激光固溶合金化同步复合强化分光聚焦系统模拟与光学设计--《浙江工业大学》2013年硕士论文
激光固溶合金化同步复合强化分光聚焦系统模拟与光学设计
【摘要】：针对传统强化方法无法同时满足17-4PH不锈钢材料所需要的整体强度和局部优良性能的要求,提出了激光固溶合金化同步复合强化处理的方法。对17-4PH进行激光固溶合金化复合强化时,固溶光斑与合金化光斑需要不同的工艺参数,采用两束光斑可以一次完成复合强化过程。
本文利用ANSYS软件建立有限元模型,对激光固溶合金化同步复合强化过程的温度场进行了数值模拟,分析了激光光斑尺寸、功率以及光斑间距对温度场的影响。研究了激光功率与扫描速度对等光斑激光固溶合金化双光束同步复合强化处理温度场的影响,并通过实验验证了等光斑数值模拟。最后,以数值模拟的结果为依据,设计了激光固溶合金化同步复合强化处理分光聚焦系统的光路模型。
本课题的主要结论如下：
(1)数值模拟结果表明：在保证基体表面不被熔化的情况下,当扫描速度为400mm/min时,同时增大固溶光斑尺寸与激光功率,固溶的深度增加。当激光固溶光斑尺寸大于8mm×10mm时,固溶深度随固溶光斑尺寸增大的速率明显减小。
(2)在激光功率、扫描速度不变的情况下,激光固溶光斑与激光合金化光斑之间的距离越近,合金化区的温度越高。随着光斑间距的增大,固溶光斑对合金化光斑的影响减小。当光斑间距大于50mmm时,固溶光斑对合金化光斑几乎不产生影响。
(3)实验结果表明：在激光固溶光斑尺寸为2mm×8mm,激光合金化光斑尺寸为8mm×2mm的条件下,当激光固溶功率为800W、合金化功率为1800W、扫描速度为400mm/min时,在基体表面形成了厚度约0.2mmm的合金化层,合金化层的平均硬度达到了600HVo.2以上。
本文的研究为激光固溶合金化同步复合强化分光聚焦系统的设计提供了理论依据,为双光束同步复合强化技术投入实际生产提供了技术支持。
【关键词】：
【学位授予单位】：浙江工业大学【学位级别】：硕士【学位授予年份】：2013【分类号】：TG142.71;O436【目录】：
摘要3-5ABSTRACT5-11第一章 绪论11-22 1.1 17-4PH不锈钢的激光处理11-14
1.1.1 17-4PH不锈钢激光固溶处理11-12
1.1.2 17-4PH不锈钢激光合金化技术12-13
1.1.3 17-4PH不锈钢表面渗氮强化13-14 1.2 激光双光束系统14-19
1.2.1 双光束系统国内外发展情况14-17
1.2.2 双光束的应用17-19 1.3 本课题的研究内容、意义、技术路线19-22
1.3.1 研究的目的和意义19-20
1.3.2 课题的研究内容20-21
1.3.3 课题技术路线21-22第二章 基于ANSYS的激光固溶合金化双光束的数值模拟22-35 2.1 激光固溶合金化过程的数学模型22-25
2.1.1 热传导方程22-23
2.1.2 初始条件与边界条件23
2.1.3 相变潜热的处理23
2.1.4 激光热源模型23-24
2.1.5 实验材料与实验设计24-25 2.2 ANSYS有限元模拟25-28
2.2.1 有限元模型的建立25-26
2.2.2 网格划分26-27
2.2.3 材料热物性的确定27-28
2.2.4 加载与求解28 2.3 温度场数值模拟结果及分析28-33
2.3.1 扫描速度与光斑间距一定、光斑尺寸与功率对温度场的影响28-32
2.3.2 光斑间距对温度场的影响32-33 2.4 本章小结33-35第三章 等光斑激光固溶合金化双光束数值模拟与验证35-58 3.1 激光功率对等光斑激光固溶合金化温度场的影响36-41
3.1.1 不同功率下加工表面温度场分布36-39
3.1.2 不同功率下基体表面节点热循环曲线39-41 3.2 扫描速度对激光固溶合金化温度场的影响41-46
3.2.1 不同速度下加工表面温度场分布41-43
3.2.2 不同速度下基体横截面对比43-46 3.3 等光斑激光固溶合金化双光束的实验材料与实验准备46-48
3.3.1 实验材料47
3.3.2 合金粉末的选用与预置47-48 3.4 实验设备与实验方法48-50
3.4.1 激光器48
3.4.2 数控机床48-49
3.4.3 实验方法49-50
3.4.4 分析与测试50 3.5 实验结果分析50-56
3.5.1 复合强化后表面形貌分析50-51
3.5.2 实验结果与模拟结果对比分析51-54
3.5.3 复合强化层显微组织分析54-55
3.5.4 复合强化层显微硬度测试55-56 3.6 本章小结56-58第四章 分光系统光路模型58-70 4.1 分光系统光路设计59-60 4.2 反射聚焦镜的设计60-66
4.2.1 抛物面反射镜聚焦61-62
4.2.2 积分聚焦镜M1与M2的设计62-66 4.3 劈形反射镜组设计66-68 4.4 本章小结68-70第五章 结论与展望70-72 5.1 结论70-71 5.2 展望71-72参考文献72-76附录76-77致谢77-78攻读学位期间参加的科研项目和成果78
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京公网安备75号17—4pH钢渗氮和N~+离子注入的摩擦和磨损特性--《热处理技术与装备》1985年05期
17—4pH钢渗氮和N~+离子注入的摩擦和磨损特性
【摘要】：正 近年来,业已证明:高能离子(10～200千电子伏特)注入金属表面能够使金属表面的性能发生显著的变化。这对于金属的摩擦和磨损性能尤为重要。Dearnaley 和 Hartley 报导了一种具有实用价值的试验结果——气体渗氮后再 N~+离子注入提高耐磨性。目前通过对17—4PH 不锈钢的研究,进一步探明了这种处理的综合效果。它不完全象普通渗氮处理那样,还能得到某些工业应用上所要求的高抗蚀性。
【作者单位】：
【关键词】：
【正文快照】：
近年来,业已证明:高能离子(10、200千电子伏特)注入金属表面能够使金属表面的性能发生显著的变化。这对于金属的摩擦和磨损性能尤为重要。 Dnaley和Hartley报导了一种具有实用价值的试验结果—气体渗氮后再N十离子注入提高耐磨性。目前通过对17一4尸H不锈钢的研究,进一步
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京公网安备75号Mixing valve with graduated temperature modulation
United States Patent 6427713
A valve assembly for mixing hot and cold water includes a generally cylindrical sleeve having hot and cold inlets and outlets and a rotable non-reciprocal valve member positioned therein to control the mixture of hot and cold water in the outlet stream. The valve member has a hollow stem tube having hot and cold inlet and outlet ports which are rotably engageable with the hot and cold inlets and outlets of the sleeve. The stem tube hot water inlet port has at least one tapered portion with is engageable with a tapered portion of the sleeve to provide a larger range of mixed range temperatures in the resulting outlet stream. Sleeve ribs, rims and raised edges provide a smoother fluid passageway for increased flow and for the eliminating of stacking.
Inventors:
Dempsey, James F. (North Olmsted, OH)
Holzheimer, John C. (Burton, OH)
Kesti, Matt R. (Cleveland, OH)
Application Number:
Publication Date:
08/06/2002
Filing Date:
04/05/2001
Export Citation:
Moen Incorporated (North Olmsted, OH)
Primary Class:
Other Classes:
137/454.6,
137/625.41
International Classes:
F16K11/00; F16K11/076; F16K11/085; G05D11/00; (IPC1-7): G05D11/00; F16K11/06
Field of Search:
137/454.6, 137/100, 137/98, 137/625.41
View Patent Images:
&&&&&&PDF help
US Patent References:
4469121Moen137/1004156438Kiesow137/625.413987819Scheuermann137/625.413469595Petursson137/100
Primary Examiner:
Hepperle, Stephen M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
Cook, Alex, McFarron, Manzo, Cummings & Mehler, Ltd.
What is claimed is:
1. A valve assembly for mixing hot and cold water including: a generally cylindrical sleeve having axially spaced and radially non-aligned hot and cold water inlets in the side thereof, axially spaced and radially non-aligned hot and cold outlets in said sleeve located peripherally of said inlets, selected one of said sleeve hot and cold water outlets having at least a rotable non-reciprocal valve member positioned within said sleeve to control the mixture of hot and cold water, said valve member including a hollow stem tube having hot and cold water inlet and outlet ports therein and a sealless reciprocally movable pressure balancing spool positioned within said stem tube, selected one of said stem tube hot and cold water outlet ports having at least one tapered portion for fluid engagement with the respective sleeve outlet, said at least one tapered portion of said sleeve and said at least one tapered portion of said stem tube providing a smooth temperature transition as the stem tube hot water outlet port is opened and closed, said spool and stem tube providing two spaced chambers, said stem tube cold water inlet and outlets ports opening into one chamber and said stem tube hot water inlet and outlet ports opening into the other chamber, with a portion of said chamber walls forming balancing surfaces such that said spool provides for balancing of pressures between the hot and co and a valve seal positioned on said sleeve at each of said sleeve hot and cold water inlets and extending therethrough for sealing contact with said valve member.
2. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein said tapered portion of the stem tube includes a tapered circumferentially disposed end of said stem tube hot water outlet port.
3. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein said tapered portion of the sleeve includes a tapered circumferentially disposed end of said sleeve hot water outlet.
4. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein said sleeve has a plurality of longitudinally disposed ribs extending between two circumferentially disposed rims.
5. The valve assembly of claim 4 wherein said ribs are connected to said rims, the connection having at least one radiused corner to provide a smooth fluid passageway around said sleeve.
6. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein a sleeve outer surface has a plurality of raises edges.
7. The valve assembly of claim 6 wherein said valve seal has curved edges.
8. The valve assembly of claim 7 where in said sleeve has raised edges which extend around the periphery of said valve seal curved edges to provide a smooth water passageway around said sleeve.
9. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein said valve stem tube is made of metal injection molded stainless steel.
10. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein said valve stem tube is made of screw machined steel.
11. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein said sleeve tapered portion includes a tapered circumferentially disposed end of said sleeve cold water outlet.
12. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein said sleeve cold water outlet has a tapered portion, said tapered portion includes two tapered circumferentially disposed ends of said sleeve cold water outlet.
13. The valve assembly of claim 12 wherein one circumferentially disposed end of said sleeve cold water outlet has a larger width than the other circumferentially disposed end.
14. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein at least one tapered portion is disposed on said sleeve hot water outlet and at least one tapered portion is disposed o n said sleeve cold water outlet.
15. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein said tapered portion is disposed on each circumferentially disposed end of said sleeve hot water outlet.
16. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein said sleeve hot water outlet is approximately twice as large as said sleeve cold water outlet.
17. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein each of the stem tube hot and cold water inlet ports is disposed in a circumferential recess.
18. A valve assembly for mixing hot and cold water including: a generally cylindrical sleeve having axially spaced and radially non-aligned hot and cold water inlets in the side thereof, axially spaced and radially non-aligned hot and cold outlets in said sleeve located peripherally of said inlets, selected one of said sleeve hot and cold water outlets having at least a rotable non-reciprocal valve member positioned within said sleeve to control the mixture of hot and cold water, said valve member including a hollow stem tube having hot and cold water inlet and outlet ports therein and a sealless reciprocally movable pressure balancing spool positioned within said stem tube, one of said stem tube hot and cold water outlet ports being fluidly engageable with said tapered portion of said sleeve to provide a smooth temperature transition as the stem tube hot water outlet port is opened and closed, said spool and stem tube providing two spaced chambers, said stem tube cold water inlet and outlets ports opening into one chamber and said stem tube hot water inlet and outlet ports opening into the other chamber, with a portion of said chamber walls forming balancing surfaces such that said spool provides for balancing of pressures between the hot and co and a valve seal positioned on said sleeve at each of said sleeve hot and cold water inlets and extending therethrough for sealing contact with said valve member.
19. The valve assembly of claim 18 wherein selected one of said stem tube hot and cold water outlet ports has at least one tapered portion for fluid engagement with the respective sleeve outlet.
20. The valve assembly of claim 18 wherein said stem tube hot water outlet port has at least one tapered end for fluid engagement with said tapered portion of said sleeve hot water outlet.
21. A valve assembly for mixing hot and cold water including: a generally cylindrical sleeve having axially spaced and radially non-aligned hot and cold water inlets in the side thereof, axially spaced and radially non aligned hot and cold outlets in said sleeve located peripherally of said inlets, both said sleeve hot and cold water outlets having at least a rotable non-reciprocal valve member positioned within said sleeve to control the mixture of hot and cold water, said valve member including a hollow stem tube having hot and cold water inlet and outlet ports therein and a sealless reciprocally movable pressure balancing spool positioned within said stem tube, each of said stem tube hot and cold water outlet ports being fluidly engageable with the respective sleeve hot and cold water outlets and the respective tapered portion thereof to provide a smooth temperature transition as the stem tube hot water outlet port is opened and closed, said spool and stem tube providing two spaced chambers, said stem tube cold water inlet and outlets ports opening into one chamber and said stem tube hot water inlet and outlet ports opening into the other chamber, with a portion of said chamber walls forming balancing surfaces such that said spool provides for balancing of pressures between the hot and co and a valve seal positioned on said sleeve at each of said sleeve hot and cold water inlets and extending therethrough for sealing contact with said valve member.
Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to mixing valve, particularly mixing valves for kitchen or bath sinks, showerheads, tub spouts and shower-tub combinations. Current mixing valves provide a valve control member with regulates the temperature of the water. During use, the mixing valve can be rotated by the user from an off position through cold water, mixed water and hot water positions. The rotational position of the valve control member determines how much hot or cold water comprises the water outlet stream.Mixing valves generally provide for either all cold water or all hot water streams without difficulty. During operation, a cold stream is easily obtained by incrementally rotating the mixing valve from an off position until a cold water stream is obtained. Similarly a hot water stream is easily obtained by fully rotating the mixing valve until the mixing valve can no longer rotate. However, most water users favor a mixed temperature outlet stream which is less tractable to obtain.To begin with, the water user must manipulate the mixing valve using the faucet handle or knob until he obtains the desired combination of hot and cold water in the resulting water stream. Obtaining just the right temperature is difficult because the desired mixed temperature range position is very narrow resulting in substantial temperature changes in even an incremental rotational movement. If the user does not rotate enough, the water is still too cold, but if the user rotates too much the resulting hot water stream can injure or blister the skin of the water user. Even where no injury occurs, sudden changes in temperature of any kind are inconsistent with comfortable and soothing shower experience desired by users. Thus, there is a need for a mixing valve which provides a smoother and more gradual temperature transition between the hot and cold positions in order to give the user greater control in obtaining a mixed water stream and to minimize the possibility of the user's exposure to temperature extremes.There is also a tendency for mixing valves to cause stacking. Stacking occurs where the water comes out of the showerhead while trying to use the tub spout and is caused when the hot and cold water form a vortex at the juncture between the tub port and shower bypass causing the pressure to increase at the shower bypass. When the pressure is high enough, the water will flow into the shower bypass and upwards to the showerhead. Thus, there is a need for a mixing valve which eliminates stacking by minimizing the pressure accumulation at the shower bypass.The present invention provides for a mixing valve having a gradual temperature transition through the use of tapered hot or cold water outlets within the mixing valve assembly. It also provides smoother fluid passageways to increase flow through the valve and eliminates stacking. The present invention further provides for increased corrosion resistence.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to a mixing valve assembly having a sleeve and a hollow stem tube positioned therein, both of which have tapered hot or cold water outlets to provide for graduated temperature modulation.A primary purpose of the invention is to provide a mixing valve assembly with a tapered hot or cold water outlet which provides a smooth and graduated mixed water range.Another purpose of the invention is to provide a mixing valve assembly having a sleeve and stem tube, both of which have a tapered hot or cold water outlet where the tapered outlets are engageable with each other to allow for gradual increases in the hot or cold water component of the overall water stream.Another purpose of the invention is to provide a mixing valve assembly which gives the user greater control over water temperature by providing a greater range of mixed water temperatures.Another purpose of the invention is to provide a mixing valve sleeve outer surface having upraised edges with radiused comers to improve and increase the outlet flow of the mixing valve assembly.Another purpose of the invention is to provide a mixing valve assembly having a longitudinal rib located on the sleeve in order to minimize the effect of stacking.Another purpose of the invention is to provide a valve seal having curved edges which improves outlet flow around the seal.Another purpose of the invention is to provide a mixing valve assembly with graduated temperature modulation which also equalizes the pressure between the hot and cold water inlets.Another purpose of the invention is to provide a mixing valve stem tube which has increased corrosion resistence.Another purpose of the invention is to create a mixing valve stem tube made of metal injection molded 17-4PH stainless steel which is more corrosion resistant that prior stem tubes.Another purpose of the invention is to provide a mixing valve stem which is connected to the mixing valve stem tube without the use of a roll pin which can create a crevice corrosion site.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a perspective view of the valve housing with the valve assembly inserted therein.FIG. 2 is an axial section of the valve housing which shows hot and cold inlet ports.FIG. 3 is a top isometric view of the valve assembly.FIG. 3A is a view of the bottom portion of the valve assembly as viewed from the left side of FIG. 3.FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the valve assembly.FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of the valve assembly.FIG. 6 is a vertical section of the valve assembly taken along line 6—6 of FIG. 5.FIG. 7 is a section taken along line 7—7 of FIG. 6 with some parts omitted.FIG. 8 is side elevation of the valve member.FIG. 9 is a section taken along line 9—9 of FIG. 8.FIG. 10 is a section taken along line 10—10 of FIG. 8.FIG. 11 is a section taken along line 11—11 of FIG. 8FIG. 12 is a section taken along line 12—12 of FIG. 8FIG. 13 is a section taken along line 13—13 of FIG. 8FIG. 14 is a side elevation of the balancing spool.FIG. 15 is an end view of FIG. 14.FIG. 16 is a section taken along line 16—16 of FIG. 15.FIG. 17 is a side view of a second embodiment of a valve member.FIG. 18 is a section taken along line 18—18 of FIG. 17.FIG. 19 is a section taken along line 19—19 of FIG. 17.FIG. 20 is a section taken along line 20—20 of FIG. 17.FIG. 21 is a section taken along line 21—21 of FIG. 17.FIG. 22 is a section taken along line 22—22 of FIG. 17.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONAs illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the present invention includes a mixing valve assembly 10 which is insertable into a valve housing 8 with a cold water inlet port 9 and a hot water inlet port 11. The valve housing 8 is similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,121, which is incorporated herein by reference, assigned to Moen Incorporated and sold under the trademark Posi-Temp(R). The valve assembly 10 includes a generally cylindrical sleeve 20 and a rotatable non-reciprocal valve member 22 positioned therein. The sleeve 20 has a cold water inlet port 24 and a hot water inlet port 26 which are axially spaced and radially non-aligned. A cold water outlet port 28 and a hot water outlet port 30 are radially non-aligned and are peripherally located from the sleeve cold and hot inlets 24, 26. As illustrated in FIGS. 3-13, at least one of the sleeve hot or cold water outlet ports 28 and 30 has a graduated or tapered portion.In FIGS. 3-5, the sleeve cold water outlet port 28 has a tapered portion, generally indicated at 27, which includes two circumferentially disposed ends 29A and 29B. One end 29A is larger than the other end 29B and the sleeve cold water outlet port 28 gradually narrows from the larger end 29A towards the smaller end 29B. The larger end 29A preferably corresponds to the portion of the sleeve cold water outlet port 28 which is initially put into register when the valve assembly is first moved from the closed position. As illustrated in FIGS. 3-5, the sleeve hot water outlet port 30 is generally rectangular in shape with tapered portions 32 on each circumferentially disposed end of the hot water outlet port. Between the sleeve outlets, the hot water outlet port 30 is generally larger than the cold water outlet port 28. In fact, the sleeve hot water outlet port 30 is approximately twice as large as the sleeve cold water outlet port 28 although the sleeve outlets are approximately equal in circumferential length. A sleeve outer surface 34 has longitudinally disposed ribs 36. The ribs 36 extend between two circumferentially disposed rims 38. The connection between the ribs 36 and the rims 38 has any number of curved or radiused corners 40 in order to insure smooth fluid passageways around the sleeve. As shown in FIG. 3, the radiused comers 40 are preferably located near either side of the hot or cold water outlets. One of the rims 38 which is closest to the sleeve cold water outlet is bifurcated into two annular rims with a groove 39 interposed therebetween. Although the groove 39 could be design to receive a seal, the bifurcated rim 38 is not intended for a seal and achieves a sufficient seal between the valve housing and the sleeve without the need for a seal to be placed within the groove 39.The sleeve 20 also has embossed or raised edges 42 which extend around the periphery of each valve seal 44 and generally match the shape thereof. The valve seals 44 are identical having a curved outer edges 46. The valve seals are also curved along a longitudinal axis so that the inner surface of the valve seals 44 engages the sleeve outer surface 34. The radiused comers 40 and the raised edges 42 have been shown to lessen flow losses and improve flow through the valve by 45 percent as compared to sleeves utilizing right angle comers for the valve seal and the rib. In other words, the present invention has been shown to achieve an improved flow of 6.8 gpm over other valves which allow only 4.7 gpm. The sleeve 20 has one or more annular grooves 48 for receiving elastomeric seals rings 50 therein in order to confine the water flow to defined areas. The seal rings 50 provide a water tight seal between the exterior of the sleeve and the interior of the valve housing.In FIGS. 6-13, the valve member 22 has a hollow stem tube 52 and a stem 54, with the stem tube being attached to the stem with a sufficient press-fit load. The stem 54 protrudes out of a sleeve opening 55 when the valve assembly is positioned therein. The protruding end of the stem 54 has a flattened area 58 and a hollow-out portion 60 with internal threads located therein which will conventionally mount a decorative operating knob (not shown).The stem tube 52 is hollow and has cold water inlet ports 62, 64 and hot water inlet ports 66, 68. The cold water inlet ports 62, 64 are radially aligned with each other as are the hot water inlet ports 66, 68. Both stem tube hot and cold inlet ports are generally rectangular and narrow as the inlets extend radially inward as illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12. The cold water inlet ports are located within a circumferential recess 70 and the hot water inlet ports are similarly located in a circumferential recess 71. Each of the circumferential recesses 70, 71 is shown as extending approximately 270° around the stem tube. Although the recesses 70, 71 are not shown in alignment with respect to each other, other orientations are also possible. Adjacent the recesses, there are grooves holding seal rings 72 which are in contact with the interior of the sleeve 20. As shown in FIGS. 6-7 and 14-16, positioned within the hollow stem tube 52 is a reciprocally movable pressure balancing spool 74 having a center section 76 which is connected to two end spools 78 and 80 by axially spaced connectors 81 or the like. Located within the spool, there are axially disposed internally projecting ribs 82. The spool defines two chambers, a cold water chamber 84 and a hot water chamber 86 with each of the chambers 84, 86 having openings 83 to receive water therein. The cold water inlet ports 62, 64 open into the cold water chamber 84 and the hot water inlet ports 66, 68 open into the hot water chamber 86. The balancing spool 74 is movable in response to differing pressure at the cold and hot water inlets. The opposite sides of the spool center section 76 are in communication with the inlets and differing pressures at the inlets will vary the degree of overlap between end spools 78, 80 and the cold and hot water inlets, thereby maintaining equal hot and cold water pressure at the outlets.The hollow stem tube 52 has two outlet ports, a cold water outlet port 88 and a hot water outlet port 90. The cold water port 88 has a reinforcing member 89 located approximately at the mid point of the port whereas the hot water port 90 similarly has a reinforcing member 91. The stem tube cold outlet port 88 can be moved into register with the sleeve cold outlet port 28 and the stem tube hot outlet port 90 can similarly be moved into register with the sleeve hot outlet port 30. When the stem tube cold outlet port 88 is moved into register with the sleeve cold outlet port 28, it also engages the tapered portion 27. The stem tube hot outlet port 90 has circumferentially disposed tapered portions or ends 92. One or both of the tapered ends 92 of the stem tube hot outlet port 90 engages with one or both of the tapered portions 32 of the sleeve hot outlet port 30 during operation of the valve assembly. Thus, when the stem tube hot outlet port is initially moved into register with the sleeve hot water outlet port one of the tapered ends will be in fluid engagement with the sleeve tapered portion 32 to provide a graduated temperature modulation.As illustrated in FIG. 2, the stem tube 52 is rotable within the sleeve 20, but is fixed against reciprocal movement by a sleeve shoulder 94 at the right-hand end of the sleeve 20 and there is a cooperating cylindrical portion 96 on the stem tube which prevents reciprocal movement of the stem tube towards the right. The left-hand end of the stem tube abuts a portion of the valve housing, which prevents reciprocal to the left. Thus, the valve is rotable but not reciprocal. Rotable movement, as described above, permits the valve assembly to control the temperature of the resulting water stream. The valve is fully balanced in the open position in that spool 74 has surfaces, subject to hot and cold water pressure, which are equal in size and oppositely-positioned. Although the spool is reciprocally movable, it is held within the stem tube 52 by a plug member 98 with fits into the right-hand end of the stem tube. The plug member has a projection 100 which assists in centering the spool 74 within the stem tube 52. Rotational movement of the spool is limited when the projection 100 engages the ribs 82.The valve assembly 10 has a design which improves the flow of water therethrough. For example, each of the cold and hot water inlet ports of the stem tube 52 is located in the circumferential recess 70, 71, respectively. When stem tube cold water inlet port 62 is moved into register with the sleeve cold water inlet 24, cold water is permitted to flow through both inlet ports 62, 64 because of the recess 70. Flow through inlet port 62 occurs directly and flow through inlet port 64 occurs indirectly through the recess 70. Similarly, when the stem tube inlet port 66 is moved into register with the sleeve hot water inlet 26 hot water is permitted to flow through both inlet ports 66, 68. In this way, an increased water flow is permitted through the valve assembly. FIGS. 3 through 16 illustrate a stem tube 52 having inlet ports 62, 64, 66 and 68 with a rectangularly shaped opening which tapers radially inwardly, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, for fluid communication with the water chambers 84, 86 of the spool 74. It is possible for the stem tube hot and cold inlet ports to have any type of shape to improve the water flow therethrough.Water flow is also improved by the sleeve outer surface 34 which has radiused corners 40 and raised edges 42 which are designed to provide a smoother and more direct water flow over the sleeve as both the hot and cold water exit the sleeve outlet ports 28, 30. During operation of the mixing valve assembly, the ribs 36 eliminate the effect of stacking by decreasing the pressure at the junction between the tub port and shower bypass. Stacking is defined as water entering the shower riser pipe and potentially exiting the showerhead when the user desires to use the tub spout only. The ribs 36 assist in straightening the hot, cold or mixed water flow thus eliminating the vortex which tends to occur at the juncture. Overall, the present invention improves water flow through the valve by 45 percent.The orientation of the inlet ports is important. Assuming a closed position and that the sleeve cold water inlet port 24 is located at 0°, the sleeve cold water outlet port 28 is located at 180°, the sleeve hot water inlet port 26 is located at 180° and the sleeve hot water outlet port 30 is located at 0°. The opening size provided by the sleeve cold and hot inlets generally match that of the stem tube inlets. When the valve is closed, the stem tube cold water inlet port 62 extends from 45° to 135° and the inlet port 64 extends from 225° to 315°. The stem tube hot water inlet ports 66, 68 are axially aligned with the cold water inlet ports 62, 64 in that hot water inlet port 66 extends from about 45° to 135° and hot water inlet port 68 extends from 225° to 315°. Whenever the valve is moved into an open position, both the hot and cold water inlet ports are capable of receiving hot and cold water which flows into the hot and cold water chambers.The orientation of the cold and hot water outlet ports 88, 90 is also very important. In the same valve closed position, the cold water outlet port 88 extends from line approximately 245° to 25°. The hot water outlet port 90 extends from 155° to 305° with each tapered end 92 comprising approximately 15° at each periphery thereof. Temperature modulations will vary at the outlet ports, depending on the orientation of the stem tube hot and cold water outlet ports 88, 90 with respect to the sleeve hot and cold water outlet ports 28, 30. The sleeve cold water outlet port 28 is generally smaller than the stem tube cold water outlet port 88, but has a length which is substantially similar to the stem tube outlet. The sleeve hot water outlet port 30 is generally equal in size to the stem tube hot water outlet port 90.When the valve is moved from the closed position, the cold water inlet port 62 is moved into register with the sleeve cold water inlet port 24 and the hot water inlet port 66 is moved into register with the sleeve hot water inlet port 26. The stem tube and the sleeve will be in fluid communication with each other as cold water flows through the sleeve and stem tube cold water inlets into the cold water chamber 84. Upon continued rotation in a conventionally counterclockwise direction applied at the stem 54, the stem tube cold water outlet port 88 is moved into fluid engagement with the sleeve cold water outlet port 28, and more particularly, the outlet port 88 is moved into register with the larger end 29A of the tapered portion 27. Further counterclockwise rotation allows more of the tapered portion 27 of the sleeve cold water outlet port 28 to engage the stem tube cold water outlet port 88 with continued rotation allowing the stem tube outlet to engage the successively narrowing tapered portion 27 as between the ends 29A and 29B. Turning to the sleeve hot water outlet port, continued rotation of the valve assembly also allows the tapered portion 32 of the sleeve hot water outlet port to engage one of the tapered portions or ends 92 of the sleeve hot water outlet port 90. At this time there is still communication between the cold water outlet ports of the stem tube and the sleeve, thus providing an outlet stream which has a mixed water temperature. Further rotation allows more of the sleeve tapered portion 32 and the stem tube tapered portion 92 to engage each other. Continued rotation of the valve in a counterclockwise direction allow greater engagement between the stem tube hot outlet and sleeve hot outlet. The mixed water temperature range extends through approximately 120° or more of valve rotation thus providing a greater range of mixed temperature water. Finally, continuing in a counterclockwise direction, the cold water outlets will be closed and the hot water outlets will remain open so that the user may have full hot temperature. Importantly, the rotation in the mixed water temperature range provides a graduated temperature modulation and a larger mixed temperature range due to the tapered portions of each of the sleeve and the stem tube. The larger mixed temperature range is especially beneficial in providing the user with greater control during stem tube rotation to obtain a desired water temperature.In FIGS. 3-13, the hollow stem tube 52 and pressure balancing spool 74 is made from a metal injection molding process using 17-4PH stainless steel which is chemically debound, sintered and honed to the finished part. The 17-4PH provides a greater corrosive resistant material than 303 machined stem tubes. Corrosion is also reduced at the crevice site between the stem tube and the stem due to a sufficient press fit load therebetween thus eliminating the need for a roll pin.FIGS. 17 through 22 show an alternate valve member 102 with a hollow stem tube 103. The valve member is similar to the valve member 22 shown in FIG. 8, with like parts shown with like number, and is insertable into the sleeve 20. In this alternate valve, the cold water inlets 104, 106 and hot water inlets 108, 110 have a circular shape. Other shapes or the like are possible. The inlet openings cut straight through the stem tube rather than tapering radially inward. As illustrated in FIGS. 17-22, the circular shape of the inlet ports has a smaller cross-sectional area as compared to the inlet ports shown in FIGS. 3-13. In this way, when the valve is closed, the orientation of the inlet ports of the valve member 102 differs from the previously described valve member 22 in that the inlets 104, 106, 108 and 110 of the valve member 102 extend over a lesser degree range. For instance, the stem tube cold water inlet port 104 extends from approximately 45° to 105° and the stem tube cold inlet port 106 extends from approximately 225° to 285°. Likewise, the stem tube hot inlet ports 108, 110 extend from approximately 45° to 105° and 225° to 285°, respectively. The stem tube hot and cold inlets are generally similar in size or slightly smaller than the sleeve hot and cold water inlets.Turning to stem tube hot and cold water outlet ports 112, 114 of FIGS. 17-22, in the same valve closed position, the hot water outlet port 112 extends from 155° to 315° and the cold water outlet port 114 extends from approximately 245° to 35°. Unlike the stem tube of FIGS. 3-13, the stem tube hot and cold water outlet ports 112, 114 do not have reinforcing members partitioning the ports. At least one of the hot and cold water outlet ports 112, 114 has a substantially rectangular shape. Similar to the invention described in FIGS. 3-16, rotation of the valve in a counterclockwise direction allows the stem tube cold water outlet port 114 to be moved into register with the tapered portion of the sleeve cold water outlet 28 and the stem tube hot water outlet port 112 to be moved into register with the tapered portions or ends of the sleeve hot water outlet 30 to provide a graduated temperature modulation.The valve member 102 in FIGS. 17-22 is made by a screw machined process. In a screw machine process, the details of the stem tube are machined into the stem tube using appropriate tooling known to one skilled in the art. The process will generally result in sharper edges along the stem tube such as, for example, the grooves holding the seal rings 72, the edges which define the hot and cold inlet and outlet openings and the circumferential recesses 70, 71.Whereas the preferred form of the invention has been shown and described herein, it should be realized that there may be many modifications, substitutions and alterations thereto without departing from the scope of the claims. For example, the tapered portion may be at positioned at any location along the length of the inlet and outlet ports of either of the sleeve or stem tube. The tapered portion of either the sleeve hot water outlet port or the sleeve cold water outlet port may span all or a portion along the length thereof. Although the sleeve hot water outlet is shown as having two tapered portions or ends, it is possible that either circumferentially disposed end of the sleeve hot water outlet port may be tapered. Similarly, as to the stem tube, one or both of the circumferentially disposed ends of the stem tube hot water outlet port may have a tapered portion or end. Where each of the sleeve and the stem tube have one tapered portion or end any orientation is possible. However, it may be preferred to locate the tapered portions in such a way that they are initially in fluid engagement when both the sleeve and stem tube hot water outlet ports are first put into register with each other while the valve is opened. Although the preferred shape of the tapered portions of the sleeve hot and cold outlets are shown, it is realized that modification to the geometry may be made. Similarly, modifications to the geometry of the tapered portion of the stem tube outlet may also be made.
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