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The recorded history of the San Diego, California, region began in the present state of California when
was first discovered by Europeans.
was the first part of California that Europeans settled in, so that San Diego has been described as "the birthplace of California."
Native Americans such as the
people had been living in the area for as long as 12,000 years. Explorer
discovered San Diego Bay in 1542, but it was 200 years before Europeans settled the area. A fort and mission were established in 1769, which gradually expanded into a settlement under first
San Diego became part of the U.S. in 1848, and the town was named the county seat of
when California was granted statehood in 1850. It remained a very small town for several decades, but grew rapidly after 1880 due to development and the establishment of multiple military facilities. Growth was especially rapid during and immediately after World War II. Entrepreneurs and boosters laid the basis for an economy based today on the military, defense industries, tourism, international trade, and manufacturing. San Diego is now the eighth largest city in the country and forms the heart of the larger .
, site of the California Pacific International Exposition, in 1935-36
Cabrillo National Monument, San Diego
The area has long been inhabited by the
people. The first European to visit the region was
in 1542. His landing is re-enacted every year at the Cabrillo Festival sponsored by , but it did not lead to settlement.
The bay and the area of present-day San Diego were given their current name sixty years later by
when he was mapping the coastline of
for Spain in 1602. Vizcaino was a merchant who hoped to establish prosperous colonies. After holding the first Catholic service conducted on California soil on the feast day of San Diego de Alcala, (also the patron saint of his flagship), he renamed the bay. He left after 10 days and was enthusiastic about its safe harbor, friendly natives, and promising potential as a successful colony. Despite his enthusiasm, the Span it would be another 167 years before colonization began.
The Ship! The Ship! California is saved! Father Serra rejoices at the sight of the San Antonio entering San Diego Bay on March 19, 1770 with desperately needed food and supplies.
and his expedition founded the
(military post), and on July 16,
friars , Juan Viscaino and Fernando Parron raised and 'blessed a cross', establishing the first mission in upper , . Colonists began arriving in 1774. In the following year the
indigenous people rebelled against the Spanish. They killed the priest and two others, and burned the mission. Father Serra organized the rebuilding, and a fire-proof
and tile-roofed structure was completed in 1780. By 1797 the mission had become the largest in California, with a population of more than 1,400 presumably
Native American "" relocated to and associated with it. The tile-roofed adobe structure was destroyed by an 1803 earthquake but replaced by a third church in 1813.
In 1821 Mexico ousted the Spanish in the
and created the Province of . The San Diego Mission was
and shut down in 1834 and the land was sold off. 432 residents petitioned the governor to form a , and
was elected the first
(""), defeating
in the vote. Beyond town Mexican
expanded the number of
that modestly added to the local economy.
The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now . The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. Imported goods and exports (primarily tallow and hides) had to be carried over the
to the anchorages in . This arrangement was suitable only for a very small town. In 1830 the population was about 600. In 1834 the presidio was described as "in a most ruinous state, apart from one side, in which the commandant lived, with his family. There were only two guns, one of which was spiked, and the other had no carriage. Twelve half-clothed and half-starved-looking fellows composed the garrison, and they, it was said, had not a musket apiece." The settlement composed about forty brown huts and three or four larger, whitewashed ones belonging to the gentry. In 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because of its dwindling population, estimated as 100 to 150 residents.
Alta California became part of the United States in 1848 following the U.S. victory in the
and the . The resident "" became American citizens with full voting rights. California was admitted to the Union as a state in 1850. San Diego, still little more than a village, was incorporated on March 27 as a city and was named the
of the newly established . The
reported the population of the town as 650 in 1850 and 731 in 1860.
San Diego promptly got into financial trouble due to overspending on a poorly designed jail. In 1852 the state repealed the city charter, in effect declaring the city bankrupt, and installed a state-controlled three-member board of trustees to manage San Diego. The trustees stayed in control until 1887, when a mayor-council form of government was installed under a new city charter.
Although some 10,000 men stopped briefly in San Diego on their way to the San Francisco gold fields, few stayed, and San Diego remained sparsely settled during much of the 1850s. Despite its small population, this decade brought investors who saw the potential of San Diego. They bought lots, and built rough houses and shops. One, , spent $60,000 constructing a wharf near the property he had purchased near the foot of today's Market Street. Remembered as "Davis' Folly", it was completed by August 1851, but was seldom used. In 1853, the steamer Los Angeles collided with the wharf. The damage was never repaired. Unused and poorly built, the damage was not worth fixing. Davis tried unsuccessfully to sell it. Finally, in 1862, the Army destroyed it, using timbers for firewood.
The failure of the wharf was only one indication of depressed times. Houses were dismantled and shipped to more promising settlements. By 1860, many of the enterprises that had been established during the early 1850s had closed. The few businesses that survived suffered from water shortages, high costs of shipping, and a declining population.
On April 15, 1867, 53-year-old
disembarked from the Orizaba. Although his first view was of barren, mesquite-covered land with a few decaying structures, he was awed, saying, "I have been nearly all over the world and it seemed to me to be the best spot for building a city I ever saw." He was convinced that the town needed a location nearer the water to improve trade. Within a month of his arrival, he had purchased more than 900 acres of today's downtown for a total of $265, an average of 27.5 cents an acre. He began promoting San Diego by enticing entrepreneurs and residents. He built a wharf and began to promote development there. The area was referred to as New Town or the Horton Addition. Despite opposition from the residents of the original settlement, which became known as “Old Town”, businesses and residents flocked to New Town, and San Diego experienced the first of its many real estate booms. In 1871, government records were moved to a new county courthouse in New Town, and by the 1880s New Town (or ) had totally eclipsed Old Town as the heart of the growing city.
In 1878, San Diego was predicted to become a rival of San Francisco’s trading ports. As a result, the manager of
at the time, , decided not to build a station from Northern California to San Diego, fearing that San Diego would take all the trade from San Francisco. Since he wanted to build a railway to Southern California to engage in trade, Crocker decided on the then small town Los Angeles, which did not have any sort of trading port at the time.[]
In 1885, a transcontinental railroad transfer route came to San Diego, and the population boomed, reaching 16,159 by 1890. In 1906 the
was built to provide San Diego with a direct transcontinental rail link to the east by connecting with the
lines in . It became the . In 1933 the Spreckels heirs sold it to the .
In 1912 Council restrictions on soapbox oratories led to , a confrontation between the
on the one side and law enforcement and vigilantes on the other.
The city grew in bursts, especially in the 1880s and again from 1900 to 1930, when it reached 148,000.
period the nation became greatly interested in Pacific naval affairs, as seen in the
of 1898; the U.S. acquisition of , the , and the opening of the
in 1914. San Diego was in a strategic location and sought to become "the "Gibraltar of the Pacific." Civic leaders such as real-estate developer
and other leaders of the Chamber of Commerce, assisted by Congressman
actively lobbied the Navy and the federal government to make San Diego a major location for naval, marine, and air bases. During World War I the U.S. greatly expanded the Navy, and the city was eager to help. By the time the Marine Base and Naval Training Center opened in the early 1920s, the Navy had built seven bases in San Diego at a cost of $20 million, with another $17 million in the pipeline. The city's 'culture of accommodation' determined the way the city would grow for the next several decades, and created a military-urban complex rather than a tourist and health resort. With the reduction in naval spending after 1990, the Chamber turned its focus to tourism and conventions.
San Diego had the great ha it seemed poised to become a world-class metropolis. But it was overshadowed by both San Francisco and Los Angeles. Businessman John D. Spreckels expressed the enthusiasm of San Diego's boosters in 1923, as well as the disappointment that it had not fully developed.:
”Why did I come to San Diego? Why did any of you come? We came because we thought we saw an unusual opportunity here. We believed that everything pointed to this as the logical site for a great city and seaport. In short, we had faith in San Diego's future. We gave of our time and our strength and our means...to help develop our city, and naturally, our own fortunes.... What is the matter with San Diego? Why is it not the metropolis and seaport that its geographical and other unique advantages entitle it to be? Why does San Diego always just miss the train, somehow?”
The southern portion of the
peninsula was set aside for military purposes as early as 1852. Over the next several decades the
set up a series of coastal artillery batteries and named the area . After World War II the former site of Fort Rosecrans in Point Loma was used for multiple Navy commands, including a s they were eventually consolidated into . Other portions of Fort Rosecrans became
Significant
presence began in 1901, with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma, and expanded greatly during the 1920s.
was established in 1917, closed in 1920, since 1996 it has been the site of . In the interim it was in whole or part Camp Elliot (during World War II), the , and Naval Air Station Miramar (with its "Top Gun" fighter school). The Marine base , which was joined by
from 1941 to 1945, occupied a mesa near La Jolla from 1917 until 1964; the site is now the campus of .
was established in 1922, as was the . The
was commissioned in 1921 and the
in 1923; the Naval Training Center was closed in 1997.
In 1942 the
was set up 45 miles north of the city on 250,000 acres. It remains one of the main Marine Corps training facilities. It became the home of the
in 1946 and later the
as well as several training commands. In 1975 the Marine Corps opened the Camp Pendleton Refugee Camp to care for some of the hundreds of thousands of South Vietnamese and Cambodians refugees who fled after the Vietnam War was lost.
In the early 1990s, twenty percent of the San Diego region's economy was dependent on defense spending.
San Diego gave strong support to the
that swept California in the early 20th century in order to purify the state from oppressive bossism and corporate rule. Progressive Republicans resented the political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad and the role of "Boss" Charles Hardy. Reformers organized and fought back beginning with the 1905 municipal election. In 1906, they formed the Roosevelt Republican Club, and in 1907 reformers backed a Nonpartisan League. Led by Edgar Luce,
and , the Roosevelt Republican Club became the . The mayoralty election of 1909 marked a sweeping victory for the League, as did the 1910 election of
as governor.
Marston was defeated for mayor in 1913 (against ) and again in 1917 (against ). The 1917 race in particular was a classic growth-vs.-beautification debate. Marston argued for better city planning with more open space
Wilde argued for more business development. Wilde called his opponent "Geranium George", painting Marston as unfriendly to business. Wilde's campaign slogan was "More Smokestacks", and during the campaign he drew a great smokestack belching smoke on a truck through the city streets. The phrase "smokestacks vs. geraniums" is still used in San Diego to characterize this type of debate between environmentalists and growth advocates.
San Diego hosted two , the
in , and the
in . The expositions left a lasting legacy in the form of
and the , and by popularizing
locally and in
as a regional aesthetic and nationwide design influence. The Spanish Colonial Revival architecture used in the design of the 1915 Fair was designed by architect
of the firm Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson in Boston, Massachusetts. He was inspired by his studies of the architecture of Mexico. The Federal
(WPA) helped fund the 1935 fair, which was designed by architect Richard S. Requa.
From the 1910s through the 1970s, the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna canning industry were based in San Diego, acclaimed by boosters the "tuna capital of the world." San Diego's first large tuna cannery, the Pacific Tuna Canning Company, was founded in 1911. Others such as Van Camp Seafood, Bumble Bee and StarKist followed. By the mid-1930s housewives in the Great Depression appreciated the cheap, easy-to-serve food. By 1939 the fleet's tuna catch exceeded 100 million pounds. In 1951 the tuna fleet had 700 boats and 2,700 unionized fishermen, while the five local canneries employed more than 3,000 workers. It was the third largest industry after the Navy and aviation. Banker , a top civic leader, was a major investor. With Japan offering cheaper tuna after 1950, Smith worked to break the union using new technology and Peruvian canneries. Due to rising costs and foreign competition the last of the canneries closed in the early 1980s. A large fishing fleet supported the canneries, mostly staffed by immigrant fishermen from the
and , whose influence is still felt in neighborhoods like
and . Many Portuguese fishermen and boat owners settled in the
neighborhood of Point Loma, which is still sometimes referred to as "Tunaville." There is a sculpture dedicated to the cannery workers in
and a "Tunaman's Memorial" statue on .
During World War II when fishing was not possible, 53 tuna boats and about 600 crew members served the U.S. Navy as the "" (so called because of service numbers beginning with YP, for Yard Patrol), also called the "pork chop express", delivering food, fuel and supplies to military installations all over the Pacific. Twenty-one of the vessels were lost and dozens of crew members were killed on these hazardous missions. Yippie ships won more than a dozen battle stars and several Presidential Unit Citations.
Philanthropy was an important part of San Diego's expansion. For example, wealthy heiress
underwrote many public facilities in , was a key supporter of the fledgling , and together with her brother
established the . Another notable philanthropist of this era was , businessman and owner of Marston's Department Store. Wanting to see
become a grand city park like those in other cities, he hired architect
on two occasions, 1908 and 1926, to develop a master plan for the park. In 1907 he bought Presidio Hill, site of the original , which had fallen into ruins. Recognizing its importance as the site of the first European settlement in California, he developed it into a park (planned by Nolen) with his own funds, and built the Serra Museum (designed by architect ). In 1929 he donated the park to the city, which still
it is now listed on the .
San Diego met the challenge of the Great Depression better than most parts of the country. The population of San Diego County grew 38%, from 210,000 to 290,000, from 1930 to 1940, while the city itself went from148,000 to 203,000 – a much better rate than the state as a whole. There was money enough to build a new municipal golf course and tennis courts, to improve the water system, and open a new Spanish-style campus for San Diego State College (now ). The New Deal used PWA relief money to expand the fleet, bringing more money into the city. In 1935 the entire Pacific Fleet assembled with 48 warships, 400 naval aircraft, 55,000 sailors and 3000 officers to demonstrate the importance of sea power to the city, and to exhibit to Japan and the rest of the world America's interest in the Pacific. The expansion of naval and army aviation led Consolidated Aircraft Corporation of Buffalo New York to bring all its 800 employees to San Diego, opening a major assembly plant, , which built Navy flying boats. , which built the
for the famous 1927 flight of , also flourished. The 7.2 million visitors to the California-Pacific International Exposition in 1935-36 were impressed with the city's prosperity, as well as the 400 exhibits from 23 nations.
Since , the military has played a leading role in the local economy.
brought prosperity and gave millions of soldiers, sailors and airmen en route to the Pacific a view of the opportunities in California. The aircraft factories grew from small handcraft shops to gigantic factories. The city’s population soared from 200,000 to 340,000, as the Navy and Marines opened training facilities and the aircraft factories doubled their employment rosters every few months. With 40,000 to 50,000 sailors off duty every weekend, the downtown entertainment districts soon became saturated. The
was officially shut down, but opportunities were easily available a few miles south in Tijuana, Mexico. Workers poured in from the towns and from across the country, creating a severe housing shortage. Public transportation (trolleys and buses) could barely keep up with the demand, and automobiles were rationed to only 3 gallons a week. Many wives who relocated while their husbands were training stayed in the city when their men shipped out and took high-paying jobs in the defense industries. The dramatic increase in the need for fresh water led the Navy in 1944 to build the
to import water from the Colorado R the city financed the second pipeline in 1952
Convair was the largest employer in San Diego, with 32,000 well-paid workers in the mid-1950s. In 1954 it was bought out and became the Convair Division of , a large aerospace conglomerate based in Texas. Convair had been highly successful in the 1950s with the , a very long-range bomber that became the workhorse of the . General Dynamics refocused Convair on commercial aviation as the , a two- engine passenger plane, proved highly successful in the world market. Convair decided to move up to the very rapidly growing world market for medium-range jet passenger planes with the . It was designed to rival Boeing's proposed 707, and Douglas's proposed DC-8. Financial and technical delays left Convair lagging far behind. After heavy losses, General Dynamics moved all the airplane elements to Texas, and left the San Diego factory with small-scale space and missile projects. Convair’s employment fell to 3300 in San Diego.
As the Cold War ended, the military shrunk and so did defense spending. San Diego has since become a center of the emerging biotech industry and is home to telecommunications giant . Starting in the 1990s the city and county developed a nationally known the area is sometimes referred to as "America's Craft Beer capital". As of the end of 2012 there were 60 microbreweries and brewpubs in the county.
Main articles: ,
After acquiring the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1912, the University of California (UC) built up a presence, with an emphasis on scientific research and cultural opportunities. For years UC operated an extension program in San Diego. In 1960, following wartime and postwar increases in population and economic growth in San Diego, UC broke ground for a new campus there, and classes at UCSD began in 1964. Under , chancellor from 1980 to 1995, UCSD strengthened its ties with the city of San Diego by encouraging
with developing companies, transforming San Diego into a world leader in technology-based industries. Private giving rose from $15 million to nearly $50 million annually, faculty expanded by nearly 50%, and enrollment doubled to about 18,000 students during his chancellorship.
The upper floor of the Hill building, located at 6th and F streets, was the first location of the San Diego Normal School. Students and staff can be seen in the windows here in 1898. The school would later expand and change names several times before fixing on the current name, San Diego State University
(SDSU) is the largest and oldest higher education facility in San Diego County. It was founded in 1897 as San Diego Normal School, a state school for the preparation of teachers, located on Park Avenue in . In 1931 it moved to a larger location on Aztec Mesa, overlooking Mission Valley, at what was then the eastern edge of San Diego. In 1935 it expanded its offerings beyond teacher education and became San Diego State College. In 1970 it became San Diego State University, part of the
system. SDSU has grown to a student body of more than 30,000 and an alumni base of more than 260,000.
The , a private Catholic school, began as the
in 1952, sponsored by the . In 1957 the campus on a hilltop site called Alcala Park also became home to the Immaculate Heart Major Seminary and St. Francis Minor Seminary. The landmark Immaculata Chapel also opened that year. In 1972 the San Diego College for Women merged with the nearby San Diego College for Men and the School of Law to become the University of San Diego.
The transformation of the
areas from a zone of poverty and poor housing to a major tourist attraction with large numbers of jobs began in 1968 with the creation of the Centre City Development Corporation. Its urban renewal project focused on the
beginning in 1968, with the goal of making the area a national historic district and bringing upper- and middle-class tourists and suburban residents to downtown San Diego. Since the 1980s the city has seen the opening of the
shopping center, the revival of the Gaslamp Quarter, and the construction of the .
A recent boom on the construction of condos and skyscrapers (especially focusing on mixed-use facilities), a
trend especially in , and the inauguration of
in the once blighted
highlight the continuing development of downtown. Center city population is expected to rise to 77,000 residents by
people currently reside in downtown San Diego.
A successful renewal by '' is the
neighborhood, known for its historic architecture, tolerance, diversity, and locally-owned businesses, including restaurants, cafés, bars, clubs, trendy thrift-stores, and other independent specialty stores. Hillcrest has a high population density, compared to many other neighborhoods in San Diego, and it has a large and active lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender () community.
This renewal extended to the surrounding neighborhoods in the 1990s, especially in older urban neighborhoods immediately north of Balboa Park such as
In July 1971 the
chose San Diego to be the site of the , despite initial opposition from the city's mayor, , and despite the fact that the city did not initially bid for the opportunity. It was widely believed that San Diego was selected because it was the preferred choice of President . The city and the party were making preparations for the convention when in March 1972 a $400,000 donation to the event by
was publicized and became a national scandal. In addition, there were ongoing problems with the proposed venue (the ) and concerns about adequate hotel space. In May 1972 the Republican National Committee voted to move the convention to , . In response, Mayor
proclaimed the week of the convention as "America's Finest City Week", giving rise to the city's current unofficial slogan "America's Finest City".
was held in San Diego in August 1996, headquartered at the .
The largest annual convention held in San Diego is , founded as the Golden State Comic Book Convention in 1970. According to Forbes, it is the "largest convention of its kind in the world".
The United States National Bank, headquartered in San Diego and owned by , grew during the 1960s to become the 86th largest bank in the country with $1.2 billion in total assets. It failed in 1973 in the largest bank failure to date. The cause was bad loans to Smith-controlled companies, which exceeded the bank's legal lending limit. Smith had used the bank's money for his private business and bribed bank inspectors to cover it up. He was convicted of embezzlement and tax fraud and served seven months in federal prison in 1984.
During the 1980s the city was rocked by the disclosure that J. David & Co., an investment company run by the well-connected J. David "Jerry" Dominelli, was in reality a
which had bilked hundreds of investors for an estimated $80 million. Dominelli was convicted in 1984 and served 10 years in prison. His affiliation with then-mayor
led to a pair of sensational trials in which Hedgecock was convicted of conspiracy and perjury in connection with contributions he received from Dominelli. Hedgecock was forced t his convictions were eventually overturned, except for one which was reduced to a misdemeanor.
A civic scandal exploded in 2003 with the discovery that city finances had been manipulated with massive losses in the . It left the city with an estimated $1.4 billion pension fund gap. One result was replacing the council-manager form of government with a mayor-council system in 2004. Although not charged with any wrongdoing, Mayor
resigned effective July 2005. Deputy Mayor
took over as acting mayor but had to resign three days later, when he and fellow city councilmember
were convicted in federal court for taking bribes in a scheme to overturn the city's "no touch" law at strip clubs. Their felony conviction required them to resign from the city council. A third accused councilmember had died before trial. Zucchet's conviction was later overturned. Inzunza was sentenced to 21 months in prison.
In July 2013, Mayor
was accused by multiple women of repeated , and many individuals and groups, including former supporters, called for him to resign. On August 19 Filner and city representatives entered a mediation process, as a result of which Filner agreed to resign, effective August 30, 2013, while the city agreed to limit his legal and financial exposure. Filner subsequently pleaded guilty to one felony count of false imprisonment and two misdemeanor battery charges, and was sentenced to house arrest and probation.
Beyond the issues regarding the city government, San Diego has experienced scandal on the Federal level as well. On November 28, 2005, Congressman
resigned after pleading guilt he was sentenced to 8 years in prison.
After 1848 the Californios comprised a numerical majority and owned
they secured cultural and social recognition, but they failed to control the political system. By 1860, most had left the area and the remainder were on the decline economically.
In World War II Hispanics made major breakthroughs in employment San Diego and in nearby farm districts. They profited from the new skills, contacts, and experiences provided by the military, filled many newly opened unskilled labor jobs, gained some high-paying jobs in the military installations and aircraft factories, and were welcomed by the labor unions, especially the Cannery Workers Union.
In recent decades advertisers have recognized the purchasing power of the local Hispanic community. They have invested in Spanish language television, especially
and . The older generations watch Spanish broadcasts. The younger generations of Hispanics in San Diego (and other ethnic groups as well) seldom can read Spanish and rapidly abandon the spoken form except in dealing with their elders. Rumbaut et al. conclude, "Mexican immigrants arriving today can expect only 5 of every 100 of their great grandchildren to speak fluent Spanish."
Immigrants from
began arriving in the 1860s and settled in two waterfront fishing villages, one in , the other in the
area where the
now stands. Chinese was harshly discriminated against in California and forced into Chinatowns. In San Diego there w there were no attacks on the 50 or so Chinese fishermen based there. Indeed they were pioneers in the industry in the 1860s; their peak came in the 1880s. They specialized in abalone for export to Chinese communities up and down the Pacific coast. One journalist reported, "Even the fins of the shark are eaten by Chinamen, and are by them esteemed to be a great delicacy—as much of a delicacy as a Chinaman would be to a shark." By the 1890s th some returned to China, others took jobs on land.
The Chinese continued to settle in San Diego and found work in the fishing industry, railroad construction, service industry, general construction work, food industry, and merchandising. They were forced into a closed Chinatown but otherwise received less violent attention than suffered by Chinese elsewhere in the West.
They soon formed district associations, family and clan associations, secret societies, and business guilds, including the Chee Kung Tong (est. 1885), the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (est. 1907), the Bing Kung Tong (est. 1922), and the Ying On Tong (est. 1945). In the 1870s and 1880s, two Chinese Christian missions were organized to help the Chinese with housing, employment, recreational activities, and English language instruction. The Chinese population increased dramatically, especially after the 1965 Immigration Act allowed large numbers of businessmen and professionals to migrate from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. Many[] Chinese Americans achieved prominent community status,[] including , a city councilman and state assemblyman.
The late-20th-century San Diego Chinese community is made up of a heterogeneous population that includes Cantonese-speaking, Mandarin-speaking, and Hokkien-speaking members, as well as those from a variety of places of origin, including Southeast Asia. Many in the San Diego community have joined together to determine and further their Chinese-American identity.
The African American population was small before the great naval expansion of World War II. The local
chapter was inactive. Starting in 1953, the
brought together black and white professionals and businessmen and encouraged white business owners to hire blacks. Unlike other Urban League chapters, it built coalitions with San Diego's Mexican American community. Even as recently as 2008, African Americans made up only 7.8% of the population of the city of San Diego, and 5.1% of San Diego County.
For over 100 years San Diego's second oldest neighborhood, , was home to African Americans. This neighborhood, together with
and , was one of only a few areas where blacks were allowed to buy and live in homes. After the 1960s and the Civil Rights Act, blacks started to move out of Logan Heights into area like Emeral Hills, Encanto and Oak Park. Logan Heights is still home to a great many black churches, some as old as 100 years old. On any given Sunday, hundreds of blacks return to Logan Heights to attend the churches they grew up in. Old Victorian homes still dot the Logan Heights area.[]
The founding fathers of the black community are all buried in the Logan Heights/Mountain View area in the
and . There are streets named after some of the founding fathers in Logan Heights including Julian, Irving, and Logan. For more than 70 years the population of Logan Heights was 90% black, but starting in the 1980s its demographic shifted to predominantly Hispanic. The neighborhood has complained that it does not get suitable respect or attention from city leaders because of its minority status.[]
The history of the African American community in San Diego from the 1940s to the 1980s is documented in the Baynard Collection, an exhibit of 120 selected photographs by Norman Baynard, who ran a photography studio in Logan Heights for 46 years. The collection is on display at the Jacobs Center for Neighborhood Innovation.
San Diego has historically been a popular destination for Filipino immigrants, and has contributed to the growth of its population. The first documentation of Filipinos arriving in San Diego, while part of the United States, occurred in 1903 when Filipino
they were followed as early as 1908 by Filipino Sailors serving in the . Due to discriminatory housing policies of the time, the majority of Filipinos in San Diego lived downtown, around market. Prior to World War II, due to , multi-racial marriages with
women were common, particularly with . After World War II, the majority of Filipino Americans in San Diego were associated with the U.S. Navy in one form or another, even in the late '70s and early 80's more than half of Filipino babies born in the greater San Diego area were born at . In the 1970s, the typical Filipino family consisted of a husband whose employment was connected to the military, and a wife who was a nurse. Many Filipino American veterans, after completing active duty, would move out of San Diego, to the suburbs of
and . Filipinos
more affluent Filipino Americans moved into the suburbs of , particularly
(sometimes referred to as "Manila Mesa"). A portion of
in San Diego is officially named the "Filipino-American Highway", in honor of the Filipino American Community.
The Hillcrest Pride flag, erected in 2012
As a port city San Diego always had a , but it was largely closeted. Beginning in the 1960s the neighborhood of
began to attract large numbers of gay and lesbian residents, drawn by low rents, high density, and the possibility of an urban dynamic. In the 1970s gay men founded a Center for Social Services in Hillcrest which became a social and political focus for the gay community. In June 1974 they launched the first , which has been held every year since, and Hillcrest is well recognized as the focal point of the LGBT community. Also in the 1970s several churches, especially the independent Metropolitan Community Church, as well as movements within established denominations like Dignity (Roman Catholic), Integrity (Episcopalian), and Lutherans Concerned, formed a coalition that helped gays reinterpret biblical passages condemning homosexuality, and reconcile their sexual orientation with their religious faith. All of this helped to promote public understanding.
Many LGBT politicians have successfully run for office in San Diego city and county, including , former state senator, state assemblymember, an , coun , state assemblymember, forme , forme , city council president,
and , county supervisor.
In 2011 San Diego was the first city in the country in which active and retired military service members marched openly in a
parade, in anticipation of the imminent removal of the "" rule for U.S. military personnel. They did not wear military uniforms, but rather T-shirts with the name of their branch of service. The following year, 2012, San Diego again made history when the
granted permission for military personnel to wear their uniforms while participating the
Parade. This was the first time that United States military personnel were permitted to wear their service uniforms in such a parade. Also in 2012, the parade started from Harvey Milk Street, the first street in the nation to be named after gay civil rights icon , and proceeded past a huge new , which was raised for the first time on July 20, 2012 to kick off the Pride festival.
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Baker, Gayle San Diego, Another HarborTown History ISBN (print) 0-978-0--6 (e-book) 978-0--3
Leffingwell, Randy (2005), California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, MN. , p. 17
Ruscin, Terry (1999), Mission Memoirs, , San Diego, CA. , p. 11
Hogle, Gene NAC Green Book of Pacific Coast Touring (1931) National Automobile Club p.39
Richard Henry Dana. Two years before the mast. First published 1840. Page 115 of the first Penguin edition, first published in Penguin 1948.
Engstrand, Iris (2005). San Diego: California's Cornerstone. . p. 77.  .
Bauder, Don (December 1, 2010). . San Diego Reader 2012.
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