翻& && &pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脱&&pull in进站& && && && && &pull out取出,(火车)离站&&pull down往下拉,拆毁& && && &pull over驶到一边&&pull through恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境& & pull up（使）停住& &1)The train slowly pulled __________ and disappeared in the distance.& &2)All the old houses here have now been pulled ______, and new ones are to bebuilt.& &3)The car pulled _________ when I blew the horn.& &4)The doctor thinks the man will pull __________.& &5)The driver pulled ________ at the traffic lights.& &(out,down, over, through, up)25. push over推倒，刮倒&&push ahead(on, forward)继续前进，坚持下去&&push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过& &1) We've decided to push __________ with ourplan to build a new road& &2)Many trees were pushed __________ in the hurricane.& &3)They were determined to push the new rules ________ at any cost..& &4)Take care not to push the baby _________.& &5)They pushed ___________ the crowd and at last reached us.&&(on, over, through, over, through ) 26. run across偶然碰到& && &run after追逐，追捕&&run away逃跑& && && &&&run for竞选&&run into偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞&&run out of用完& &1)If you drive so fast, you'll run _________ someone some day.& &2)I ran __________ a friend of mine in the exhibition.& &3)Our water has run __________. Can you fill up some more bottles?& &4)Why do you always run __________ adventure?& &5)He didn't want to run ___________ president that year.& &6)In that way you will only run __________ difficulties.& &(into, across/into, out, after, for, into)27. see off送行&&see through看透，识破&&see to照料，照管28. send for派人去请&&send off送行&&send out发出（光亮）等&&send up发射29. set up建立 &&set off出发，触发，引起 &&set out动身，着手(to do)，陈述 &&set about开始着手(doing) &&set to work(n.)开始做&&set back拨回，使推迟 & &1)I shall set my watch ___________ by five minutes.& &2)We set __________ reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang.& &3)We set _________ at daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever sincethen.& &4)I set __________ to advise him not to drink.& &5)What were the reasons he set ___________ in his report?& &6)The president set __________ a special group of soldiers to guard him. & &7)The unpopular law set _________ a series of protests.（抗议） & &(back, about, off/out, out, out, up, off)30. take off脱掉，起飞& && &&&take on呈现 雇佣&&take away拿走& && && && & take in吸收，领会&&take up从事，占用（时间空间） &&take down记录，取下& && & take back收回&&take for误认为& && && && & take along随身带 &&take over接管& && && && &&&take out& &1)I take _________ all I said about his dishonesty.& &2) He went to the shelf and took __________ abook of poems.& &3)At first I took him _________ a doctor.& &4)I can see that most of you have taken ________ everything that the teachertaught.& &5)Bill has now taken __________ his father's business.& &6)My job takes __________ most of my time.& &7)The boss took ____________ twenty people for his new company.& &(back,down, for, in, over, up, on)&&take charge of负责, take sth. for granted想当然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以… ……为自豪, take theplace of, 代替take turnsto do轮流做, takeoffice就职31. think of想起& && && && && & think of…as把…看作&&think out想出& && && && && &think up想出 &&think about考虑& && && && & think over仔细考虑 &&think well of sb. 对某人看法好32. turn off / on打开& &turnover翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转 & &turnout证明为，结果，制造成品&&turn to转向，求助&&turn down调低，拒绝 &&turn against变得敌视，反对&&turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去&&turn back返回，转回去&&turn round转过身来&&turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大&&turn in上缴&&turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟& &1)The child turned __________ its mother for comfort.& &2)Turn ___________ and let me see your face.& &3)However much he turned the problem ________ in mind, he could find nosatisfactory solution.& &4)The English evening party turned _________ a great success.& &5)The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned _______.& &6)The football stadium was full, and many people had to be turned __________.& &7)The army turned him ___________ on account of (因为) his poor health.& &8)She turned the whole house ___________ in her search for her missing purse.& &9)Where did your purse turn ____________? I found it in the snow.& &10)The villagers suddenly turned __________ the foreigners who lived nearby.&&11) The factory turns ____________ 2000 new cars last year.& &(to,round, over, out, away, away, down, upside down, up, against, out)
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十一。状语从句&&种类&&连接词注意点&&时间状语&&when, whenever, while, as, before, after,&&until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the&&moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。&&地点状语&&where, wherever &&原因状语&&because, as, since, now thatbecause语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。&&条件状语&&if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on&&condition that从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替&&目的状语&&so that, in order that, for fear thatso that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词&&结果状语&&so…that, such…that &&比较状语&&than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the&&more &&方式状语&&as if, as though, asas if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。&&让步状语&&though, although, even if, even though,&&as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which,&&whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用
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太执着的猫
回复学习，谢谢
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好东西&&谢谢分享
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zuoxiaohong
看看，学习学习
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总结汇总后可分享谢谢
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