说明文 记叙文是什么 的特点是什么 写作方法是什么

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作文三:说明要抓住特征 作者:伊宁二中:于慧 训练目标 1、 懂得说明事物抓住事物特征的重要性。 2、 知道什么叫“特征”,懂得说明事物的特征不仅要对事物表象进 行说明, 还必须反映事物的内在联系。 3、 能抓住事物的特征写说明文。 教学过程: 一、导入新课 说明要抓住特征。 特征是一个事物区别于其他事物的标志。抓住事物特征, 就是要把说明对象区别于其他事物的不同之处, 通过不同的说明方法予以具体说 明。说明特征主要表现在以下几个方面:形态、性质、结构、成因、功用、发展 变化。如《中国石拱桥》重点抓住了我国石拱桥的三个特征:形式优美,结构坚 固,历史悠久。今天就学习--------抓住特征说明事物。 二、布置本节课作文 【文题展示】 请阅读下面的文字,根据要求作文,一定抓住事物特征进行说明。 你所在地方的建筑特色是什么?或者, 有没有给你留下深刻印象的建筑?围绕家 乡的建筑特色或者某座特色建筑,自拟题目,写一篇说明文。不少于 600 字。 伊宁特色建筑:林则徐纪念馆、汉家公主纪念馆、伊犁河大桥、伊犁河民族文化 旅游村、阿拉木图亚风情园等。 【写作导引】 要想写好说明文,首先就得明确这一文体的特点。说明文是客观地说明事 物的一种文体,以解说或介绍事物的形状、性质、成因、构造、功用、类别等或 物理的含义、特点、演变等为主要内容。说明文以说明为主要表达方式,兼用记 叙、描写、议论。说明文主要是通过对客观事物或事理的介绍说明,达到以知识 教人的目的。与记叙文、议论文相比,说明文更强调科学性、客观性。说明文艺 以客观、准确为基本要求,一般不表示作者的感情倾向。教学大纲对说明文的训 练要求为:(1)能写简单的说明文,说明对象明确,能抓住说明对象的特征; (2)能根据说明对象的特点,采用适当的说明顺序和说明方法;(3)注意说明 文语言的准确、简明和平实。因此,对于初学写作说明文的同学,是要牢记这几 条要求。 1、抓住说明对象的特征 写说明文,一定要对说明对象有比较深刻的认识,即抓住说明对象的特征。 什么是事物的特征呢?特征就是某事物区别于其它事物的象征和标志, 即该事物 所特有的个性。它往往表现在两个方面:一是外显特征,如事物的颜色、质地、 空间位置、形状、温度等;二是内隐性特征,如事物的成因、原理、变化过程、 内部结构、习性、性能、风格等方面。 怎样把握事物的特征呢?必须从以下几个方面着手。
一、要认真观察。通过细致、反复、深刻的观察,用眼、耳、口、鼻、体、 肤等感
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官方公共微信说明文的写作方法
一、抓住事物特征,把握说明中心
  任何事物都有其自身的特征,它是区别于其他事物的标志。写说明文时只有抓住事物的特征,才能把被说明事物准确清晰地介绍给读者,让人们对事物有确切的了解。抓住事物的特征进行写作,也就是抓住了说明的中心。当然,事物往往有多方面的特征,想在一篇说明文里面面俱到地加以介绍是不可能的,只能根据需要一次谈一两个特征。例如:鸭与鸡都是家禽,都会走路,都有两翼,都可以做肉食。但要写一篇关于鸭的说明文,就要抓住鸭区别于鸡和其它家禽的特征。与鸡相比,它喜欢在水上生活,尾部能分泌油脂;有一双掌状的蹼,会划水;嘴又长又扁,等等。抓住鸭的这些特征进行说明,就可以使人对鸭的生活习性和外形有了一个清楚的认识。不同的事物固然有各自不同的特点,同类事物也往往有着差异,这些差异也就是它们的特征,写说明文时要紧紧抓住这些特征。如《中国石拱桥》一文写的是赵州桥和卢沟桥,两桥都是石砌的拱桥,相同的地方很多,但也各有特色。茅以升先生就抓住了它们各自特色,进行对比说明,使读者认识了两座桥的不同形状、结构和艺术风格。
  抓住事物特征,把握说明中心,这是写好说明文的一个基本要求。要做到这一点,关键是要对事物进行深入细致的观察、分析、比较、研究,做到真正熟悉被说明的事物,并且掌握这一事物本身的特点和规律。只有这样,才能很好地说明事物。
二、针对具体情况,选好说明角度
  写文章都是具有针对性的,比如说写给什么样的人看;写文章也是有目的性的,比如通过文章要解决一个什么样的问题。例如,写关于落花生的说明文,如果读者对象是农民,目的又是为了向农民传授栽培落花生的技术,那么,就要根据落花生的生长规律,从如何栽培才能夺高产的角度去说明,重点说明怎样选种、选地、播种、施肥、管理等。如果对象是厨师或食品加工厂的工人,目的又是为了介绍如何加工食用落花生,那么就应侧重说明花生仁的营养价值以及如何加工、配料才能使花生仁更加可口等等。我们中学生在写说明文的时候,可先设想为谁而写,这样就能针对具体情况进行说明,不至于把文章写得散乱无章,目的不明确。
三、讲究结构安排,做到条理分明
  文章的条理性是客观事物、事理本身特点、规律在文章结构上的反映。说明文解说事物、阐述事理就要按这些关系来安排说明次序,使之层次清楚、主次分明。例如,四川大邑县“地主庄园陈列馆”中的“收租院”里,有若干泥塑人物像,……。这些画面相对独立,是并列关系。地主收租时设有四道关口,依次是验谷关、风谷关、过斗关、算帐关。每个交租农民都要过四关。从第一关到第四关,是先后关系,这些个别的实例共同揭露地主对农民进行残酷剥削和压迫的罪恶,这就是“收租院”的总体概貌。这个总体概貌与各体实例成为总分关系。《收租院解说词》一文就把握了这些关系。采取先总后分的写法,开头扼要地介绍了地主刘文彩残酷剥削和压迫农民的罪恶,接着按照泥塑画面排列顺序,分别介绍,突出了有压迫和剥削就必然有革命和反抗的基本思想。
  并列关系的事物,还要注意方位顺序,或从上到下,或从前到后,从左到右,从外到内,从近到远,等等,只有按照这些顺序去写才能条理清楚。例如《故宫博物院》全文是介绍一座古建筑群,作者按照先总后分的办法,条理明了地介绍了这座雄伟的建筑群。写建筑物局部时,层次也十分清楚。如写太和殿的一段,先从外后到内,介绍大殿外面时又按照从上到下的顺序,由天空到殿顶直到台基。介绍其内部时又按从中间到两旁,从前到后,由上到下,由远及近的顺序依次说明,给人以清晰的印象。
  介绍生产过程的说明文,应按生产的时间顺序说明;介绍植物生长的说明文应考虑其生长顺序,依次说明,当然不管哪类说明文都应注意主次分明。
四、注意语言艺术,提高说明效果
  说明文语言的特点是朴素平实,且常使用专门术语,容易给人枯燥乏味的感觉。为了提高说明的效果,必须在语言上下一番功夫。说明文的语言不在于堆砌华丽的词藻,而在于用语确切、精当、通俗、风趣。
  怎样才能做到这一点呢?
  首先,在仔细观察事物,透彻了解事物特征的基础上选用最能确切地反映客观事物的词语加以说明,尤其要注意恰当选用限制范围大小、表明条件关系之类的词语。如《中国石拱桥》中说到卢沟桥:“桥宽约八米,路面平坦,几乎与河面平行”。一个“约”字说明桥面并不恰好是八米,这里只取约数;一个“几乎”说明路面平坦的程度基本上与河面平行,但还不是完全平行。《看云识天气》中“天空的薄云,往往是天气晴朗的象征;而那些低而厚密的云层,常常是阴雨风雪的预兆”。这里形容云的形态特征的词语和表明时间性的词语配合用,十分确切,十分精当。
  其次,要注意掌握和运用好必要的专门术语,防止说“外行话”,例如“航天”和“航空”是两个不同的概念,飞机在大气层内飞行,称为航空;卫星、飞船在大气层外飞行称为航天。它们是采用不同的飞行器在不同的空间来完成飞行任务的。写文章时必须注意诸如此类的区别。
  再次,适当运用比喻、拟人、拟物等修辞手法。例如《中国石拱桥》一文开头:石拱桥的桥洞成拱形,像天上虹。用“虹”来比喻石拱桥,很形象生动,使读者清楚地了解了石拱桥的外形特征。再如《大自然的语言》中,作者用比喻、拟人的手法说明“花香鸟语,草长莺飞”都是大自然的语言,劳动人民根据这些现象掌握季节规律,安排农事。这段文字由于运用了比喻、拟人等修辞手法,不仅通俗易懂,而且生动有趣,饶有兴味。
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英语说明文的写作方法集锦
作文频道小编搜集了英语说明文的写作方法,希望可以帮助到大家。
1.罗列法(listing)
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点,然后常用first,second,&and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中,下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的:
Early Rising
Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First, it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。
Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning, and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
Thirdly, early rising enables (使能够) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring, so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
Fourthly, early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work, such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says,&Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.&
罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落,我们可以注意模仿学习:
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all, &Secondly, &And finally, &
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all, &Secondly, &And finally,
必须指出的是,有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first, second&等词,但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法(examples)
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思,常用for example, for instance, still another example is&等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的:
Recreation
It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation (娱乐)。 The mind, too, needs change to make it fresh and vigorous (有活力的) There is much truth in the old saying, All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.&
There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done, for instance, football, tennis, and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating, fishing, gardening, cycling, walking, chess-playing, and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles (肌肉) with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work (体力活) should adopt (采纳) reading or some other quiet form of recreation.
Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation, but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience, and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk (轻松) walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor, chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.
可以看出,举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用:即用罗列法来列出例子,用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法(comparison and contrast)
比较法是对两个对象进行比较,从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法,比如:
From Paragraph to Essay
Although they are different in length (长度), the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure (结构)。 For example, the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence (主题句) or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay, the first paragraph sets up the topic focus (主题所在) Next, the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly, the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory (引导的) paragraph. Finally, a concluding sentence (结束句) &&whether a restatement, conclusion, or observation&&ends the paragraph. The essay, too, has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions (例外), most well written expository (说明文的) paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.
可以看出,在比较相同点的时候,常用到similarly,also,too,in the same case,in spite of the difference等这样的词语。
European Football and American Football
Although European football is the parent of American football, the two games show several major differences. European football, sometimes called association football or soccer, is played in 80 countries, making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football, on the other hand, is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada)。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football, also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions (位置) on the field, is played with an elongated (拉长的) round ball. Soccer has little body contact (接触) between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football, in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates, needs special protective equipment. In soccer, the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting (顶) it with the head. In American football, on the other hand, the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's (对手) goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish (区别) association and American football.
这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出:however,on the other hand,in contrast,but,nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法(definition)
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法,特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是:
被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语
可以看出,定义句中限制性定语越详细,定义就越精确,比如:
A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on(以&&为食品)fruit and insects but is not a bird.
其实,在英&英词典中,对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如,看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的:A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession (专业)。
5.顺序法(sequence of time, space and process)
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平,用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义,用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的:
Coal underwent (经受) many changes before it became the bright, brittle (脆的), black substance which we now use. During ancient times (在上古时代), when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate, the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on, the ground changed and began to sink (下沉) a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit (沉淀) of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.
Generations after generations (几世纪后), as the ground kept gradually sinking, another layer of sand and clay was again deposited (积聚) above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted (作用) and the peat (泥煤) was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.
Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine (煤矿)。 In China, coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.
6.分类法(classification)
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如:著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯&培根(Francis Bacon)在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》(Of Studies)一文中就用到了分类法:
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested, that is, some books are to be read only in parts, others to be read, but not curiously, and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts ma but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books&
参考译文:书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所需摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者&&
&&转摘自《英汉翻译教程》(张培基等)
可见,如果能够根据具体情况,选用合适的写作手法,就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。
除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外,还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下,对于中学生来说,上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是:在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主,同时辅以其他写作手法。有时,甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此,必须根据具体情况,选用合适的展开主题的写作手法,才能写出优秀的英语说明文。
以上是由精品学习网为大家整理的英语说明文的写作方法,如果您觉得有用,请继续关注精品学习网。

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