Introduction to financial accounting and something else about fortune, welcome crunch!　　1 red_castle=冬天的马，冬天的马=red_castle,ID 冬天的马已遭废弃，理由：没有理由　　2 原贴《财务会计英语的学习交流》杂乱无章，已无心思再去打理　　3 恳求斑竹不要把我的帖子的标贴“染色”，总觉得刺眼　　4 用的是美国Charles T. Horngren先生的教材，由北京大学出版社原版引进，如果有侵犯的地方，不要把我关进小黑屋：学习笔记而已　　5 中文部分是我费尽九牛二虎之力借助金山词霸翻译的，天涯多高人，卧虎藏龙，深怕贻笑大方　　6 所有认识我的人和不认识我的人：春节快乐！　　
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　　Brief Contents 简明目录　　1
Accounting: The language of Business　　会计学：商务语言　　2
Measuring Income to Assess Performance　　收入的衡量到评估的执行　　3
Recording Transactions　　账目处理记录　　4
Using Financial Statements　　应用财务报表　　5
Accounting for Sales　　对销售额的核算　　6
Inventories and Cost of Goods Sold　　存货与商品销售成本　　7
Long-Lived Assets and Depreciation　　固定资产和折旧　　8
Liabilities and Interest　　债务和利息　　9
Valuing and Accounting for Bonds and Leases　　对债券和契约的评估和核算　　10 Statement of Cash Flows　　现金流量表　　11 Stockholders’ Equity　　所有者权益　　12 Intercorporate Investments and Consolidations　　公司间的投资和并购　　13 Financial Statement Analysis　　财务报表分析　　14 Conceptual Framework and Measurement Techniques　　理论架构与衡量技巧
Accounting: The Language of Business　　会计学：商务语言　　A: Chapter Opener: Cisco Systems　　章节开始：Cisco Systems　　B: The Nature of Accounting　　会计的种类　　C: The Balance Sheet　　资产负债表　　D: Balance Sheet Transactions　　资产负债表业务　　E: Types of Ownership　　所有权类型　　F: Stockholders and the Board of Directors　　股东和董事会　　G: Credibility and the Role of Auditing　　审计角色及其可信性　　H: The Accounting Profession　　会计职业　　I: Summary Problems for Your Review　　问题概要　　J: Highlights to Remember　　集萃　　K: Accounting Vocabulary　　会计词汇　　L: Assignment Material　　课外作业　　
　　(包括上面的1,是各章的提纲,共14章)　　2 Measuring Income to Assess Performance　　Chapter Opener：It’s Just Lunch　　Introduction to Income Measurement　　Measuring Income　　The Income Statement　　Statement of Cash Flows　　Accounting for Dividends and Retained Income　　Four Popular Financial Ratios　　The Language of Accounting in the Real World　　Summary Problems for Your Review　　Highlights to Remember　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　
　　3 Recording Transactions　　Chapter opener: Gap, Inc.　　The Double-Entry Accounting System　　Debits and Credits　　The Recording Process　　Analyzing, Journalizing, and Posting the Biwheels Transactions　　Biwheels’ Transactions in the Journal and Ledger　　Preparing the Trial Balance　　Effects of Errors　　Incomplete Records　　Data Processing and Computers　　Summary Problems for Your Review　　Highlights to Remember　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　4 Using Financial Statements　　Chapter Opener: Lands’ End　　Adjustment to Accounts　　I. Expiration of Unexpired Costs　　II. Earning of Revenues Received in Advance　　III. Accrual of Unrecorded Expenses　　IV. Accrual of Unrecorded Revenues　　The Adjustment Process in Perspective 　　Classified Balance Sheet　　Income Statement　　Profitability Evaluation Ratios　　Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Basic Concepts　　Summary Problems for Your Review　　Highlights to Remember　　Assignment Material　　5 Accounting for Sales　　Chapter Opener: Oracle Corporation 　　Recognition of Sales Revenue　　Measurement of Sales Revenue　　Cash　　Credit Sales and Accounts Receivable　　Measurement of Uncollectible Accounts　　Assessing the Level of Accounts Receivable 　　Overview of Internal Control　　Summary Problems for Your Review　　Bank Reconciliations　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　
　　6 Inventories and Cost of Goods Sold　　Chapter Opener: Home Depot　　Gross Profit and Cost of Goods Sold　　Perpetual and Periodic Inventory Systems　　Cost of Merchandise Acquired　　Comparing Accounting Procedures for Periodic and Perpetual Inventory　　Systems　　Principal Inventory Valuation Methods　　Characteristics and Consequences of LIFO　　Lower-of-Cost-or-Market Methods　　Effects of Inventory Errors　　Cutoff Errors and Inventory Valuation　　The Importance of Gross Profit　　Gross Profit Percentages and Accuracy of Records　　Internal Control of Inventories　　Summary Problems for Your Review　　Highlights to Remember　　Inventory in a Manufacturing Environment 　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　7 Long-Lived Assets and Depreciation　　Chapter Opener: Gap, Inc.　　Overview of Long-Lived Assets　　Acquisition Cost of Tangible Assets　　Depreciation of Building and Equipment 　　Contrasting Income Tax and Shareholder Reporting 　　Depreciation and Cash Flow　　Contrasting Long-Lived Asset Expenditures with Expenses　　Gains and Losses on Sales of Tangible Assets　　Depletion of Natural Resources　　Amortization of Intangible Assets　　Basket Purchases　　Summary Problems for Your Review　　Highlights to Remember　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　8 Liabilities and Interest　　Chapter Opener: America West Airlines　　Liabilities in Perspective　　Accounting for Current Liabilities　　Internal Control Over Payables　　Long-term Liabilities　　Deferred Taxes　　Contingent Liabilities　　Debt Ratios and Interest-Coverage Ratios　　Summary Problems for Your Review　　Highlight to Remember　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　9 Valuing and Accounting for Bonds and Leases　　Chapter Opener: May Department Stores　　Valuing Long-Term Liabilities　　Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity　　Valuing Bonds　　Accounting for Bond Transactions　　Accounting for Leases　　Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits　　Summary Problems for Your Review　　Highlights to Remember　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　10 Statement of Cash Flows　　Chapter Opener: Nike　　Overview of Statement of Cash Flows　　Transaction Affecting Cash Flows from All Sources　　The Eco-Bag Company –A Detailed Example of the Direct Method for Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows　　Preparing a Statement of Cash Flows — The Indirect Method　　Summary Problems for Your Review　　Highlights to Remember　　More on the Statement of Cash Flows　　T-Account Approach to Statement of Cash Flows　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　 　　
　　11 Stockholders’ Equity　　Chapter Opener: United Parcel Service　　Background on Stockholders’ Equity　　Cash Dividends　　Preferred Stock　　Additional Stock Issuance　　Repurchase of Shares　　Other Issuances of Common Stock　　Retained Income Restrictions　　Other Components of Stockholders’ Equity　　Financial Ratios Related to Stockholders’ Equity　　Summary Problem for Your Review　　Highlights to Remember　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　12 Intercorporate Investments and Consolidations　　Chapter Opener: General Motors Corporation　　An Overview of Corporate Investments　　Short-Term Investments　　Long-Term Investments in Bonds　　The Market and Equity Methods for Intercorporate Investments　　Consolidated Financial Statements　　Purchased Goodwill　　Perspective on Consolidated Statement　　Summary of Accounting for Equity Securities　　Summary Problems for Your Review　　Highlights to Remember　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　13 Financial Statement Analysis 　　Chapter Opener: McDonald’s　　Sources of Information About Companies　　Objectives of Financial Statement Analysis 　　Evaluating Trends and Components of the Business　　Financial Ratios　　Operating Performance and Financial Performance　　Prominence of Earnings Per Share　　Disclosure of Nonrecurring Items　　International Issues　　Valuation Issues　　Price-Earnings Ratios and Growth　　Relating Cash Flow and Net Income　　Summary Problem for Your Review　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　14 Conceptual Framework and Measurement Techniques　　Chapter Opener: Dell Computer Corporation　　Conceptual Framework of Accounting 　　Choosing Among Reporting Alternatives　　Measuring Income　　Income Measurement When Prices Change　　Alternatives to Historical-Cost Income Measurement　　Accounting Standards Throughout The World　　Accounting Principles in Selected Countries　　Foreign-Currency Issues　　Summary Problem for Your Review　　Highlights to Remember　　Accounting Vocabulary　　Assignment Material　　
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　　Chapter 1
Accounting: The Language of Business　　第一章 会计学：商务语言　　A: Chapter Opener: Cisco Systems　　章节开始：Cisco Systems　　Cisco Systems helps customers discover and deliver all that is possible on the Internet.　　Cisco Systems 帮助顾客发现并陪送任何可以买到的东西。　　Keep this in mind: The same basic accounting needs and procedures that support the new economy support businesses big and small, old and new, worldwide.　　请相信：新经济支撑着企业做大做强，新旧更替，走向全球化，而新经济基本的需要和程序是与会计的需要和程序不谋而合。　　Learning Objectives:　　学习目标：　　1 Explain how accounting information assists in making decision.　　解释会计信息是如何帮助制定决策的。　　2 Describe the components of the balance sheet.　　描述资产负债表的组成部分。　　3 Analyze business transactions and relate them to changes in the balance sheet.　　分析经济业务并把它们与引起的资产负债表的变化联系起来。　　4 Classify operating, investing, and financing activities in a cash flow statement.　　分类现金流量表的经营性，投资性，融资性经济业务。　　5 Compare the features of proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.　　比较个人独资企业，合伙企业，公司制企业的特色。　　6 Describe auditing and how it enhances the value of financial information.　　描述审计以及它是如何提高会计信息的价值的。　　7 Distinguish between public and private accounting.　　区分公共会计和私立会计。　　8 Evaluate the role of ethics in the accounting process.　　评价道德规范在会计处理中的角色。　　Accounting: The process of identifying, recording, summarizing, and reporting economic information to decision makers.　　会计：识别，记录，汇总，并报告经济信息给决策者的程序。　　Financial Accounting: The field of accounting that serves external decision makers, such as stockholders, suppliers, banks, and government agencies.　　财务会计：服务于外部决策者，例如股东，供应商，银行，以及政府部门的会计领域。　　Objective 1 Explain how accounting information assists in making decisions: Financial statements provide information for decision making to managers, creditors, and owners of all types of organizations. The balance sheet provides a “snapshot” of the financial position of an organization at any instant. That is, it answers the basic question, Where are we?　　学习目标1 解释会计信息是如何帮助制定决策的：财务报表提供信息给经理人，债权人，各种类型组织的所有者用以制定决策。资产负债表提供了一个组织在任何时点的财务状况的简单印象，也就是说，它回答了一个最基本的问题：我们处于什么位置？　　
　　也在学习这方面的东西，外资会计，愿交流学习
　　thanks for your share
　　B: The Nature of Accounting　　会计的种类　　1， Accounting as an aid to decision making　　会计帮助制定决策　　Accounting helps decision making by showing where and when money has been spent and commitments have been made, by evaluating performance, and by indicating the financial implications of choosing one plan instead of another. Accounting also helps predict the future effects of decisions, and it helps direct attention to current problems, imperfections, and inefficiencies, as well as opportunities.　　在选择了一个方案而抛弃了另一个方案后，会计通过反映在什么地方以及什么时候钱被花掉、义务已付出；通过评价业绩以及指明财务问题；来帮助制定决策。另外会计还帮助预测决策对未来的影响，帮助（企业）聚焦目前的问题、非理性的（事项）、效率低下的（事项）以及机遇。　　2， Financial Accounting and Management Accounting 　　Financial Accounting: The field of accounting that serves external decision makers, such as stockholders, suppliers, banks, and government agencies.　　财务会计：服务于外部决策者，例如股东，供应商，银行，以及政府部门的会计领域。　　Management Accounting: The field of accounting that serves internal decision makers, such as top executives, department heads, college deans, hospital administrators, and people at other management levels within an organization.　　管理会计:服务于内部决策者的会计领域,例如最高执行者、政府首脑、大学院长、医院管理者以及一个组织内的管理层。　　The two fields of accounting share many of the same procedures for analyzing and recording the effect of individual transactions.　　（财务会计和管理会计的共通之处）会计的这两个领域，共享着每一单业务（对企业）的影响的分析和记录的大量相同的程序。　　Annual report: A combination of financial statements, management discussion and analysis, and graphs and charts that is provided annually to investors. Annual reports include:　　I
A letter from corporate management　　II
A discussion and analysis by management of recent economic events　　III
Footnotes that explain many elements of the financial statements in more detail　　IV The report of the independent auditors　　V
A statement of management’s responsibility for preparation of the financial statements　　VI
Other corporate information　　年度报告：每年提供给投资者的集财务报告、管理层讨论、财务分析，以及图表的财务报告组合。它们包括：　　I
企业管理层的公开信　　II
企业管理层对于最近经济状况的讨论和分析　　III
会计报表附注　　IV
审计报告　　V
企业对于编制财务报表的管理责任的声明　　VI
其他企业信息　　
The Balance Sheet　　资产负债表　　Balance sheet: A financial statement that shows the financial status of a business entity at a particular instant in time.　　资产负债表:反映企业某一时点财务状况的财务报表.　　Balance sheet equation: 　　Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ equity　　会计衡等式　　资产=负债+所有者权益　　Assets: Economic resources that are expected to help generate future cash inflows or help reduce future cash outflows.　　资产:预期能为企业带来现金流入或减少现金流出的经济资源。　　Liabilities: Economic obligations of the organizations to outsiders, or claims against its assets by outsiders.　　负债：企业对外债务以及外部人士对公司财产的主张。　　Owners’ Equity: The residual interest in the organization’s assets after deducting liabilities.　　所有者权益：资产减去负债之后的企业剩余权益。　　Objectives 2
Describe the components of the balance sheet.　　The balance sheet equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity. This equation must always be in balance. The balance sheet presents the balances of the components of Assets, Liabilities, and Owners’ Equity at a specific point in time.　　学习目标2 描述资产负债表的构成　　会计恒等式是 资产=负债+所有者权益。这个恒等式必须一直保持平衡。资产负债表呈现出（某一企业）在某一特殊时点的资产、负债、所有者权益的余额。　　
　　D: Balance Sheet Transactions　　资产负债表业务　　Entity: An organization or a section of an organization that stands apart from other organizations and individuals as a separate economic unit.　　Transaction: Any event that both affects the financial position of an entity and can be reliably recorded in money terms.　　主体：作为一个独立的经济实体，独立与其他组织和个人的一个组织或一个组织内的某个部门。　　Transaction 1,
Initial Investment. 　　On December 31, 20X1, Owner deposited $400,000 in a business bank account entitled XXX Company.　　Debit: Cash $400,000　　Credit: Capital $400,000　　业务 1 原始投资　　20X1 年12月31日，所有者存入银行$400,000　　借:现金 $400,000　　贷:实收资本 $400,000　　Transaction 2,
Loan from Bank.　　On January 2, 20X2, XXX Company borrows from a bank, signing a promissory note for $100,000. The $100,000 is added to the business’s cash.　　Debit: Cash $100,000　　Credit: Short-term Loan/Notes Payable $100,000　　业务2 贷款　　20X2年1月2日,XXX 签发一张$100,000的承兑汇票，从银行借出$100,000　　借：现金 $100,000　　贷:短期借款/应付票据 $100,000　　Transaction 3,
Acquire Inventory for Cash.　　On January 2, 20X2, XXX Company acquires goods from a manufacturer for $150,000 cash. 　　Debit: Merchandise Inventory $150,000　　Credit: Cash $150,000　　业务 3 现金购买存货　　1月2日，XXX公司从制造商那里购买商品　　借:存货 $150,000　　贷:现金 $150,000　　Inventory: Goods held by a company for the purpose of sale to customers.　　存货:公司拥有的用来销售的商品.　　Account: A summary record of the changes in a particular asset, liability, or owners’ equity. For each transaction, the accountant determines (1) which specific accounts are affected, (2) whether the account balances are increased or decreased, and (3) the amount of the change in each account balance.　　帐户:特定的汇总资产、负债、所有者权益变动的记录。对于每一笔业务，会计人员要决定（1）哪些特定的帐户受到影响，（2）帐户余额是否增加或减少,(3)每一个帐户余额的变动.　　Transaction 4,
Purchase on Credit　　January 3. XXX Company buys goods for $10,000 from a manufacturer. The manufacturer requires $4,000 by January 10 and the balance in 30 days.　　Debit: Merchandise Inventory $10,000　　Credit: Accounts Payable $10,000　　业务 4
赊购　　1月3日,XXX公司从制造商处购买了$10,000 的商品,制造商要求1月10付款4,000元,30天内支付尾款。　　借：存货 $10,000　　贷: 应付帐款 $10,000　　Open account: Buying or selling on credit, usually by just an “authorized signature” of the buyer.　　往来帐户:赊购或赊销,经常通过采购方授权签名的确认。　　Account Payable: A liability that results from a purchase of goods or services on open account.　　应付帐款：因采购商品或接受劳务而引起的负债。　　Transaction 5,
Purchase for Cash Plus Credit.　　January 4. XXX Company acquires assorted store equipment for a total of $15,000. A cash down payment of $4,000 is made. The remaining balance must be paid in 60 days.　　Debit: Store Equipment $15,000　　Credit: Cash $4,000　　Accounts Payable $11,000　　业务 5 采购，部分现金，部分赊销　　1月4日，XXX公司购买一套组合设备,总值$15,000元,当时即付现金4,000元,余款在60天内支付完毕.　　借:固定资产—店面设备 $15,000　　贷:现金 $4,000　　应付帐款 $11,000　　Compound entry: A transaction that affects more than two accounts.　　复合分录:一笔业务影响多于两个以上帐户的分录.　　Transaction 6,
Sale on Credit.　　January 5. XXX Company sells a store showcase to a business neighbor after Owner decides he dislike it. Its selling price, $1,000, happens to be exactly equal to its cost. The neighbor agrees to pay within 30 days.　　Debit: Accounts receivable $1,000　　Credit: Store equipment $1,000　　业务 6 赊销　　1月5日,XXX公司销售一个橱窗给邻居公司,作价$1,000,这个价格刚好等于它的原始价值.邻居同意30天没付款.　　借: 应收帐款 $1,000　　贷: 固定资产—店面设备 $1,000　　Transaction 7, Return of Inventory to Supplier. 　　January 6. XXX Company returns some inventory ( which had been acquired on January 3 for $800 ) to manufacturer for full credit ( an $800 reduction of the amount that XXX Company owes the manufacturer).　　Debit: Accounts payable $800　　Credit: Merchandise inventory $800　　业务7, 退货　　1月6日,XXX公司退回部分1月3日赊购的存货,价值800元　　借: 应付帐款 $800　　贷: 库存商品 $800　　
　　Transaction 8,
Payment to Creditors.　　January 10. XXX Company pays $4,000 to the manufacturer described in transaction 4.　　Debit: Accounts payable $4,000　　Credit: Cash $4,000　　业务 8, 偿债　　1月10日,XXX公司支付制造商在业务4中提及的$4,000元.　　借: 应付帐款 $4,000　　贷: 现金 $4,000　　Transaction 9,
Collections from Debtors. 　　January 12. XXX Company collects $700 of the $1,000 owed by the business neighbor for transaction 6.　　Debit: Cash $700　　Credit: Accounts receivable $700　　业务 9, 收款　　1月12日,XXX公司收回在业务6中描述的邻居公司所欠的$1,000的部分,$700　　借: 现金 $700　　贷: 应收帐款 $700　　Objective 3
Analyze business transactions and relate them to changes in the balance sheet.　　Transaction analysis is the heart of accounting. A transaction is any event that both affects the financial position of an entity and can be reliably recorded in money terms. For each transaction, an accountant must determine what accounts are affected and the amount involved.　　学习目标 3, 分析企业交易对于资产负债表的影响　　业务分析是会计的核心.一项交易影响企业的财务状况,并且这项交易能可靠地用货币计量.对于每一笔业务,会计人员确定哪些帐户以及多大金额牵涉其中.　　Objective 4
Classify operating, investing, and financing activities in a cash flow statement. 　　The cash flow statement summarizes the changes during a period in the cash balance for the firm. The changes are classified as to whether they relate to an operating activity, financing activity, or investing activity. Operating activities relate to the purchase, production and sale of goods, and services on an ongoing basis. Financing activities relate to raising capital via issuance of capital stock or borrowing. Investing is the use of capital to acquire assets such as buildings and equipment.　　学习目标4 现金流量表的经营性、投资性和融资性业务分类。　　现金流量表汇总一个公司的一段时期的现金余额的变化。这种变化分为经营活动、投资活动、融资活动。经营活动与采购、生产、商品销售、接受劳务相关。融资活动与通过发行股票或借贷来增加资本相关。投资活动与投资购建资产例如建筑物和装备相关。　　
　　E: Types of Ownership　　所有权类型　　Sole proprietorship: A separate organization with a single owner. They tend to be small retail establishments and individual professional business such as those of dentists, physicians, and attorneys. 　　个人独资企业：独立的、只有一个所有者的企业。个人独资企业倾向于小规模的零售业和自由职业者，例如那些牙医、医师、以及律师。　　Partnership: A form of organization that joins two or more individuals together as co-owners. Many retail establishments are partnerships, and dentists, physicians, attorneys and accountants often conduct their activities as partnerships.　　合伙企业：两个或两个以上独立个人组织成立的企业。许多小规模的零售业是合伙制，牙医、医师、律师、会计师经常以合伙制从事业务。　　Corporation: A business organization that is created by individual state laws. The most notable characteristic of a corporation is limited liability of the owners, which means that corporate creditors ordinarily have claims against the corporate assets only. The owners’ personal assets are not subject to the creditors’ grasp.　　公司制企业：根据联邦法律建立的企业。公司最显著的特点就是所有者的有限责任，这就意味着，通常情况下，公司的债主仅仅对公司的资产有索取权，而对所有者个人的财产无权控制。　　Objective 5 Compare the features of proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.　　比较个人独资企业，合伙企业，公司制企业的特色。　　Corporations are the most important form of business ownership because so much business is conducted by corporations. The ownership equity of a corporation is usually called stockholders’ equity. It initially takes the form of common stock at par, or stated, value plus additional paid-in capital.　　公司是最重要的企业组织形式。因为大多的商业是由公司来从事的。公司所有者的权益经常被称作股东权益。公司伊始，股本即股票票面价值，公司整个价值要加上股本溢价。　　　　F: Stockholders and the Board of Directors　　股东和董事会（略）　　
　　G: Credibility and the Role of Auditing　　审计角色及其可信性　　Auditor: A person who examines the information used by managers to prepare the financial statements and assets to the credibility of those statements.　　审计：检查企业经理用于编制财务报表的信息以及这些财务报表中的资产的可信性的人员。　　Certified public accountant: In the United States, a person earns this designation by a combination of education, qualifying experience, and the passing of a 2-day written national examination. The CPA examination covers four major topic areas: auditing, accounting theory, business law and accounting practice. The last is a series of accounting problems covering a wide variety of topics, including income taxes, cost accounting, and accounting for non-profit institutions.　　注册会计师：在美国，通过一系列的教育、具有执业经验、并通过一个两天的全国统一笔试的人，可以获得注册会计师资格。美国的注册会计师考试覆盖四个方面：审计，会计理论，公司法和会计实务。会计实务包括一系列会计问题，包括企业所得税，成本会计和非盈利组织会计。　　Audit: An examination of transactions and financial statements made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. This audit includes miscellaneous tests of the accounting records, internal control systems, and other auditing procedures as deemed necessary. 　　审计：对依据公认会计原则编制的财务报表进行的一种检查。这种审计包括各种各样的对会计记录和内部控制系统的测试，以及其他被认为有必要的审计程序。　　Independent opinion: A report describing the auditor’s examination of transactions and financial statements. It is included with the financial statements in an annual report issued by the corporation.　　独立意见：表述（对企业）交易和财务报表审计意见的报告。它包括企业提供的年度财务报表。　　Report of Independent Opinion（审计报告举例，翻译略）　　The board of Directors and Shareholders　　XXX Corporation　　　　We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of XXX Corporation as of December 31, 20X1 and 20X0, and the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20X1. These financial statements are the responsibility of XXX Corporation management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.　　We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.　　In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of XXX Corporation at December 31, 20X1 and 20X0, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20X1, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.　　　　January 31, 20X2　　　　Describe auditing and how it enhances the value of financial information.　　描述审计以及它是如何提高会计信息的价值的。　　Separation of ownership from management in corporations creates a demand for auditing, a third-party examination of financial statements. Auditors evaluate the record-keeping system of the firm and test specific transactions and account balances to assure that the balances fairly reflect the financial position of the company.　　企业所有权和经营权的分离产生了审计的需求—一种对财务报表第三方的检查。审计人员评价公司的簿记系统、检查特殊交易以及帐户余额，来保证这些余额公正地影响公司的财务状况。　　
　　H: The Accounting Profession　　会计职业　　Public accountants: Accountants who offer services to the general public on a fee basis including auditing, tax work, and management consulting.　　公共会计：服务于以经费为基础的公共部门的会计，例如审计、税务和管理咨询。　　Private accountants: Accountants who work for businesses, as well as government agencies, and other nonprofit organizations.　　私立会计：服务于企业、政府代理处、以及其他非盈利组织的会计人员。　　Objective 7
Distinguish between public and private accounting　　区分公共会计和私立会计　　Public accounting involves providing services, especially audit services, to client companies. The public accounting profession gives creditability to audits by specifying qualifications for certified public accountants, including ethical standards, and by developing generally accepted auditing standards to ensure thoroughness of audits. Private accounting refers to performing accounting functions as an employee of a firm. The treasurer of Cisco and a cost analyst at Boeing are both engaged in private accounting. Because accountants work with managers in all management functions, accounting positions are fertile training grounds for future top managers.　　公共会计涉及到给公司客户提供服务，尤其是审计服务，公共会计要求具备专门的注册会计师资格以及职业伦理来提高可信性，并通过发展公认审计准则来强化审计始末。私立会计往往作为公司一员来履行会计职能。例如CISCO公司的财务长和波音公司的财务分析师都致力于私立会计。因为会计人员在所有的管理领域同管理层合作，所以会计职位是培养高级管理者的沃土。　　Objective 8 Evaluate the role of ethics in the accounting process.　　Ethical behavior is critically important in professional activities such as accounting. In public accounting, the value of an audit is directly linked to the creditability of the auditor as an ethical, independent professional who is qualified to evaluate the financial statements of the firm and is also reliably committed to disclosing problems or concerns uncovered in the evaluation.　　学习目标8， 评价会计人员的职业道德　　职业道德对于职业行为例如会计的重要性程度达到苛刻的地步。对于公共会计，审计的可信性直接关系到审计的价值。在道德约束下的独立审计人员有资格评价公司的财务报表，可靠地揭露财务估价中的问题或利害关系。　　
　　I: Summary Problems for Your Review　　问题概要(略)　　J: Highlights to Remember　　集萃(略)　　K: Accounting Vocabulary　　会计词汇　　Account 账户　　Accounting 会计学　　Account payable 应付账款　　Annual report 年度报告　　Assets 资产　　Audit 审计　　Auditor 审计人员　　Auditors’ opinion 审计意见　　Balance sheet 资产负债表　　Balance sheet equation 会计恒等式　　Capital stock certificate 股份证明　　Certified public accountant 注册会计师　　Common stock 普通股　　Compound entry 复合分录　　Corporation 公司　　Creditor 债权人　　Debtor 债务人　　Entity 主体　　Financial accounting 财务会计　　Independent opinion 独立意见　　Inventory 存货　　Liabilities 负债　　Limited liability 有限责任　　Management accounting 管理会计　　Notes payable 应付票据　　Open account 往来账户　　Owners’ equity 所有者权益　　Paid-in capital 实收资本 　　Paid-in capital in excess of par value 资本公积　　Partnership 合伙企业　　Par value 票面价值　　Private accountants 私立会计　　Privately owned 私人持有　　Public accountants 公共会计　　Publicly owned公共持有　　Shareholders’ equity 所有者权益　　Sole proprietorship 个人独资企业　　Stated value 票面价值　　Statement of financial condition 财务状况表　　Statement of financial position 财务状况表　　Stock certificate 股份证明　　Stockholders’ equity 所有者权益　　Transaction 交易　　L: Assignment Material　　课外作业(略)　　
　　2 Measuring Income to Assess Performance　　第二章：收入的衡量到评估的执行　　Chapter Opener：It’s Just Lunch　　IT’S just LUNCH! A young, fast-growing company, helped these two professionals meet for lunch.　　IT’S just LUNCH! 一个年轻,快速成长中的经营商务午餐的企业.　　Learning objectives:　　1. Explain how accountants measure income.　　2. Use the concepts of recognition, matching, and cost recovery to record revenues and expenses.　　3. Prepare an income statement and show how it is related to a balance sheet.　　4. Calculate operating cash flows and show how cash flow differs from income.　　5. Account for cash dividends and prepare a statement of retailed income.　　6. Compute and explain earnings per share, price-earnings ratio, dividend-yield ratio, and dividend-payout ratio.　　学习目标：　　1，解释会计如何计量收入　　2，运用会计识别、配比以及成本恢复的原则记录收入和费用　　3， 编制损益表，揭示它和资产负债表的钩稽关系　　4， 计算经营性现金流，揭示现金流和收入的区别　　5， 现金股利会计。编制零售收入报表。　　6， 计算并解释每股收益、？？？　　
　　哦哈　　　　学习啊
　　上次看没有发现,原来新瓶装老酒啊,够味.
　　你那个群我怎么加不到,要不这样,你把你Q号用天涯短消息给我,我再加你,你然后把我拉进去了
　　droopo你好，很高兴又在这里见到你！　　写这个帖子的原因主要有三个：　　１，做事情不能半途而废，旧有的那个帖子我没能很好地坚持，而对于学习时间不多的我来讲，坚持到底，比任何豪言壮语都重要；　　２，毕业近７年，希望通过这个帖子把自己的知识体系重新梳理一下，将来如果有时间，我想继续管理会计英语和成本会计英语的再系统学习．　　３，原先的帖子带有更多的我个人的情绪在里面，杂乱无章，这次我重新整理了一下，完全按照书本的框架结构来写，希望能做到更系统，更全面，而且我斗胆加上了自己的中文翻译，冀望抛砖引玉，引起大家的共鸣．　　　　另外很抱歉，你说的那个群我已经解散了，因为我根本没时间去打理它，这里也提醒对那个群有兴趣的朋友就不要再去找了．如果大家有兴趣交流，这里应该也不错．
　　好帖子也这么冷清吗？～～
　　A：Introduction to Income Measurement　　收入计量简介　　A1, Operating cycle: The time span during which cash is used to acquire goods and services, which in turn are sold to customers, who in turn pay for their purchases with cash.　　Cash (Buy) Merchandise Inventory (Sell) Accounts Receivable (Collect) Cash　　经营流程：现金的时间跨度—购买商品或劳务-〉销售给客户-〉收款　　现金—〉购买商品—〉销售商品，产生应收账款—〉收款—〉现金　　A2, The Accounting Time Period　　会计期间　　Fiscal year: The year established for accounting purposes.　　会计年度：为会计而设定的年限。　　Interim periods: The time spans established for accounting purposes that are less than a year. Users of financial statements can know how well the business is doing each month, each quarter, and each half year.　　中期会计期间：为会计目的而设定的少于1年的时间范围。财务报表的使用者能知道一个企业每一月、每一季度、每半年的经营状况如何。　　The calendar year is the most popular time period for measuring income or profits. However, about 40% of large companies use a fiscal year. Established purely for accounting purposes, the fiscal year does not end on December 31. Instead, the fiscal year-end date is often the low point in annual business activity. For example, Kmart and JCPenney use a fiscal year ending on January 31. Why? Christmas sales and post-Christmas sales are over, and inventories, which are at their lowest point of the year, can be counted more easily and valued with greater accuracy.　　计量收入和利润而使用最多的时间期间是日历年度。但是，大约40%的大公司使用会计年度。会计年度纯粹为会计目的而设，并不完全以12月31日为结束。相反，会计年度的结束日期常常是经营活动惨淡的时点。举个例子来讲，Kmart 公司和 JCPenney 公司的会计年度结束日期是1月31日，为什么呢？因为那时圣诞节的销售已经结束，存货也在一年中的最低点，盘点起来更容易、更精确、更有价值。　　A3, Revenues and Expenses　　收入和费用　　Revenues (sales): Increases in owners’ equity arising from increases in assets received in exchange for the delivery of goods or services to customers.　　收入：因销售货物或提供劳务而导致企业资产增加，最终增加企业的所有者权益。　　Expenses: Decreases in owners’ equity that arise because goods or services are delivered to customers.　　费用：因销售货物或提供劳务而发生，最终减少企业的所有者权益。　　Income (profit, earnings): The excess of revenues over expenses.　　收益（利润，利得）：收入超过费用的部分。　　Retained income (retained earnings, reinvested earnings): Additional owners’ equity generated by income or profits.　　留存收益：收益和利润产生的所有者权益的增长。　　Objective 1 Explain how accountants measure income　　Accountants can measure income, the excess of revenues over expenses for a particular time period, on an accrual or cash basis. In accrual accounting, revenue is recorded when it is earned, and expenses are recorded when they are incurred. In cash accounting, revenues and expenses are recorded only when cash changes hands. Accrual accounting is the standard basis for accounting today. 　　学习目标1，解释会计人员如何计量收益　　会计人员能够在权责发生制或收付实现制的基础上计量一段时间的收益—收入超出费用的部分。在权责发生制下，收入在获得时确认，费用在发生时确认。在收付实现制下，仅仅在有现金收付的情况下才确认收入和费用。　　
　　B: Measuring Income　　收入计量　　B1, Accrual basis and cash basis　　Accrual basis: Accounting method that recognizes the impact of transactions on the financial statements in the time periods when revenues and expenses occur.　　Cash basis: Accounting method that recognizes the impact of transactions on the financial statements only when cash is received or disbursed.　　权责发生制和收付实现制　　权责发生制:以收入和费用的发生来确认交易对某段期间财务报表的影响会计方法.　　收付实现制:以现金的收付来确认交易对某段期间财务报表的影响的会计方法.　　B2, Recognition of revenues　　收入的确认　　Recognition: A test for determining whether revenues should be recorded in the financial statements of a given period. To be recognized, revenues must be earned and realized.　　确认:决定收入是否应该计入某一特定的期间的判断.收入必须获得并实现才能被确认.　　To be realized, revenues must ordinarily meet two criteria:　　1, They must be earned. Revenues are considered earned when a company delivers goods or services to a customer.　　2, They must be realized. Revenues are realized when cash or claims to cash are received in exchange for goods or services. “Claims to cash” usually mean credit or some other promise to pay. For a promise to pay to justify revenue recognition, the company must be relatively certain that it will receive the cash it has been promised.　　一般来讲,影响收入确认的主要有两方面因素:　　1,收入必须已经获得.即货物的所有权已转移给客户,劳务已经提供给客户.　　2,收入必须已经实现.当企业发出货物或提供劳务时既获得了现金或现金索取权.现金索取权通常意味着债权或支付承诺.某个承诺能否证明收入的确认是正当的,企业必须肯定承诺相关的现金肯定能收到.　　
　　真的很有用，楼主继续。
　　B3, Matching and Cost recovery　　配比及成本恢复　　Product costs: Costs that are linked with revenues and are charged as expenses when the related revenue is recognized.　　产品成本:与收入相关的随收入确认而确认的费用.　　Cost of goods sold (cost of sales): The original acquisition cost of the inventory that was sold to customers during the reporting period.　　销售成本:会计报告期内销售给客户的存货的原始取得成本.　　Matching: The recording of expenses in the same time period as the related revenues are recognized.　　配比:同一所属期的费用与收入同时确认.　　Period costs: Items identified directly as expenses of the time period in which they are incurred.　　期间费用:与自身发生的期间密切相关的直接定义为费用的项目.　　Cost Recovery: The concept by which some purchases of goods or services are recorded as assets because their costs are expected to be recovered in the form of cash inflows (or reduced cash outflows) in future period.　　成本恢复:商品或劳务在购入时确认为资产的理念,因为他们预期恢复为现金流入(或减少现金流出)的形式.　　Transaction 10a Sales on open account　　D: Accounts Receivable 160,000　　C: Sales Revenue 160,000　　业务10a, 赊销　　借:应收账款 160,000　　贷: 销售收入 160,000　　Transaction 10b Cost of merchandise inventory sold　　D: Cost of goods sold 100,000　　C: Merchandise inventory 100,000　　业务10b,结转产品销售成本　　借: 产品销售成本 100,000　　
贷: 库存商品 100,000　　B4, Applying Matching and Cost Recovery　　配比和成本恢复(成本防御?)的应用　　Depreciation: The systematic allocation of the acquisition cost of long-lived or fixed assets to the expenses accounts of particular periods that benefit from the use of the assets.　　折旧:将长期资产或固定资产的原始成本系统地计入因使用该资产而受益的特定时期的费用账户.　　Transaction 11 Pay rent in advance which covered three months　　D: Prepaid rent 6,000　　C: Cash 6,000　　业务11, 预付3个月的租金　　借: 预付租金 6,000　　
贷: 现金 6,000　　Transaction 12 Recognize expiration of rental services　　D: Rent expenses 2,000　　C: Prepaid rent 2,000　　业务12, 1个月租金费用摊销　　借: 租金费用 2,000　　
贷: 预付租金 2,000　　Transaction 13 Recognized expiration of equipment services　　D: Depreciation 100　　C: Store equipment (Accumulated depreciation) 100　　业务13, 计提折旧　　借: 折旧费 100　　
贷: 店铺设备/累计折旧 100　　Objective 2, Use the concepts of recognition, matching, and cost recovery to record revenues and expenses.　　学习目标2,使用确认,配比,成本恢复(成本防御?)的概念记录收入和费用　　The concept of revenue recognition means that revenues are assigned to the period in which they are earned and realized. Under the concepts of matching and cost recovery, expenses are assigned to a period in which the pertinent goods and services either are used or apparently have no future benefit. Revenues and expenses are components of stockholders’ equity. Revenues increase stockholders’ equity, and expenses decrease stockholders’ equity.　　收入确认的概念亦即是该项收入获得及确认期间的概念。在配比以及成本恢复（成本防御？）的概念下，费用归属于相关的商品被耗尽或劳务明显没有未来价值的期间。　　
　　要求课外作业， 同学们真是太懒了
　　C: The Income Statement　　利润表　　C1，Income statement: A report of all revenues and expenses pertaining to specific time period.　　利润表:某一期间收入和费用报告.　　Net income: The remainder after all expenses have been deducted from revenues.　　净利润:收入减去费用后的剩余.　　C2, The relationship between income statement and balance sheet　　资产负债表和损益表的关系　　The balance sheets show the financial position of the company at discrete points in time, and the income statements explain the changes that have taken place between those points.　　资产负债表显示企业某一断点的财务状况,利润表正是解释在这些断点之间发生了什么.　　C3, Learning objective 3: Prepare an income statement and show how it is related to a balance sheet.　　An income statement shows an entity’s revenues and expenses for a particular span of time. The net income (loss) during the period increases (decreases) the amount of retained income on the balance sheet.　　学习目标3, 编制利润表,揭示它和资产负债表的关系　　利润表揭示企业一段期间的收入和费用.净利润(净损失)增加(减少)资产负债表上的留存收益.　　
　　D1, Income versus cash flows　　收入PK现金流　　Statement of cash flows: A required statement that reports the cash receipts and cash payments of an entity during a particular period.　　现金流量表:某一会计主体一段期间的记录现金收付的必需报表.　　Transaction 14 Collection of accounts receivable, $130,000　　D: Cash 130,000　　C: Accounts receivable 130,000　　业务14, 应收账款回收　　借：货币资金 130，000　　贷：应收账款 130，000　　Transaction 15 Payments of accounts payable, $15,000　　D: Accounts Payable 15,000　　C: Cash 15,000　　业务15，偿还应付账款　　借：应付账款15，000　　贷：货币资金 15，000　　Transaction 16 Acquisition of inventory on open account, $80,000, and for cash, $10,000　　D: Merchandise Inventory 90,000　　C: Cash 10,000　　C: Accounts payable 80,000　　业务16，购进存货　　借：存货90，000　　贷：应付账款80，000　　
货币资金 10，000　　Transaction 17 Merchandise carried in inventory at a cost of $110,000 was sold for $176,000, of which $125,000 was on open account and $51,000 was for cash.　　D: Accounts receivable 125,000　　D: Cash 51,000　　C: Sales revenue 176,000　　D: Cost of goods sold 110,000　　C: Merchandise Inventory 110,000　　业务17，销售并接转成本　　借：应收账款125，000　　
货币资金 51，000　　贷:产品销售收入 176,000　　借:产品销售成本 110,000　　贷: 存货 110,000　　Transaction 18 Recognize the expiration of rent expense for February.　　D: Rent expense 2,000　　C: Prepaid rent 2,000　　业务18,房租费用摊销　　借:租赁费用2,000　　贷:待摊费用—房租 2,000　　Transaction 19 Recognize the expiration of depreciation expense for February.　　D: Depreciation 100　　C: Accumulated Depreciation 100　　业务19,计提折旧　　借:折旧费用100　　贷:累计折旧100　　Transaction 20 Borrowing of $10,000 from bank was used to buy $10,000 of store equipment on February 28.　　D: Cash 10,000　　C: Short-term loan 10,000　　D: Fixed Assets-Store equipment 10,000　　C: Cash 10,000　　业务20,贷款,购置固定资产　　借:货币资金 10,000　　贷: 短期借款 10,000　　借:固定资产 10,000　　贷:货币资金 10,000　　Objective 4 Calculate operating cash flows and show how cash flow differs from income.　　Accrual accounting is an excellent way to follow a company’s use of its overall assets, but it does not trace cash flows. To satisfy decision makers’ need to follow a company’s use of cash, accountants use a statement of cash flows. On the statement of cash flows, cash provided by operating activities is reported as the difference between cash provided by customers and cash used to service those customers. Cash provided by customers differs from revenue because some sales are on account and are not received in the same period the sale is made. Similarly, some expenses are incurred and recognized for purposes of determining net income before or after the actual cash is paid out.　　学习目标4,计算经营性现金流量并揭示现金流和收入的区别　　权责发生制会计是反映公司资产运用的完美方式,但是它不能跟踪现金流.为了取悦于决策者的需要,会计人员需要运用现金流量表来反映公司的现金使用情况.对于一份现金流量表来讲,经营性活动产生的净现金是从客户那里收取的现金与为服务客户而耗费的现金之差.从客户那里收取的现金跟收入不是同一概念,因为并不是所有收入在获得的同时收到等额的现金.类似的情况,一部分影响净损益的费用的发生和确认或早或晚于现金的实际支付.　　
　　最近忙于年度审计，没时间没精力搞这个　　Busy processing annual audit.
　　硅谷掮客(Broker)　　在硅谷,最多的中介组织就是会计师事务所和律师事务所,每个企业都需要财务和法律服务;在硅谷,每10个工程师就对应一个律师,而每5个工程师就能对应一个会计师,他们是硅谷这架&创新和创造利润的机器&不停高效运转最有效的&润滑剂&.　　----------------------------------------------------------　　　　一直以来,带着极度的厌恶情绪&苟延残喘&着自己的会计工作,今天看到上面这段话,有一种豁然开朗的感觉:做会计,不是自己想象的那样无所作为.　　　　现实点,总比好高骛远来得实在,调整一下情绪,自己的这个帖子也能继续了.　　　　
　　欢迎回来啊，最近下了一个MYOB，手上没有业务，还没有上路，有机会也学你发一点东西。同时也推荐一个英语学习的QQ群：。感兴趣的朋友欢迎加入。不过交流不限于财务。
　　先贴些自己平时的读书(报)笔记　　-----------------------------------------------------　　9条中国文化的愚陋：　　1，“关系”文化习俗。以个人化的关系划分一切社会公共活动，不尊重共同的、社会的基本价值观，因此门派、山头就此产生。　　2，“面子”的文化习俗。把人与人之间的相互尊重扭曲为虚伪的心理安全与心理距离，使人难以坦诚交流。　　3，“忍耐”传统磨灭了人的勇敢、倔强、昂扬的优秀品质。　　4，“诛心”政治观念在“狠斗私学一闪念”的同时为滥用的刑罚打开大门。　　5，“亲情”习惯代替理性原则，使社会难以演变成为众多不同团体共存的现代社区。当人口增加与人际交往的复杂性超过“亲情”习惯性能够运用的能力之外时，集团之间的矛盾与斗争丧失了协调机制。　　6，“为和求同，但不能和而不同”是另外一种文化习俗。它帮助维系同质社会的同一性，但却阻碍了多社区，多集团，多元文化强有力地团结在一起的可能。社会要么选择无休止的争斗，要么保持较远的审美距离。　　7，潜规则习惯造成集体的文化精神分裂，说一套做一套成为中国社会的行为特征。　　8，习惯认同思考，难以接受批判思考。一旦进入批判的氛围，因为缺乏自我批判的工具，人与人之间便进入两大阵营的冲突，不懂如何进行建设性的批判。　　9，犬儒，逃避的集体性格。长期的战乱与社会苦难塑造了阴险、暗毒的思想风格和行为方式。（ 24版）　　-----------------------------------------------------------　　大师马奇的思想关键词：　　1， 有趣VS有用　　思想是否有用，不是发明思想的人的事，而应该是思想的接受者去发现的。　　欣赏思想的美感胜过意义。美德要素总是存在于学术之中，因为学者除了追求真与善，还追求美。　　2， 愚蠢VS理性　　喜欢有趣的错，不喜欢无趣的对。　　3， 唐吉诃德的领导力　　我们生活的世界重视现实的期望和清晰的成功，唐吉诃德两者皆无。但是尽管一个失败接着一个失败，他坚守愿景和使命。他坚忍不拔，因为他知道自己是谁。　　唐吉诃德提醒我们/如果我们信任，只在/信任有保障的时候，爱/只在爱得到回报的时候，学习/只在学习产生价值的时候/我们已经丢掉了人性的一项基本感官。（ 24版）　　-----------------------------------------------------------　　透明的玻璃—只能看见窗外的风景，却无法像镜子一样照出自己的缺陷。　　PE 私人股权投资的英文缩写　　在中国做生意，诚信靠不住，法律靠不住，只有一把手的权力才能靠得住。　　中国遭遇的种种经济、政治和社会的挑战：大范围的贫困和迅速扩大的贫富差距，以及由此带来的不平等、不公正；中国商业面临着全球商业革命的挑战，建立具有国际竞争力跨国公司的努力正遭遇自主研发乏力的瓶颈限制；快速的工业化导致能源密集型工业高速扩张，对本已脆弱的环境施加了更大的压力；国际关系重新定位中的政治角力，以及全面进入全球金融系统的危险等因素均严重威胁到中国未来的发展。（ 35版）　　-----------------------------------------------------------　　如果不习惯于把战争或战争中的各个战局看成是一条完全由相互链接的一系列战斗所组成的锁链，如果认为占领某些地点或未设防的地区本身就有某种价值，那么，人们就会很容易把这样的占领看作是唾手可得的成果。。。就不会考虑：这样的占领以后是否会带来更大的不利。。。在战争中只有最终的结局才能决定各次行动的得失。-- Carl von Clausewitz
（ 24版）　　
　　E: Accounting for Dividends and Retained Income　　E1: Cash dividends　　Cash dividends: Distribution of cash to stockholders that reduce retained income.　　Transaction 21
Declaration and payment of cash dividends.　　Assume that on February 28, cash dividends of $50,000 are disbursed to stockholders.　　Debit: Retained income $50,000　　Credit: Cash $50,000　　Corporation usually approach dividend matters in steps:　　1) The board of directors declares – announces its intention to pay – a dividend on one date ( declaration date)　　2) Payable to those stockholders on record as owning the stock on a second date (record date)　　3) Actually pays the dividend on a third time (payment date) 　　E2, Statement of retained income vs. statement of income and retained income　　Statement of retained income: a statement that lists the beginning balance in retained income, followed by a description of any changes that occurred during the period and the ending balance.　　Statement of income and retained income: a combined statement that includes a statement of retained income at the bottom of an income statement.　　E3, Learning objective 5 account for cash dividends and prepare a statement of retained income　　Cash dividends are not expenses. They are distribution of cash to stockholders that reduce retained income. Corporations are not obligated to pay dividends, but once dividends are declared by the board of directors they become a legal liability until paid in cash. A statement of retained income shows how net income increases the beginning balance in retained income and dividends decreases it to calculate the ending balance.　　F: Four Popular Financial Ratios　　F1: Earning per share (EPS): net income divided by average number of common shares outstanding.　　Price – Earnings (P – E) ratio: market price per share of common stock divided by earnings per share of common stock.　　Dividend – Yield Ratio: common dividends per share divided by market price per share.　　Dividend – Payout Ratio: common dividends per share divided by earnings per share.　　F2: Learning objective 6 Compute and explain earnings per share, price-earnings ratio, dividend-yield ratio, and dividend-payout ratio.　　Ratios relate one element of a company’s economic activity to another. EPS expresses overall earnings on a scale that individual investors can link to their own ownership level. The P – E Ratio relates accounting earnings to market prices. The Dividend – Yield Ratio relates dividends paid per share to market prices. The Dividend – Payout Ratio relates those same dividends to the earnings during the period.　　G: Accounting Vocabulary　　Accrual basis 　　Cash basis　　Cash dividends　　Cash flow statement　　Cost of good sold　　Cost of sales　　Cost recovery　　Depreciation　　Dividend – payout ratio　　Dividend – yield ratio　　Earnings　　Earnings per share　　Expenses　　Fiscal year　　Income　　Income statement　　Interim periods　　Matching　　Net income　　Net loss　　Operating cycle　　Operating statement　　Period costs　　Price – earnings ratio　　Product costs　　Profit　　Recognition　　Reinvested earnings　　Retained earnings　　Retained income　　Revenues 　　Sales　　Statement of cash flows　　Statement of earnings　　Statement of income and retained income　　Statement of retained income　　 　　
　　第二章结束,第三章的提纲:　　　　　　3 Recording Transactions　　　　　
　Chapter opener: Gap, Inc.　　　　The Double-Entry Accounting System　　　　Debits and Credits　　　　The Recording Process　　　　Analyzing, Journalizing, and Posting the Biwheels Transactions　　　　Biwheels’ Transactions in the Journal and Ledger　　　　Preparing the Trial Balance　　　　Effects of Errors　　　　Incomplete Records　　　　Data Processing and Computers　　　　Summary Problems for Your Review　　　　Highlights to Remember　　　　Accounting Vocabulary　　　　Assignment Material
　　好贴啊
支持楼主　　up~
　　好帖,期待更新~~
　　抓~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
　　楼主,请继续....
　　刚看到,不过不知道是不是你说的要求.
　　好贴，十分感谢您。
　　不错，很有学习价值。
　　好贴！
　　楼主　　能帮忙解释下 reverse takeover 么　　谢谢！
　　借壳上市，又称反向兼并或反向收购（Reverse Merger），也称Reverse Takeover（RTO），是指一家非上市公司（借壳公司）通过收购一些业绩较差、筹资能力弱化的上市公司（壳公司）来取得上市的地位，然后通过“反向收购”的方式注入自己有关业务及资产，实现间接上市的目的。它是美国1934年以来开始实行的一种合法上市方法。　　　　
　　怎么还不继续？　　
　　zuo ji hao
　　对于Reverse Takeover，能结合下例子给解释么？　　比如，发起收购的公司（为P）购买了另一个公司（为S）全部发行在外的股份，作为交换P发行了240股给S，而P原有160股，书上说S为控股公司，为什么P收购了S的全部股份却不是母公司？
　　这个问题你最好还是理解一下Reverse Takeover这个概念.　　
P公司反向兼并S公司的目的显然是想利用S公司能够在一级市场上募集资金的能力(也就是所谓的壳),这个反向兼并应该是双方达成一致的情况下进行的.　　
为可达到这个目的,我想应该是S首先是在二级市场上回购自己在外发行的公众股,然后把这些股份和P公司的股份交换,完成对P公司的控股,也就是实现了P公司资产的注入,你可以结合新准则上关于公司合并及合并报表的内容理解这个问题.
　　迟迟不见楼主更新
　　好帖，爱死楼主了，非常感谢，正好用得上。
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