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SAT阅读讲义(全)
新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读2009 年 SAT 阅读讲义主讲：齐荣乐欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材一．SAT 考试简介 1. 考试结构 3 hrs and 45 mins 10 sections (3 for Math 3
for Writing 3 for Reading plus a variable section)2. 选项设置 一共 5 个选项： 蒙猜答案的几率下降；审查选项的时间增加 3. 评分标准 √ 1 point ○ 0 point × -1/4 point 不鼓励 Random guess，不仅考察学术能力，还考察学术态度 二、SAT 阅读考试简介 1. 考试时间和分项组成 Type of Qs No. of Qs Time AllottedSentence Completion19Passage-based Reading4870 mins (including two 25-min sections and one 20-min section)新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读Total Qs672. 文章特点简介 ? 导言 source, time, background, author (status), key words, theme, etc. ? 题材 一黑妹生自文艺社 ? 移民文化 （cross-culture and emigration） ? 黑人土著 (Black Americans & Native Americans) ? 女性女权 (women & feminism) ? 生物环境 (biology & environment) ? 自然科学 (natural science) ? 文学作品 (literary fiction) ? 艺术评论 (art criticism) ? 社会研究 (social studies) ? 类型 ? 根据文章体裁：non-literary / literary fiction ? 根据文章长度：short passage / long passage ? 根据文章数量：single passage / paired passages 排列组合之后考试时所见到的文章类型有： ? SSP （short single passage） ? SPP （short paired passages） ? LSP (long single passage) (non-literary) ? LF (literary fiction) ? LPP (long paired passages) 我将会在后面的课程中一一向大家进行阅读策略的介绍。 3. 题型及考查比重 （2005 年 10 月到 2009 年 5 月） ? 推理（8） ? 细节（6） ? 态度（6） ? 词汇（5） ? 作用（5） ? 例子（3） ? 主旨（3） ? 互联（5） ? 求同（2） ? 求异（2） ? 修辞（2） ? 外援（1） ? 符号（0 or 1）新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读三．文章类型及阅读策略 1. Strategy for SSP ? Quantity: 2 ? Format: P + 2 Qs ? Word count: 100-150 /p ? Required time: 2-3 mins/p ① Scan 2 Qs quickly A. F B. Identify the type of Q ② Read the passage and take BRIEF ③ S ④ Select the best choice. (ABCDE and leave it blank) 文章示范：新 OG P577-9-10That nineteenth-century French novelist Honore de Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in life was an irony duplicated in other matters. For instance, the very women who had been drawn to him by the penetrating intuition of the female heart that he showed in his novels were appalled to discover how insensitive and awkward the real man could be. It seems that the true source of creation for Balzac was not sensitivity but imagination. Balzac’s fiction originally sprang from an intuition he first discovered as a wretched little school boy locked in a dark closet of his boarding school: life is a prison, and only imagination can open its doors.9. The example in lines 4-8 primarily suggests that_______ A. Balzac’s work was not especially popular among female readers B. Balzac could not write convincingly about financial matters C. Balzac’s insights into character were not evident in his everyday life D. people who knew Balzac personally could not respect him as an artist E. readers had unreasonable expectations of Balzac the man10. The author mentions Balzac’s experience as a schoolboy in order to A. explain why Balzac was unable to conduct his financial affairs properly B. point out a possible source of Balzac’s powerful imagination C. exonerate the boarding school for Balzac’s lackluster performance D. foster the impression that Balzac was an unruly student E. depict the conditions of boarding school life during Balzac’ youth 举例说明概述题 ? ID： (purpose of example)新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读The author mentions/quotes/cites/uses/describes/discusses sth to/ in order to… The example in line X suggests/emphasizes/illustrates… The reference to X provides/presents an example/examples of … ? Structure:①TS. + (For instance/example),+ example. ②Example. + Conclusion. ③TS+(such as/by)+example. ? Solution:瞻前顾后，外加自恋！TS/C 详读，例子本身可以扫读或阅读。&That nineteenth-century French novelist Honore de Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in life& was an irony &duplicated in other matters&. ?It was an irony &that… in life&. 题目示范： Each passage below is followed by questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied. in each passage and in any introductory material that may be provided. Questions 6-7 are based on the following passage. Choice of language frequently plays a significant role in the development of the Hispanic American writer's voice and message. &I lack language,& wrote .Cherrie Moraga, author of Loving in the War Years: lo quenunca pas6 por sus labios. The use of two languagesin the title itself expresses the difficulty that the author perceives in narrating personal experience in one language when one has lived in another. 6. The author cites Moraga's book primarily in order to (A) emphasize the challenges that some Hispanic American writers face in getting their work published (B) celebrate the achievements of a young Hispanic American novelist (C) demonstrate the expressiveness of a writer whohas mastered several languages (D) confirm that American writers are exploringnew artistic approaches (E) illustrate a dilemma that Hispanic Americanwriters often face态度题 (attitude) ? ID：新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读tone, attitude, reaction, response, feeling, sentiment, expression, view, regard，describe, portray, characterize ? Type:①positive attitude ②negative attitude ③mixed attitude ? Solution:① 从情感态度词和转折句判断态度类型 ② 从作者语气辨别字面态度/反语态度 ③ 用态度评价原则排除错误选项 举例示范： Students’ attitude toward NN can best be described as ?A.好棒 B.好土 C.好 D.好 cuo E.好吃 文章示范： Questions 8-9 are based on the following passage. The science fiction masterpiece 2001: A Space Odyssey~will probably be remembered be~t for the finely honed portrait of HAL, the Heuristically proLine grammed ALgorithmic computer that could not only 5 reason but also experience human feelings and anxiety. Surprisingly, perhaps, computers have in some ways surpassed writer Arthur C. Clarke's and film director Stanley Kubrick's vision of computing technology at the turn of the millennium. Today's computers are lO vastly smaller and more portable than HAL and use software interfaces that forgo the type of manual controls found on the spaceship that carded HAL. 8. The author's attitude toward the &portrait& (line 3) is best characterized as one of (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) resentment appreciation confusion awe derisionawe: a feeling of great respect usually mixed with fear or wonder. 文章示范： Questions 13-25 are based on the following passage. This passage is excerpted from a novel published in 1970. As the passage begins, four men are looking at a map in preparation for a canoe trip. It unrolled slowly, forced to show its colors, curling and snapping back whenever one of us turned loose. The whole land was very tense until we put our four steins新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读on Line its corners and laid the river out to run for us through the mountains 150 miles north. Lewis' hand took a pencil and marked out a small strong X in a place where some of the green bled away and the paper changed with high ground, and began to work downstream, northeast to southwest through the printed woods. I watched the hand rather than the location, for it seemed to have power over the terrain, and when it stopped for Lewis' voice to explain something, it was as though all streams everywhere quit running, hanging silently where they were to let the point be made. The pencil turned over and pretended to sketch in with the eraser an area that must have been around fifty miles long, through which the river hooked and cramped. &When they take another survey and rework the map,& Lewis said, &all this in here will be blue. The dam at Aintry has already been started, and when it's finished next spring the river will back up fast. This whole valley will be under water. But right now it's wild. And I it looks like something up in Alaska. We really ought to go up there before the real estate people get hold of it and make it over into one of their heavens.& I leaned forward and concentrated down into the invisible shape he had drawn, trying to see the changes that would come, the nighttime rising of dammed water bringing a new lake up with its choice lots, its marinas and beer cans, and also trying to visualize the land as Lewis said it was at that moment, unvisited and free. I breathed in and out once, my body, particularly the back and arms, felt ready for something like this. I looked around the bar and then back into the map, picking up the river where we would enter it. A little way to the southwest the paper blanched. &Does this mean it's higher here?& I asked. Yes, Lewis said, looking quickly at me to see if I saw he was being tolerant. Ah, he's going to turn this into something, I thought. A lesson. A moral. A life principle. A Way. &It must run through a gorge or something& was all he said though. &But we can get through that in a day, easy. And the water should be good, in that part especially.& I didn't have much idea what good meant in the way of river water, but for it to seem good to Lewis it would have to meet some very definite standards. The way he went about things
that was mainly what he liked about doing them. He liked particularly to take some extremely specialized and difficult form 5o of sport--usually one he could do by himself--and evolve a personal approach to it which he could then expound. I had been through this with him in fly casting, in archery and weight lifting and spelunking, in all of which he had developed complete mystiques. Now it was canoeing. I settled back and came out of the map. Bobby Trippe was there, across from me. He had smooth thin hair and a high pink complexion. I knew him least well of the others at the table, but I liked him a good deal, even so. He was pleasantly cynical and gave me the impression that he shared some kind of understanding with me that neither of us was to take Lewis too seriously. &They tell me that this is the kind of thing that gets hold of middle-class householders every once in a while,& Bobby said. &But most of them just lie down新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读till the feeling passes.& &And when most of them lie down they're at Woodlawn* before they think about getting up,& Lewis said. * A cemetery. 19. Lewis' use of the word &heavens& (line 24) is best characterized as (A) appreciative (B) deceitful (C) tentative (D) defensive (E) ironic2. Strategy for SPP ? Quantity: 1 ? Format: P1 & P2 + 4～5 Qs ? Word count: 250-300/P1&P2 ? Required time: 5-6 mins ① Read P1 & P2 and take BRIEF A. read 1st sentence, last sentence and the sentences indicat B. judge the relationship btw 2 Ps: oppose (考查最多)/support/loosely related ② Read a question ( type); ③ S ④ Select the best choice. 求异题 ? ID:P1 differs from P2 in that________________ Unlike P1, P2_________________________ The contrast/difference between P1& P2 is that _____ X in P1& P2 respectively ________________ Compared to P1, P2____________________ _____________________is in P1, but not in P2? ? Solution: Try to find the DF btw 2 Ps in ① view/attitude ② contents ③ style/ rhetoric求同题 ? ID:新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读P1 is similar/ analogous/ parallel /akin to P2 in that_______________ Which of the following statement is shared by P1 & P2? Both passages__________ X in P1 is most like ________ in P2? What do P1& P2 have in common? ? ? ? Solution: 先找交集; 若无交集，再找补集并取反.互联题 ? ID:①Which best describes the relationship between the two passages? ②____ in one passage would most likely + VERB +___ in another passage? TYPES OF VERBS: ↑support/ exemplify/agree with/espouse/strengthen ↓weaken/undermine/discredit/criticize/damage ？respond to/react to/ claim/assert/argue/ contend /suggest/consider/ interpret /view/regard?Solution:① 弄清题干中的已知信息 ② 根据另一篇文章内容和题干中的动词找出最佳选项文章示范： The passages below are followed by questions ba questions following a pair of related passages may also . be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or ~ in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided. Questions 6-9 are based on the following passages. Passage 1 The eighteenth-century botanist Carolus Linnaeus' enormous and essential contribution to natural history新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读was to devise a system of classification whereby any Line plant or animal could be identified and slotted into 5 an overall plan. Yet Linnaeus himself would probably have been the first to admit that classification is only a tool, and not the ultimate purpose, of biological inquiry. Unfortunately, this truth was not apparent to his immediate successors, who for the next hundred 10 years were to concern themselves almost exclusively with classification. Passage 2 I am a heretic about Linnaeus. ! do not dispute the value of the tool he gave natural science, but I am wary about the change it has effected on humans' relationship 15 to the world. From Linnaeus on, much of science has been devoted to sorting masses into individual entities and arranging the entities neatly. The cost of having so successfully itemized and pigeonholed nature is to limit certain possibilities of seeing and apprehending. For 20 example, the modem human thinks that he or she can best understand a tree (or a species of tree) by examining a single tree. But trees are not intended to g~ow in isolation. They are social creatures, and their society in turn supports other species of plants, insects, birds, mammals, and micro25 organisms, all of which make up the whole experience of the woods. 6. Compared, to the author of Passage 2, the author of Passage 1 regards Linnaeus with more (A) cynicism (B) bafflement (C) appreciation (D) nostalgia (E) resentment 7. Unlike the author of Passage 1, the author of Passage 2 makes use of (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) scientific data literary allusion historical research personal voice direct citation8. Both passages emphasize which of the following aspects of Linnaeus' work? (A) The extent to which it contributed to natural science (B) The way in which it limits present-day science (C) The degree to which it revived interest in biology (D) The decisiveness with which it settled scientific disputes (E) The kinds of scientific discoveries on which it built 9. The author of Passage 1 would most likely respond to the opening of Passage 2 (lines 12-17) by arguing that the author of Passage 2 has (A) demonstrated that Linnaeus should be better known as a scientist than he currently is (B) minimized the achievements of those scientists who built on Linnaeus' work (C) refused to appreciate the importance of proper新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读classification to scientific progress (D) failed to distinguish the ideas of Linnaeus from those of his followers (E) misunderstood Linnaeus' primary contribution to natural history文章内容简介：P1: CL S P2: CL 大 S 小tooltoolStrategy for LSP （说明文，评论文） ?Quantity: 1 or 2 ?Format: P+ 5 ～ 13 Qs ?Word count: 450-850/P ?Required time: 10±4 mins Structural reading strategy ① Scan the blurb
② Read the crucial parts of the passage and take notes (3’-5’); ③ Read a question and its corresponding con ④ Select the best choice from options. Crucial parts of a passage You should read at least the followings: ① 1st sentences of each paragraph ② last sentences of 1st para & last para ③ major sentences indicating change 文章示范： Questions 18-22 are based on the following passage. This excerpt discusses the relationship between plants and their environments. Why do some desert plants grow tall and thin like organ pipes? Why do most trees in the tropics keep their leaves year round? Why in the Arctic tundra are there no trees at all? After many years without convincing general answers, we now know much about what sets the fashion in plant design. Using terminology more characteristic of a thermal engineer than of a botanist, we can think of plants as mechanisms that must balance their heat budgets. A plant by day is staked out under the Sun with no way of sheltering itself. All day long it absorbs heat. If it did not lose as much heat as it gained, then eventually it would die: Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them, by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere and the cold, black reaches of space. temperature is tolerable for the processes of life. Plants in the Arctic tundra lie close to the ground in the thin layer of still air that clings there. A foot or two above the ground are the winds of Arctic cold.新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读Tundra plants absorb heat from the Sun they probably balance most of their heat budgets by radiating heat to space, but also by warming the still air hat is trapped among them. As long as Arctic plants are close to the ground, they can balance their heat budgets. But if they should stretch up as a tree does, they would lift their working parts, their leaves, into the streaming Arctic winds. Then it is likely that the plants could not absorb enough heat from the Sun to avoid being cooled below a critical temperature. Your heat budget does not balance if you stand tall in the Arctic. Such thinking also helps explain other characteristics of plant design. A desert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant the danger of overheating. It is short of water and so cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating. The familiar sticklike shape of desert plants represents one of the solutions to this problem: the shape exposes the smallest possible surface to incoming solar radiation and provides the largest possible surface from which the plant can radiate heat. In tropical rain forests, by way of contrast, the scorching Sun is not a problem for plants because there is sufficient water. This working model allows us to connect the general characteristics of the forms of plants indifferent habitats with factors such as temperature, availability of water, and presence or absence of seasonal differences. Our Earth is covered with a patchwork quilt of meteorological conditions, and the patterns of this patchwork are faithfully reflected by the plants. 18. q-he passage primarily focuses on which of the following characteristics of plants? (A) Their ability to grow equally well in all environments (B) Their effects on the Earth's atmosphere (C) Their ability to store water for dry periods (D) Their fundamental similarity of shape (E) Their ability to balance heat intake and output Questions 16-24 are based on the following passage. This passage is from a boo.k of nature writing published in 1991. In North America, bats fall into mainly predictable categories: they are nocturnal, eat insects, and are rather small. But winging through their lush, green-black world, Line tropical bats are more numerous and have more exotic 5 habits than do temperate species. Some of them feed on nectar that bat-pollinated trees have evolved to profit from their visits. Carnivorous bats like nothing better than a local frog, lizard, fish, or bird, which they pluck from the foliage or a moonlit pond. Of course, some bats are vampires and 10 dine on blood. In the movies, vampires are rather showy, theatrical types, but vampire bats rely on stealth and small,新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读pinprick incisions made by razory, triangular front teeth. Sleeping livestock are their usual victims, and they take care not to wake them. First, they make the classic incisions 15 shaped
then, with saliva full of anticoagulants so that the victim's blood will flow nicely, they .quietly lap their fill. Because this anticoagulant is not toxic to humans, vampire bats may one day play an important role in the treatment of heart patients--that is, if we can 2o just get over our phobia about them. Having studied them intimately, I now know that bats are sweet-tempered, useful, and fascinating creatures. The long-standing fear that many people have about bats tells us less about bats than about human fear. 25 Things that live by night live outside the realm of &normal& time. Chauvinistic about our human need to wake by day and sleep by night, we come to associate night dwellers with people up to no good, people who have the jump on the rest of us and are defying nature, defying their 30 circadian rhythms.* Also, night is when we dream, and so - we picture the bats moving through a dreamtime, in which reality is warped. After all, we do not se we do not need to. But that makes us nearly defenseless after dark. Although we are accustomed to tnastering 35 our world by day, in the night we become vulnerable as prey. Thinking of bats as masters of the night threatens the safety we daily take for granted. Though we are at the top of our food chain, if we had to live alone in the rain forest, say, and protect ourselves against roaming predators, we 40 would live partly in terror, as our ancestors did. Our sense of safety depends on predictability, so anything living新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读outside the usual rules we suspect to be an outlaw, a ghoul. Bats have always figured as frightening or supernatural creatures in the mythology, religion, and superstitioo of 45 peoples everywhere. Finnish peasants once believed that their souls rose from their bodies while they slept and flew around the countryside as bats, then returfied to them by morning. Ancient Egyptians prized bat parts as medicine for a variety of diseases. Perhaps the most mystical, ghoul50 ish, and intimate relationship between bats and humans occurred among the Maya about two thousand years ago. Zotzilaha Chamalc~in, their bat god, had a human body but the stylized head and wings of a bat. His image appears often on their altars, pottery, gold ornaments, and stone 55 pillars. One especially frightening engraving shows the bat god with outstretched wings and a question-mark no~e, its tongue wagging with hunger, as it holds a human corpse in one hand and the human's heart in the other. A number of other Central American cultures raised the bat to the ulti60 mate height: as god of death and the underworld. But it was Bram Stoker's riveting novel Dracula that turned small, furry mammals into huge, bloodsucking monsters in the minds of English-speaking people. If vampires were sernihuman, then they could fascinate with their conniving 65 cruelty, and thus a spill of horror books began to appear about the human passions of vampires. * Circadian rhythrns are patterns of daily change within one's body that are determined by the time of day or night. 16. The author's main point in the passage is that (A) there are only a few kinds of bats (B) humans are especially vulnerable to nocturnal新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读predators (C) bat saliva may have medicinal uses (D) only myth and literature have depicted the true nature of the bat (E) our perception of bats has its basis in human psychology 主旨题 ? ID:The passage serves mainly to __________ The passage primarily focuses on __________ The passage is primarily concerned with _______ The main idea/ point/purpose of the passage is __________ The passage as a whole is best described as _____________ The passage as a whole answers which of the following question? ? solution: ① 画圈后做 ② （导言）+ 关键词 + 重点句 ↓ （各段）首句 （首末段）尾句 重要转折句 细节题之一：寻因题 ? ID:because/due to/attribute to/in that ? Solution:根据题干中的结果，向前或向后找原因。 文章示范： Questions 18-22 are based on the following passage. This excerpt discusses the relationship between plants and their environments. Why do some desert plants grow tall and thin like organ pipes? Why do most trees in the tropics keep their leaves year round? Why in the Arctic tundra are there no trees at all? After many years without convincing general answers, we now know much about what sets the fashion in plant design. Using terminology more characteristic of a thermal engineer than of a botanist, we can think of plants as mechanisms that must balance their heat budgets. A plant by day is staked out under the Sun with no way of sheltering itself. All day long it absorbs heat. If it did not lose as much heat as it gained, then eventually it would die: Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them, by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere and the cold, black reaches of space. temperature is tolerable for the processes of life. Plants in the Arctic tundra lie close to the ground in the thin layer of still新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读air that clings there. A foot or two above the ground are the winds of Arctic cold. Tundra plants absorb heat from the Sun they probably balance most of their heat budgets by radiating heat to space, but also by warming the still air hat is trapped among them. As long as Arctic plants are close to the ground, they can balance their heat budgets. But if they should stretch up as a tree does, they would lift their working parts, their leaves, into the streaming Arctic winds. Then it is likely that the plants could not absorb enough heat from the Sun to avoid being cooled below a critical temperature. Your heat budget does not balance if you stand tall in the Arctic. Such thinking also helps explain other characteristics of plant design. A desert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant the danger of overheating. It is short of water and so cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating. The familiar sticklike shape of desert plants represents one of the solutions to this problem: the shape exposes the smallest possible surface to incoming solar radiation and provides the largest possible surface from which the plant can radiate heat. In tropical rain forests, by way of contrast, the scorching Sun is not a problem for plants because there is sufficient water. This working model allows us to connect the general characteristics of the forms of plants indifferent habitats with factors such as temperature, availability of water, and presence or absence of seasonal differences. Our Earth is covered with a patchwork quilt of meteorological conditions, and the patterns of this patchwork are faithfully reflected by the plants. 20. According to the passage, which of the following is most responsible for preventing trees from growing tall in the Arctic? (A) The hard, frozen ground (B) The small amount of available sunshine (C) The cold, destructive winds (D) The large amount of snow that falls each year (E) The absence of seasonal differences in temperature 21. The author suggests that the &sticklike shape of desert plants& (lines 41-42) can be attributed to the (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) inability of the plants to radiate heat to the air around them presence of irregular seasonal differences in the desert large surface area that the plants must expose to the Sun absence of winds strong enough to knock down tall, thin plants extreme heat and aridity of the habitat4. Strategy for LF Para by Para reading strategy ① identify the type of passage by scanning blurb (novel, memoir, autobiography, narrative, etc.); ② mark questions related to 1st para according to line ref ③ read 1st para and answer ④ treat other Qs in other
⑤ answer Qs abt the whole passage if any. 文章示范： The passage below is followed by questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or in the passage and in any introductory material that may be provided. Questions 7-19 are based on the following passage.新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读This passage is adapted from a 1998 memoir in which the author recalls her childhood in Chicago in the 1960's. A trip to the library was like a great excursion to a different country. To get there, we had to walk a mile. But the distance between where we lived and where we Line were going was much greater. To get there we traveled 5 beyond the usual parameters of school and church and the shopping strip we frequented, into the manicured lawns and gardens of Hyde Park. I loved the walk as much as the destination itself. In the middle of the anger that was my home and the upheaval of a changing world in which 10 it seemed I had no place, our semimonthly excursions to the library were a piece of perfection. I had around me at one time all the people I loved best--my mother and brothers and sister--and all the things I loved best-quiet, space, and books. 15 We went to the T. B. Blackstone Library, not far from Lake Michigan. You could easily miss the building if you didn't know what you were looking for. But once you were inside, you could never mistake it for anything else. We passed through two sets of heavy brass doors to the 20 lobby of the library, a great domed entrance with a ceiling adorned with what I used to imagine were the angels of books. They were great gilded figures armed with harps and with scrolls and other instruments of learning. If we turned right, we could see a 25 this led, in turn, to a spacious reading room adorned with a gigantic and ancient globe that sat in front of the largest windows. At some point during every visit, I found my way into that room to touch the globe, to finger the ridges and the painted canvas already frayed and separating from 30 its sphere. I liked to look at Africa, with the coded colors of the different countries like the Belgian Congo and Rhodesia, and try to remember which countries were fighting to be free just as we were struggling for civil rights. I had heard Daddy talking about the struggle, 35 arguing with the television as someone discussed it on a news show. And I had seen pictures on the news of people gathered together marching. But I didn't really know anything about Africa except what I saw in the Tarzan movies, which I watched a lot, but thought were 40 really strange. (Why did that White man live in a tree?) I read a lot of books about mythology, and then about science: not the missiles and spaceships Brother preferred, but the birds and the bees--literally. I brought home a giant book of birds and searched the skies and trees for 45 anything other than robins and pigeons. And I read about bees because I liked the idea that all of them listened to the queen and couldn't go on without her. I went through a phase of loving books with practical science experiments and used up a whole bottle of white vinegar by pouring it 5o on the sides of our apartment building to prove that it was constructed of limestone. ~ One Saturday, as I wandered through the young adult section, I saw a title: Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott. I could tell from looking at the shelf that she'd written 55 a lot of books, but I didn't know anything about her. I had learned from experience that titles weren't everything. A book that sounded great on the shelf could be dull once you got it home, and every bad book I brought home meant one less book to read until we went back in two weeks. So 60 I sat in a chair near the shelves to skim the first paragraphs: &Christmas won't be Christmas without新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读65any presents,& grumbled Jo, lying on the rug. &It's so dreadful to be poor!& sighed Meg, looking down at her old dress. &I don't think it's fair for some girls to have plenty of pretty things, and other girls nothing at all,& added little Amy, with an injured sniff. &We've got Father and Mother and each other,& said Beth contentedly from her comer.70It was a good thing I'd already decided on some other books to take home, because I didn't look through the rest of the section that day. I read and read and read Little Women until it was time to walk home, and, except for a few essential interruptions like sleeping and eating, 75 I would not put it down until the end. Even the freedom to watch weekend television held no appeal for me in the wake of Alcott's story. It was about girls, for one thing, girls who could almost be like me, especially Jo. It seemed to me a shame that she wasn't B then our similarity 8o would be complete. She loved to read, she loved to make up plays, she hated acting ladylike, she had a dreadful temper. I had found a kindred spirit. 7. The author viewed the &semimonthly excursions& (line 10) with (A) apprehension (B) detachment (C) resentment (D) pride (E) delight8. In lines 16-18 (&You could.., else&), the author distinguishes between (A) general and particular impressions (B) objective and subjective experiences (C) external and internal appearances (D) public and private observations (E) true and false assumptions 9. The tone of the statement in lines 17-18 (&But once.., else&) is one of (A) arrogance (B) foreboding (C) conviction (D) diffidence (E) sarcasm 10. The author'~ reaction to the &ceiling& (line 20) conveys her (A) aspirations of becoming a novelist (B) distaste for religious imagery : (C) puzzlement about artistic symbolism _ (D) reverence for the library's educational ~: offerings i (E) discomfort in the presence of high i culture 11. For the author, to &look at Africa& on the globe i' (line 30) served as a reminder of i (A) an American movement for social change (B) a personal experience abroad新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读(C) the diversity of cultures around the world (D) the ethnic diversity of her neighborhood (E) the influence of African politics on America i. 12. What does the description in lines 34-36 (&I had... show&) suggest about the author's father? (A) He was uncomfortable discussing politics with his children. (B) He did not approve of most television news coverage. (C) He had strong feelings about the Civil Rights ~ movement. (D) He generally had a pessimistic worldview. (E) He was an outspoken public advocate for equal rights. 13．The author refers to“Tarzan movies”in line 39 to demonstrate that，as a child，she had fA)no concerns about the authenticity of most films (B)a preference for watching movies rather than reading books fC)a fascination with movie actors (D)limited knowledge about Africa (E)little interest in fictional characters 14．The primary purpose 6f the fourth paragraph (1ines 41―51)is to (A)contrast the books about mythology and science that the author had been ’ reading (B)discuss why the author enjoyed books that were about birds and bees (C)characterize the author’S reading interests during a particular period of time (D)distinguish between books preferred by j the author and those preferred by her brother (E)provide several examples of practical science experiments that the author conducted 15．Lines 52．60(“One Saturday?paragraphs”) suggest that the author accepted which of the following generalizations about books? fA)Books seem duller when read in libraries ‘than when read at home． (B)Interesting books are often very dull in their first few paragraphs． 。 (C)Novels are usually more interesting than nonfiction works． fD)Book titles can sometimes be misleading． (E)Books are rarely as interesting as their titles． 16．The author uses an extended quote in lines 61―69 (&Christmas． ． ． corner” )as part of a larger attempt to (A)convey the impact of an unexpected discovery (B)illustrate the suddenness of a decision (C)simulate a child’S misconceptions (D)criticize the artificiality of the“young adult” classification (E)describe a young reader’S sense of history 17. In line 65, &fair& most nearly means新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读(A) comely (B) temperate (C) equitable (D) auspicious (E) mediocre 18. The description in lines 70-75 (&It was.., end&) suggests that the author found Little Women to be (A) bewildering , (B) unremarkable (C) hilarious (D) profound (E) captivating 19. The list in lines 80-82 (&She loved.., temper&) serves primarily to (A) support a hypothesis (B) challenge an interpretation (C) emphasize an inconsistency (D) substantiate a comparison (E) develop a critique (一) 移民文化 （cross-culture and emigration） 1. 2. cultural assimilation & conflict personal identity → view(traditional identity/current identity/complex identity) 3. personal experience → emotion(negative mood/positive mood/ambivalent or conflicting emotions) 推理题 推理题 ? ? ID: infer, suggest, imply, convey, indicate, demonstrate Solution:choose a statement which is a logical development of the information the author has provided in the passage. ? 正选两大原则△ 对应原则：find the synonymous words or similar expression in the options △ 逆向思维：reverse thinking （相对论 or 是与非） 题目示范： Questions 10-15 are based on the following passage. This passage was adapted from a 1995 book about astronomy. Apart from the Moon and occasional comets and asteroids, Venus is often our nearest neighbor. Its orbit新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读brings it closer to Earth than any other planet--only 26 million miles away at certain times. Despite that 5 proximity, for a long time it was generally termed &the planet of mystery.& This is because the atmosphere of Venus is so dense and so cloud-laden that its surface is permanently hidden from sight. The first attempt to learn more about Venus was to analyze its upper atmosphere using spectroscopic methods. In size and mass, Venus is almost the equal of Earth, and its gravitational field is only slightly weaker than ours, so that logically it might be expected to have the same kind of atmosphere--but this is emphatically not so. Scientists found that the main constituent of its atmosphere is carbon dioxide. Since this is a heavy gas that would be expected to sink, it was reasonable to assume that carbon dioxide made up most of the atmosphere down to ground level. Carbon dioxide acts in the manner of a greenhouse, trapping the Sun's heat, so it followed that Venus was likely to be a very torrid sort of world. Yet opinions differed. According to one theory, the clouds contained a great deal of water. It was even claimed that the surface might be largely ocean covered, in which 25 case the atmospheric carbon dioxide would have fouled the water and produced seas of soda water. Another intriguing theory made Venus very similar to the Earth of over 200 million years ago. There would be marshes, luxuriant vegetation of the fern and horsetail variety, and primitive 30 life-forms such as giant dragonflies. If so, then Venus might presumably evolve the same way Earth has done. In 1962 the American probe Mariner 2 bypassed Venus at less than 22,000 miles and gave us our first reliable information. The surface proved t we now know that the maximum temperature is almost 500~C. The atmosphere really is almost pure carbon dioxide, and those shining clouds are rich in sulfuric acid. All ideas Of a pleasant, oceanic Venus had to be abandoned. In 1975 Venera 9, a Russian automatic lander, visited Venus 40 and sent back pictures direct from the surface. The scene-a rocky, scorched landscape--could hardly be more hostile. Subsequent probes have confirmed this impression. Why is Venus so unlike Earth? The answer can only lie in its lesser distance from the Sun. It seems that in the early 45 days of the solar system the Sun was less luminous than it is now, in which case Venus and Earth mayhave started to evolve along the same lines, but when the Sun became more powerful the whole situation changed. Earth, at 93 million miles, was just out of harm's way, but Venus, 50 at 67 million, was not. The water in oceans vaporized, the carbonates were driven out of the rocks, and in a relatively short time on the cosmic scale, Venus was transformed from a potentially life-bearing world into the inferno of today. 14. The statement in lines 32-34 (&In 1962... information&) suggests that the (A) quality of the data surprised the scientists (B) evidence collected earlier was relatively untrustworthy (C) records had been lost for a long time before scientists rediscovered them (D) probe allowed scientists to formulate a completely new theory (E) data confirmed an,obscure and implausible theory新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读Questions 17-24 are based on the following passage. The following is excerpted from an essay written in 1995 to acquaint a general audience with new developments in research on play among animals. Consider the puppy. At only three weeks of age, this tiny ball of fur has already begun gnawing, pawing, and tugging at its littermates. At four to five weeks, its antics Line rival those of a rambunctious child, chasing and wrestling 5 with its siblings at all hours of the day and night. Such behavior is not unusual among social mammals. From human children to whales to sewer rats, many groups of mammals and even some birds play for a significant fraction of their youth. Brown bear cubs, like puppies and 10 kittens, stalk and wrestle with one another in imaginary battles. Deer play tag, chasing and fleeing from one another. WOlves play solitary games with rocks and sticks. Chimpanzees tickle one another. However fascinating these displays of youthful exu15 berance may be, play among animals was ignored by scientists for most of this century. Biologists assumed that this seemingly purposeless activity had little effect on animal development, was not a distinct form of behavior, and was too nebulous a concept either to define or to study. 20 Even the term &play& caused problems for researchers, because it suggests that watching animals goof off is not an activity for serious scientists. But a steady accumulation of evidence over the past two decades now suggests that play is a distinct form of 25 behavior with an important role in the social, physical, and mental development of many animals. In one study, kittens, mice, and rats were found to play the most at ages when permanent changes were occurring in their muscle fiber and the parts of their brains regulating movement. Kittens were 30 most playful between 4 and 20 rats, from 12 to 50 and mice, from 15 to 29 days. Development at those ages is comparable to that of a two-year-old human infant. At these precise times in the development of these animals, muscle fibers differentiate and the connections 35 to areas of the brain regulating movement are made. Such changes apparently are not unique to kittens, mice, and rats, but apply to mammals in general. Thus, research on play has given biologists an important tool with which to probe the development of the brain and 40 motor systems of animals. The study on rats, kittens, and mice may, for instance, provide a physiological explanation for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds of behavior that they will later use as adults. By stalking and capturing imaginary prey over and over again, a kitten 45 builds its muscle and brain connections in a way that allows it to perform those actions later in life. Play may also provide insight into the social development of animals. When the rough-and-tumble of play ends traumatically with a yelp or a shriek, young animals may .so be learning the limits of their strength and how to control themselves among others. Those are essential lessons for an animal living in a close-knit group. Perhaps, some scientists guess, as mammals gathered into social groups, play took on the function of socializing members of the group. Not 55 everyone agrees with this theory, though. Another explanation is that play may not have evolved to cbnfer any advantage but is simply a consequence of higher cognitive abilities or an abundance of nutrition and parental care. Why did play evolve? No one knows for certain, but新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读6o after ten years of studying brown bears ,o,f Alaska, biolo- : gist R~o,b, ert Fagen,,has his own opinion. Why do peopl_~, dance? he asks. Why do birds sing? For the bears, we re becoming increasingly convinced that aesthetic factors ar~ primary.& Sometimes, that is, animals play simply for the 65 fun of it. 24. In lines 61-64, Fagen compares bears playing to people dancing in order to suggest that both activities (A) have little practical function (B) involve peer groups in shared physical activity (C) promote physical coordination (D) are often observed in younger animals (E) are commonly associated with social development作用题 ? ID:The words/sentences/paragraph in line X serves mainly to _____________________? Solution:① 词语作用→特征描述 Questions 13-24 are based on the following passage. This passage is adapted from a 1996 book on sleep research. To conduct some forms of sleep research, we have to find a way to track sleepiness over the day. Some people might believe that measuring sleepiness is a fairly trivial Line task. Couldn't you, for instance, simply count the number 5 of times a person yawns during any given hour or so? In most people's minds, yawning--that slow, exaggerated mouth opening with the long, deep inhalation of air, followed by a briefer exhalation--is the most obvious sign of sleepiness. It is a common behavior shared lO by many animals, including our pet dogs and cats but also crocodiles, snakes, birds, and even some fish. It is certainly true that sleepy people tend to yawn more than wide-awake people. It is also true that people who say they are bored by what is happening at the moment will tend to yawn more 15 frequently. However, whether yawning is a sign that you are getting ready for sleep or that you are successfully fighting off sleep is not known. Simply stretching your body, as you might do if you have been sitting in the same position for a long period of time, will often trigger a yawn. 20 Unfortunately, yawns don't just indicate sleepiness. In some animals, yawning is a sign of stress. When a dog trainer sees a dog yawning in a dog obedience class, it is usually a sign that the animal is under a good deal of pressure. Perhaps the handler is pushing too hard or moving 25 too fast for the dog to feel in control of the situation. A moment or two of play and then turning to another activity is usually enough to banish yawning for quite a while. Yawning can also be a sign of stress in humans. Once,新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读30 when observing airborne troops about to take their first parachute jump, I noticed that several of the soldiers were sitting in the plane and yawning. It was 10 A.M., just after a coffee break, and I doubted
I knew for a fact that they were far too nervous to be bored. When I 35 asked about this, the officer in charge laughed and said it was really quite a common behavior, especially on the first jump. There is also a social aspect to yawning. Psychologists have placed actors in crowded rooms and auditoriums and 40 had them deliberately yawn. Within moments, there is usually an increase in yawning by everyone else in the room. Similarly, people who watch films or videos of others yawning are more likely to yawn. Even just reading about yawning tends to stimulate people to yawn. 45 The truth of the matter is that we really don't know what purpose yawning serves. Scientists originally thought that the purpose of yawning was to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood or to release some accumulated carbon dioxide. We now know that this is not true, since increasing 50 the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air seems not to make people more likely to yawn but to make them breathe faster to try to bring in more oxygen. On the other hand, breathing 100 percent pure oxygen does not seem to reduce the likelihood of yawning. 55 Since yawning seems to be associated with a lot more than the need for sleep, we obviously have to find some other measure of sleepiness. Some researchers have simply tried to ask people how sleepy they feel at any time using some sort of self-rating scale. There are, however, 60 problems with getting people to make these types of judgments. Sometimes people simply lie to the researchers when asked about how sleepy they are. This occurs because in many areas of society admitting that one is fatigued and sleepy is considered a mark of weakness or lack of 65 ambition and drive. In other instances, people may admit they need four cups of coffee to make it through the morning, but it may never occur to them that this might be due to the fact that they are so sleepy that they need stimulation from caffeine to be able to do their required 70 tasks. For these reasons, many researchers have developed an alternate method to determine how sleepy a person is. It is based upon a simple definition of sleep need: The greater your sleep need, or the sleepier you are, the faster you will fall asleep if given the opportunity to do so. 16. The author mentions the &coffee break& (line 33) to emphasize that a (A) brief respite was sorely needed ~ (B) given attitude was inappropriate (C) specific response was understandable (D) particular action was unnecessary (E) certain behavior was unexpected ②句子作用 陈述句 → 顺接解释；逆接反对；转移过渡 P476-6；P477-11(见复印页) 一般问句 →引起关注或思考 疑问句 反意问句 →强调观点或态度 文章示例：新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读Questions 6-7 are based on the following passage. Properly speaking, a movement is a continuous, collective effort to bring about fundamental social reform. It is a collaborative rather than an individLine ualistic enterprise. No matter how many factions 5 are involved, there is always a common objective~ The Black freedom struggle of the 1960's was such an effort. Its objective was to transform the manner in which Black Americans in the United States were viewed and treated~ And Black writers and artists, lO as a vital sector of the movement, sought to transform the manner in which Black Americans were represented or portrayed in literature and the arts. 6. The first sentence of the passage (&Properly speaking ~.. reform&) primarily serves to (A) present a controversial opinion (B) question the effectiveness of a process (C) provide an example of an abstract idea (D) define the meaning of a term (E) offer a solution to a problem Questions 10-15 are based on the following passage. This passage was adapted from a 1995 book about astronomy. Apart from the Moon and occasional comets and asteroids, Venus is often our nearest neighbor. Its orbit brings it closer to Earth than any other planet--only Line 26 million miles away at certain times. Despite that s proximity, for a long time it was generally termed &the planet of mystery.& This is because the atmosphere of Venus is so dense and so cloud-laden that its surface is permanently hidden from sight. The first attempt to learn more about Venus was to lO analyze its upper atmosphere using spectroscopic methods. In size and mass, Venus is almost the equal of Earth, and its gravitational field is only slightly weaker than ours, so that logically it might be expected to have the same kind of atmosphere--but this is emphatically not so. Scientists 15 found that the main constituent of its atmosphere is carbon dioxide. Since this is a heavy gas that would be expected to sink, it was reasonable to assume that carbon dioxide made up most of the atmosphere down to ground level. Carbon dioxide acts in the manner of a greenhouse, trapping 20 the Sun's heat, so it followed that Venus was likely to be a very torrid sort of world. Yet opinions differed. According to one theory, the clouds contained a great deal of water. It was even claimed that the surface might be largely ocean covered, in which 25 case the atmospheric carbon dioxide would have fouled the water and produced seas of soda water. Another intriguing theory made Venus very similar to the Earth of over 200 million years ago. There would be marshes, luxuriant vegetation of the fern and horsetail variety, and primitive 30 life-forms such as giant dragonflies. If so, then Venus might presumably evolve the same way Earth has done. In 1962 the American probe Mariner 2 bypassed Venus at less than 22,000 miles and gave us our first reliable information. The surface proved to be very hot 35 we now know that the maximum temperature is almost 500~C. The atmosphere really is almost pure carbon新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读dioxide, and those shining clouds are rich in sulfuric acid. All ideas 0f a pleasant, oceanic Venus had to be abandoned. In 1975 Venera 9, a Russian automatic lander, visited Venus 40 and sent back pictures direct from the surface. The scene-a rocky, scorched landscape--could hardly be more hostile. Subsequent probes have confirmed this impression. Why is Venus so unlike Earth? The answer can only lie in its lesser dis~nce from the Sun. It seems that in the early 45 days of the solar system the Sun was less luminous than it is now, in which case Venus and Earth may have started to evolve along the same lines, but when the Sun became more powerful the whole situation changed. Earth, at 93 million miles, was just out of harm's way, but Venus, 50 at 67 million, was not. The water in oceans vaporized, the carbonates were driven out of the rocks, and in a relatively short time on the cosmic scale, Venus was transformed from a potentially life-bearing world into the inferno of today. 11. The statement in lines 11-14 (&In size.., so&) functions primarily to (A) dismiss a plausible supposition (B) mock an outrageous claim (C) bolster an accepted opinion (D) summarize a particular experiment (E) undermine a controversial hypothesis③段落作用→结论解释；转移过渡易错选项标志 (Types of eliminative options) ※ 错项标志之一：出现 extreme words 的选项 ① most ② all, anyone, anything ③ everything, everyone ④ only, exclusively ⑤ few, little, seldom, rarely ⑥ never, ⑦ totally, utterly, completely, entirely, absolutely ⑧ overly, excessively, extremely, ※ 错项标志之二：随意比较 △ A is superior to B △ A is as … as B △ A is more/better/adj+er than B新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读※ 错项标志之三：极端态度 迷惑：baffle, bewilder, confuse, puzzle 嫉妒： begrudge, cynicism, envious 傲慢：arrogant, haughty, insolent 古怪：capricious, whimsical 贪婪：greedy, grasping, ravenous, 冷漠：apathetic,indifferent, nonchalant, unsympathetic, 发怒：indignation, outrage, rage, wrath 其他：attack, hostile, resigned, resentment极端举例： Questions 16-24 are based on the following passage. This passage is from a boo.k of nature writing published in 1991. In North America, bats fall into mainly predictable categories: they are nocturnal, eat insects, and are rather small. But winging through their lush, green-black world, Line tropical bats are more numerous and have more exotic 5 habits than do temperate species. Some of them feed on nectar that bat-pollinated trees have evolved to profit from their visits. Carnivorous bats like nothing better than a local frog, lizard, fish, or bird, which they pluck from the foliage or a moonlit pond. Of course, some bats are vampires and 10 dine on blood. In the movies, vampires are rather showy, theatrical types, but vampire bats rely on stealth and small, pinprick incisions made by razory, triangular front teeth. Sleeping livestock are their usual victims, and they take care not to wake them. First, they make the classic incisions 15 shaped
then, with saliva full of anti-新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读coagulants so that the victim's blood will flow nicely, they .quietly lap their fill. Because this anticoagulant is not toxic to humans, vampire bats may one day play an important role in the treatment of heart patients--that is, if we can 2o just get over our phobia about them. Having studied them intimately, I now know that bats are sweet-tempered, useful, and fascinating creatures. The long-standing fear that many people have about bats tells us less about bats than about human fear. 25 Things that live by night live outside the realm of &normal& time. Chauvinistic about our human need to wake by day and sleep by night, we come to associate night dwellers with people up to no good, people who have the jump on the rest of us and are defying nature, defying their 30 circadian rhythms.* Also, night is when we dream, and so - we picture the bats moving through a dreamtime, in which reality is warped. After all, we do not se we do not need to. But that makes us nearly defenseless after dark. Although we are accustomed to tnastering 35 our world by day, in the night we become vulnerable as prey. Thinking of bats as masters of the night threatens the safety we daily take for granted. Though we are at the top of our food chain, if we had to live alone in the rain forest, say, and protect ourselves against roaming predators, we 40 would live partly in terror, as our ancestors did. Our sense of safety depends on predictability, so anything living outside the usual rules we suspect to be an outlaw, a ghoul. Bats have always figured as frightening or supernatural creatures in the mythology, religion, and superstitioo of 45 peoples everywhere. Finnish peasants once believed that新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读their souls rose from their bodies while they slept and flew around the countryside as bats, then returfied to them by morning. Ancient Egyptians prized bat parts as medicine for a variety of diseases. Perhaps the most mystical, ghoul50 ish, and intimate relationship between bats and humans occurred among the Maya about two thousand years ago. Zotzilaha Chamalc~in, their bat god, had a human body but the stylized head and wings of a bat. His image appears often on their altars, pottery, gold ornaments, and stone 55 pillars. One especially frightening engraving shows the bat god with outstretched wings and a question-mark no~e, its tongue wagging with hunger, as it holds a human corpse in one hand and the human's heart in the other. A number of other Central American cultures raised the bat to the ulti60 mate height: as god of death and the underworld. But it was Bram Stoker's riveting novel Dracula that turned small, furry mammals into huge, bloodsucking monsters in the minds of English-speaking people. If vampires were sernihuman, then they could fascinate with their conniving 65 cruelty, and thus a spill of horror books began to appear about the human passions of vampires. * Circadian rhythrns are patterns of daily change within one's body that are determined by the time of day or night.18. The discussion of vampire bats in the first paragraph (lines 1-24) primarily suggests that (A) vampire bats are potentially useful creatures (B) movies about vampires are based only on North American bats (C) most tropical bats are not carnivorous新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读(D) the saliva of vampire bats is more toxic than commonly supposed (E) scientists know very little about the behavior of most batsQuestions 7-19 are based on the following passage. Since the advent of television, social commentators have been evaluating its role in a modern society. In the following excerpt from an essay published in 1992, a German social commentator offers a pointed evaluation of the evaluators. &Television makes you stupid.&Virtually all current theories of the medium come downto this simple statement. As a rule, this conclusion is deliv-Line ered with a melancholy undertone. Four principal theories5 can be distinguished. The manipulation thesis points to an ideologicaldimension. It sees in television above all an instrument10of political domination. The medium is understood as a neutral vessel, which pours out opinions over a public thought of as passive. Seduced, unsuspecting viewers arewon over by the wire-pullers, without ever realizing whatis happening to them.The imitation thesis argues primarily in moral terms.According to it, television consumption leads above all 15 to moral dangers. Anyone who is exposed to the mediumbecomes habituated to libertinism, irresponsibility, crime,and violence. The private consequences are blunted, callous, and o the public consequences are the loss of social virtues and general moral decline.20 This form of critique draws, as is obvious at first glance, on traditional, bourgeois sources. The motifs tl~at recur in this thesis can be identified as far back as the eighteenth centuryin the vain warnings that early cultural criticism soundedagainst the dangers of reading novels.25 More recent is the simulation thesis. According to it,the viewer is rendered incapable of distinguishing between reality and fiction. The primary reality is rendered unrecog-nizable or replaced by a secondary, phantomlike reality.All of these converge in the stupefaction thesis.30 According to it, watching television not only underminesthe viewers' ability to criticize and differentiate, along with the moral and political fiber of their being, but also impairs their overall ability to perceive. Television produces, there-fore, a new type of human being, who can, according to35taste, be imagined as a zombie or a mutant.All these theories are rather unconvincing. Their authors consider proof to be superfluous. Even the minimal criterion of plausibility does not worry them at all. To mention justone example, no one has yet succeeded in putting before 40 us even a single viewer who was incapable of telling the difference between a family quarrel in the current soapopera and one at his or her family's breakfast table. Thisdoesn't seem to bother the advocates of the simulationthesis.45 Another common feature of the theories is just as curiousbut has even more serious consequences. Basically, the新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列viewers appear as defenseless victims, the programmersas crafty criminals. This polarity is maintained with greatSAT 阅读seriousness: manipulators and manipulated, actors and50 imitators, simulants and simulated, stupefiers and stupefiedface one another in a fine symmetry.The relationship of the theorists themselves to televisionraises some important questions. Either the theorists make no use of television at all (in which case they do not know55 what they are talking about) or they subject themselves to it, and then the question arises--through what miracle isthe theorist able to escape the alleged effects of television?Unlike everyone else, the theorist has remained completelyintact morally, can distinguish in a sovereign manner 60 between decepti.on and reality, and enjoys completeimmunity in the face of the idiocy that he or she sorrow~ fully diagnoses in the rest of us. Or could--fatal loopholein the dilemma--the theories themselves be symptoms ofa universal stupefaction?65 One can hardly say that these theorists have failed tohave any effect. It is true that their influence on what is actually broadcast is severely limited, which may be considered distressing or noted with gratitude, depending onone' s mood. On the other hand, they have found ready70 listeners among politicians. That is not surprising, for the conviction that one is dealing with millions of idiots &outthere in the country& is part of the basic psychological equipment of the professional politician. One might havesecond thoughts about the theorists' influence when one75 watches how the veterans of televised election campaignsfight each other for every single minute when it comes todisplaying their limousine, their historic appearance beforethe guard of honor, their hairstyle on the platform, andabove all their speech organs. The number of broadcast80 minutes, the camera angles, and the level of applause areregistered with a touching enthusiasm. The politicians havebeen particularly taken by the good old manipulation thesis. 19. In the last paragraph, the author's attitude towardpoliticians is primarily one of (A) humorous contempt (B) outraged embarrassment (C) worded puzzlement (D) relieved resignation (E) begrudging sympathy5. Strategy for LPP ? Quantity: 1 ? Format: P1&P2+12～13Qs ? Word count: 700- ? Required time: 15 mins or so ① S ② Read crucial parts of P1 and answer Qs abt P1; ③ Read crucial parts of P2 and answer Qs abt P2;新东方在线 [] 网络课堂电子教材系列SAT 阅读④ answer Qs abt P1&P2 based on the relationship btw two passages. Qs about P1& P2 ?ID: ① Both/ ② P1…P2…; ③ Line 10-13….Line59-62… ?Location: Generally speaking, at the beginning or the end of all questions. ?Quantity: 5 or so词汇题 ? ID:X word / phrase in Line Y most nearly means _________________ ? Solution:① build up your vocabulary (self-torture or self-entertainment) parallelism ② in context contrast explanation ③ substitute collocation attitude ? 同义关系 文章示范： The passage below is followed by questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or ~ in the passage and in any introductory ma~rial that may be provided. Questions 7-19 are based on the following passage. The following passage, set in the early 1970's, is from a 1992 novel. The principal characters, Virginia and Clayton, are two cellists in a college orchestra. She'd met lots of crazy musicians, but no one like Clayton. He was as obsesse