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&& CDAWodak2006179Koller2005van DijkWodak 2006social cognition Chilton(2005)missing linkO’Halloran(2003)CDA2007Stockwell (2007)
Chilton(2005)CDACDA1CDA2CDACDAcognitive dimensionDirven, PolzenhagenWolf2005ideologyvan Dijk(2002)CDACDACDA
&Wodak2006CDACDACDAvan Dijk1993131CDAWodak2006CDACDAsocial practice, discursive eventconstitutive,
CDACDAWodak2006CDAdominanceCDA Wodak 2006
van Dijk(1993)CDAChilton(2005)CDAWodak2001CDACDA2005
HartLukes2007referential strategiesevaluative strategies(legitimizing strategies)denial strategiesdiscourse structure
Fairclough(1995)CDAdiscourse practicesociocultural& practiceFaircloughFairclough 1995
van Dijk1993257van Dijk
van Dijk()
van DijkCDAsocio-cognitive model(van Dijk 1993 Wodak 2006)
CDAKress & Hodge1979Chilton2005CDAHart2005CDAChilton20042005a, 2005b, ChiltonLakoff(1995), Lakoff(), O’Halloran(2004), van Dijk()Dirven2001linguistic manipulationCDA
Stockwell(2007)backstage cognition2008Fauconnier1994XVIIICDACDAideological discursive practices,CLLakoff & Johnson 1980, Fauconnier & Turner2002, 2008
CDACDAICMFairclough (1989)member’s resourcesICMFairclough 198924FaircloughICMICMCDACDAICM(ideological cognitive models)(Stockwell 2007)
FaircloughproceduresCDACDAFaircloughCDACDACDACDArelational valueexpressive value
Fairclough199594CDAFaircloughCDACDA
Stockwell 2007
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
CDAStockwell 2007
隐喻与转喻的相互作用：模式、分析与应用
杨波& 张辉
（南京国际关系学院）
（本文原载《外语研究》<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB年第5期）
construalJakobson<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB4paper waregghead--
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB
Lakoff & Johnson<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBTIME IS SPACEcorrelationGrady<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBGrady 1998K?vecses 2002Celia Martín de León 2004Radden & K?vecses<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBNiemeier 2000<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBheart
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB
Radden<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBassociative-Radden<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBGrady & Johnson<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBprimary sceneprimary metaphor/conflation/deconflationUPMORE1 ibid.<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBUP|MOREUPMOREGradyRadden
MORE IS UP
full metonymy
UP FOR MORE
partial metonymy
UP FOR UP +MORE
literalness
deconflation
conflation
1UP and MORE
Niemeier<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBheart as a metonymy for the personheart as a living organismheartthe heart as an object of valuethe heart as a container
Ruiz de Mendoza<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB5source-in-targettarget-in-source→→predicative→Ruiz de MendozaVelasco<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2ibid.4
&&&&&&&&&& metaphor&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&metaphor
&&&&&&& predicative uses&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& referential uses
& *&&&&&&&&&& &&&&*&&&& *&&&&&&&& &*&&&&&&&&&&&&&& *
Many-correspondence&&&&&&&& Metonymy&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&Metonymy
metaphor&&&&&&&&&&&&& predicative uses&&&&&&&& &&&&&referential uses
One-correspondence&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&One-correspondence&&&&&&&&&&&&
Dirven<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBlinearconjunctiveinclusivegradations3ibid.93
Linear metonymy&&&& conjunctive metonymy&&&&& inclusive metonymy&& &&&metaphor
&&&&&& a &&&&&&&&&&&b &c &&&&&&&&&&d &&&&&&&&&&&&&&e&
&&&&&&&&&&& non-figurative &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&figurative&&
&& &&&&&&&&&&syntagmatic& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&¶digmatic &
a Different parts of the country do not mean the same. b Tea was a large meal for the Wicksteeds. c The Crown has not withheld its assent. d He has a good head on him. e Kreik-Lambik is eating and drinking together.
Deignan<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB4Deignan
GoossensmetaphtonymyRaddenBarcelonaRiemerRuiz de MendozaGeeraertsprismatic model
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB Goossens
Goossens<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBGoossensmetaphtonymy1metaphor from metonymy2metonymy within metaphor3metaphor within metonymy4metonymy from metaphor
Goossensibid.talk with one’s tongue in one’s cheek
Goossens<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB7Oh dear,she giggled, “I’d quite forgotten”synecdochic5ibid.<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB
Goossensibid.<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBABbeat one’s breastmake a noisy open show of sorrow that may be partly pretence
built-intongueearABxx x’6ibid.<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 COLOR: FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBbite one’s tongue offbe sorry for what one has just saidI should/could bite my tongue offtonguedepriving oneself of one’s ability to speaktonguespeech facultycatch someone’s earcatch someone’s sympathetic attention or noticeShe caught the minister’s ear and persuaded him to accept her planminister’s earminister’s earministerminister’s attention
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB
a-asocial, amoraliN-invisible, impossible, illegal, irregular，un-unimportant, unlock, unfasten, non-non-professional, non-violentdis-disappear, discomfort, de- (decentralize, devalueun-non-a-dis-。
rewritewriteunthinkablean unthinkable amount of money(Jespersen 1917; Dowty 1979; Kiparsky 1983)(lexical pragmatics) (Blutner 1998; Horn 2002)un-
&&& <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBun-un-un-Jespersen (1917)un-in-unworthy, undue, imperfectwicked, foolish, terribleZimmer<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB?tekauer 2000:62
Horn (2002)
neg. affix + e-pos base
e-neg derived output
unhappy&&&&&&&&& &&sad
unfriendly&&&&&&& &hostile
*unhostile&
infertile& &&&&&&&&&&&barren
*inbarren& *unbarren
unhot, ungood, untallKiparsky (1983)Avoid Synonymy Principleunhot, ungood, untallcold, badshortAronoff <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBblockcold, badshortunhot, uncolduntall
un-iN-non-Jespersen (1917)Marchand (1972)un-iN-non-un-iN-non-
even & uneven&&
non-even (odd)
non-female (male)
&&& un-/iN-non-
* unmale&& non-male
unmanly&& *non-manly
unmotherly& *non-motherly
unkind& *non-kind
&&& un-/iN-non-
unmaternal& &&&non-maternal
irrational &&&&&&&non-rational
unnatural&&&&&& &non-natural
scientific
unscientific& &&&nonscientific
&&& un-reversativeun-un-Vendler (1967) aspectual classstatesactivitiesaccomplishmentsachievements(atelic)(unbounded)telicboundedDowty <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBun-unbend, uncoil, unfold, unwrapunsmoke, ungo, unplay, unknow, unlove
pretentious
unpretentious&&&&&&&&& modest
controversial
uncontroversial&&&&&& unanimous
* ununanimous
unselfish&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& selfless
* unselfless
undistorted&&&&&&&&&&&&& distorted
disputable
indisputable&&&&&&&&&&& disputable
impossible&&&&&&& visible
unsinkable&&&&&&& thinkable
unthinkable
invariable&&&&&&&& mobile
&&& Zimmer
sadhappyunhappyunhappysadhappyunhappyunhappysadHorn<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBQ-PrincipleR-Principleunhappysadunhappysadunhappy
&&&& un-non-Horn <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBnuclear, alive, funnya strange unnuclear family (New York Times Book Review, 18 Feb. 2001, p.34)unnuclearnuclear(coercion mechanism) (Blutner 1998)
un-Hornunknow, unlove
un-?tekauer 2000; Horn 2000coercion(Blutner 1998)<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB
(Verschueren 1999)<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GBPrinciple of Least Effort(Zipf 1949)
Verschueren 1999
&&& Zimmer
情况一：从正面评价
moral — immoral&&&&&&&&&&&& ethical — unethical
unfaithful&&&&& &&&&loyal
disloyal&&&&&& vile
illegal &&&&lawful
unlawful&&&&& criminal
* uncriminal&&&&&&
democratic – undemocratic&& &&&tyrannical — *untyrannical &&&despotic — *undespotic
unpatriotic&&&&
unfriendly &&&&&&&&hostile
*unhostile
impolite&&&&&&&&&&&& rude
ungenerous&& &&&&&mean
unwise&&&&&&& &&&&&&&foolish
* unfoolish
unimportant &&&&&&&trivial
* untrivial
unfruitful&&&&&&&&&&& fruitless
*unfruitless
untrue&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& false
attractive
unattractive&&&&&&&& ugly
unclean&&&&&&&&&&&&&& dirty
unhealthy &&&&&&&&&&&sick
* unsick&&&&&&& ill
unmarried& &&&&&&&&&&single
* unsingle
unsafe&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& dangerous
*undangerous
developed – undeveloped&& &&&&&&&backward
*unbackbard
unhappy&&&&&&&&&&&&&& sad
dissimilar&&&&& like
unlike&&&&&& different
* undifferent
情况二：从反面评价
unselfish& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&selfless
* unselfless
pretentious
unpretentious&&& &&&&&&modest
情况三：既可从正面评价，也可从负面评价
unjust&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& partial/impartial&&&&&&&&&&& biased – unbiased
punctual – unpunctual&&&&&&&&&&&&&& delayed – undelayed
memorable – unmemorable&&&&&&&&&& forgettable – unforgettable
&&& Zimmer
un-non-un-
① -iN-im, -il, -ir
iN- -itude, -ity, -ice, -ate, -ent, -ant, -iciN-iN-lexicalizednon-compositionality20iN-(Wolff, ) Zimmer(1964)a-/an-dis-un-non-un--ed, -ing, -edness, -ful, -ness,-ablenon-
un- (Hofmann, 1993)badungood
HornunhappysadBrown and Levinson
indifferent“”“”
[1] Aronoff, M. Word Formation in Generative Grammar [M]. Cambridge: MIT, 1976.
[2] Bauer, L. English Word-formation [M]. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press, 1983.
[3] Blutner, R. Lexical pragmatics [J]. Journal of Semantics 5-162.
[4] Blutner, R. et al. Conversational implicature and lexical pragmatics [A]. In Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Conversational Implicature [C]. Standford, .
[5] Brown, P. & Levinson, S. Some Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomenon [M]. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.
[6] Cannon, G. Historical Change and English Word-formation: Recent Vocabulary [M]. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 1987.
[7] Dowty, D. Word Meaning in Montague Grammar [M]. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1979.
[8] Hofmann, T. Realms of Meaning: An Introduction to Semantics [M]. London: Longman, 1993.
[9] Horn, L. Affixation and the Unaccusative Hypothesis [A]. In Papers from the Sixteenth Regional Meeting[C]. Jody Kreiman and Almerindo E. Ojeda (eds.). Chicago Linguistic Society, April 17-18, 6.
[10] Horn, L. Toward a New Taxonomy for Pragmatic Inference: Q-Based and R-Based Implicature [A]. In Meaning, Form, and Use in Context: Linguistic Applications [C]. D. Schiffrin (ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, .
[11] Horn, L. A Natural History of Negation [M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
[12] Horn, L. Uncovering the UN-word: A study in lexical pragmatics [J]. Sophia Linguistica, -64.
[13] Jespersen, O. Negation in English and Other Languages [M]. Copenhagen: P. Noordhoff, 1917.
[14] Kiparsky, P. Word-formation and the lexicon [A]. In Proceedings of the 1982 Mid-American Linguistic Conference [C], 1982.
[15] Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics [M]. London: Longman, 1983.
[16] Lehrer, A. Markedness and Antonymy [J]. Journal of Linguistics -429.
[17] Levinson, S. Pragmatics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 1983.
[18] McCawley, J. Conversational implicature and the lexicon [A]. In Syntax and Semantics 9: Pragmatics [C]. Peter Cole (ed.). New York: Academic Press, 9.
[19] Pounder, A. Process and Paradigms in Word-Formation Morphology [M]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000.
[20] ?tekauer, P. English Word-Formation: A History of Research () [M]. Tbingen: Gunter Narr Verlag Tbingen, 2000.
[21] Sweetser, E. From Etymology to Pragmatics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
[22] Vendler, Z. Linguistics in philosophy [M]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1967.
[23] Verschueren, J. Understanding Pragmatics [M]. London: Arnold, 1999.
[24] Wolff, S. Lexical Entries and Word Formation [Z]. Manuscript. Reproduced by The Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1984.
[25] Zimmer, K. Affixal Negation in English and Other Languages [J]. Supplement to Word 1964, 20.
[26] Zipf, G. K. Human behavior and the principle of least effort [M]. Cambridge, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1949.
[27 ] . [J]. <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB(1): 8086.
[28] . [J]. <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB3: 16.
[29 ] . [J]. <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB(4): 243<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB.
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB&
(pragmatic ambivalence)——
Sperber and Wilson ()Sequeiros, ; Wilson, 2004)
“”(blueprint)/
Sperber & Wilson ()Wilson (2004),() ,()
Carston (2002), Sequeiros (2002), Wilson (2004), (2005)Carston ()Sequeiros (2002)Carston ()Sequeiros (2002)(interlingual pragmatic enrichment)(2006)
/cf. <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB)
(cf. Sperber & Wilson, 2001)
Gutt, 2004:25
a. I have had breakfast.
b. I have been to Tibet.Wilson & Sperber<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB
abwithin the last few minutes, within the last few hours, within the last few days, weeks or months, even years
The people of all nationalities in China have jointly created a splendid culture and have a glorious revolutionary tradition.
If one party is suffering losses owing to the other party’s breach of contract, it shall take prompt measures to prevent the losses from increasing.
The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine,…
“”“”“”“traditional Chinese medicine”“”“”
“”“”“China”“the state”
Target language (hereinafter called TL): If the place of performance is unclear, and the payment is money, the performance shall be effected at the seat or place of residence of the party receiving the payment.
A lawsuit brought on claims for damages caused by a railway, road, water transport or air accident shall be under the jurisdiction of the People’s Court of the place where the accident occurred or where the vehicle or ship first arrived after the accident or where the aircraft first landed after the accident, or where the defendant has his domicile.
This law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist modernization.
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB
/(conceptual incongruity / terminological incongruency)Sarcevic, 1997De Leo, 1998; Wai-yee, 2002/(ordinance) /
A criminal attempt refers to a case where an offender has already started to commit a crime but is prevented from completing it for reasons independent of his will.
attempt8123attemptA person is guilty of an attempt if s/he does an act which is more than merely preparatory to the commission of the offence.
“more than merely preparatory”(intention)(action)criminal attempt
Wai-yee ()1.“attempt”“attempt”2.
“attempt”
In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big-nation chauvinism, mainly Han Chauvinism, and also necessary to combat local-national chauvinism.
&&&&&& “” “-ism”“”chauvinism“”“”“big nationalism”“big Hanism”“local nationalism”“”“Chauvinism”
State enterprises have decision-making power in operation and management within the limits prescribed by law, …
“”“”“”“”
Frawley, Sequeiros: 2002
The socialist transformation of the private ownership of the means of production was completed, the system of exploitation of man by man eliminated and the socialist system established.
&&&&&& Sarcevic, 1997
Whoever engages in civil litigation within the territory of the People’s Republic of China must abide by this Law.
&&&&&& Sarcevic, 19972006
…when there are two or more debtors to a deal, each debtor shall assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt.
Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in in these areas organs of self-government are established for the exercise of the right of autonomy.
…state enterprises and undertakings and neighborhood organizations, and promotes public health activities of a mass character, all to protect the people’s health.
Thereupon the Chinese people took state power into their own hands and became masters of the country.
“into their own hands”
The state guides, helps and supervises the individual economy by exercising administrative control.
“”“administrative control”“”“”“administrative management”
Carston, Robyn. 1997. Enrichment and loosening: complementary processes in deriving the proposition expressed? [J]Linguistische Berichte 8: 103-127.
Carston, Robyn. 2002. Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication [M]. Oxford: Blackwell.
De Leo, Davide. 1998. Pitfalls in Legal Translation [J]. Translation Journal. 3/2.
Wilson, D. 2003. Relevance theory and lexical pragmatics [J]. Italian Journal of Linguistics / Rivista di Linguistica 15.2: 273-91.
Gutt, Ernst-August. 1992. Relevance Theory: A Guide to Successful Communication in Translation [M]. New York: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc.
Gutt, Ernst-August. 2004. Translation and Relevance [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Melinkoff, David. 1963. The Language of the Law [M]. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Sequeiros, R.. 2002. Interlingual Pragmatic Enrichment in Translation [J]. Journal of Pragmatics 34: .
Sarcevic, Susan. 1997. New Approach to Legal Translation [M]. Cambridge: Kluwer Law International.
Sperber Dan & Wilson Deirdre. 1998. The Mapping between the Mental and the Public Lexicon [A]. In Thought and Language, Carruthers, Peter and Boucher, Jill (Eds.) (184-200). CUP.
Sperber, Dan & Deirdre Wilson. 2001. Relevance: Communication and Cognition [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Varó, Enrique Alcaraz & Hughes Brian. <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB. Legal Translation Explained [M]. U.K.: St. Jerome Publishing.
Wai-yee, E.P. 2002. The pitfalls of linguistic equivalence: The challenge for legal translation [J]. Target 14/1: 75-106(32).
Wilson, Deirdre. 2004. Relevance, word meaning and communication: The past, present and future of lexical pragmatics [J]. Modern Foreign Languages 103/1: 1-13.
Wilson, Deirdre & Dan Sperber. 1998. Pragmatics and time [C]. In Relevance Theory: Applications and Implications, Carston, R. & S. Uchida (eds.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2001. (A).(.
. 2005. (J). (5).
. 2006. [M]. .
. 2002. [J]. (4).
. 2005. [J]. (5).
. 2006. [J]. (6).
. 2000. [J]. (3).
. 2001. [J]. (3).
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB-08-20
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 11 FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB
Criminal Attempts Act 1981(1) If, with intent to commit an offence to which this section applies, a person does an act which is more than merely preparatory to the commission of the offence, he is guilty of' attempting to commit the offence.
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