英语形容词在加ED时可修饰人，在加ING时可以修饰物名词_百度知道
英语形容词在加ED时可修饰人，在加ING时可以修饰物名词
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常见的有interested，interesting；excited，exciting；surprised，surprising，frightened，bored,boringeg: I'm interested in visiting the interesting places.Tom is excited about the exciting news. I'm bored of the boring film.
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没错。补充一点，是由动词加ING或ED形成的形容词。还有一个前提条件，就是做表语或定语的时候，才能这样用。一般都是这样。当然也有一些例外的。
以ed结尾的形容词可以修饰人，例如：那个男孩很惊讶。The boy is surprised. 那个惊讶的男孩看着床底下的老鼠。 The surprised boy looked at the rats under his bed.以ing结尾的形容词可以修饰物，例如：这场电影很乏味。 This movie is boring.这场乏味的电影看得我直打哈欠。 This boring movie made me yawn all the time.
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出门在外也不愁ed不是修饰人吗？ing不是修饰物和事吗？怎么看是修饰人还是事呢？麻烦举几个列子_百度知道
ed不是修饰人吗？ing不是修饰物和事吗？怎么看是修饰人还是事呢？麻烦举几个列子
提问者采纳
ed 人ing物体
she is so extixed
the movie is extixing
不是一个句子里面有事情又有人的时候如何判断呢？也分不清是修饰人还是修饰物啊。
反正ed 形容的是人
你可以看主语 是老是告诉我们的
怎么看主语？
。。。。你上课没听吧
。。。。你上课没听吧
主语比如the i he she they
物体就是比如 his book 就是物体
提问者评价
你的回答完美的解决了我的问题，谢谢！
来自：作业帮
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其他1条回答
ed是修饰有生命的东西，不止是人，ing有时也修饰人，这是你老师为了区别而说的，其实不准确。
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petition, which made his parents very happy.(5)先行词是that时，关系代词要用which.What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?(6) 关系代词后面有插入语时，益用关系代词 which.Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.&3&．只用who, whom.而不用that的情况&&& (1) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those, ones等时，关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which .that。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?People all like those who have good manners.（2） 当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。&& Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then.&& Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting.& (3)当先行词有较长的 后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词 who Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.(4) 当先行词用-body 或-one 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用who We’d better not believe in anyone who we don’t know.(5) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用who The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brother’s sister.（七）．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构(1)“介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。其中whom代表人，which代表物Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?He works in a factory, in front of which there is a riverGive me the book the cover of which is red& (the cover of which=whose cover)He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher.This is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bicycle.& (2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。例如：&&&& We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..（3）***关系代词前的介词如何确定？A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配&Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定&There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)C.根据所表达的意思确定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.(4)***注意关系代词的位置& 介词在关系代词前时，只能用which 和whom不能用that 代替，也不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且还可以省略。 This is the drawer in which I put my letters.&= This is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in.Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning?所以一个句子有时有多种用法如：那就是他工作的大学This is the college at which he works.This is the college that/which he works at. This is the college where he works. 但像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.This is the book which /that I am looking for.This is the girl I have been looking for the whole afternoon.（八） whose 引导从句的意义1）指人=of whom 表示所修饰的“某（些）人的用做所修饰的先行词的所有格。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.2) 指物=of which 表所修饰的“某物的“I live in the room whose window faces south.I live in the room, the window of which faces south( whose +从句 可以用“of which +从句”代替)（九）As 与which 是有区别的A) 相同之处： 都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。which 可做宾语或表语He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity.He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy.B)& 区别：1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：1) As we all know, Galileo’s theory of falling objects is right.= Galileo’s theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right= Galileo’s theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village3) As is expected, the England team won the football match.4) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.5) He was late again, which made me unhappy6) As you know, he is good at English.2.）& as有“如” 、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which 没有。后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report等。&Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected.Our team won the game, which made us happy.As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.We hope to get such a tool as he is using.&We hope to get the tool which he is using.3.) as 在引导限制性定语从句多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。the &&same…as&&&&&&&& such….asThis is the same story as he told me.I hope to get such a book as he is using4).as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。可代表一个句子。例如：The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.5).as做主语时， 其后必跟系动词，而which 无此限制The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted.He was murdered, as seemed true.6)as引导从句时，从句语义必须和主句一致She was married again, which was unexpectedShe was married again, as was unexpected 77）the same …as 与the same ..that 的区别： 前者修饰的是原物同样的而后者修饰的就是先行词&This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。This is the dame watch that I lost.着就是我丢的那一只手表。（十）什么时候that 可以省略？1) 引导同位语从句，主语从句，表语从句不能省略，且不做成分。The name “ &whitewater &”comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.It’s known to all that light travels in straight lines. ( that 置后可一省略)The reason for his absence was that he was ill. ( 有时可省，一般不省)2）宾语从句中可以省略I don’t think (that) you are right.3）that 只有在定语从句中做成分，可做主、宾、表语。（十一）关系代词做主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词而不是关系代词。I want to see the film that is on show.The students who don’t study hard will not pas the exam.(十二)one of the… 与the one of the … 做先行词时谓语不一致。Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China.Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China.This is one of the books that I have been written in Chinese.This is the only one of the books that has been written in Chinese.He is one of the boys who are willing to do it.He is the only one of the boys who is willing to do it.（十三）．关系副词引导的定语从句&&& 1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句&&&& 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。& 1)when 表示时间, 充当时间状语& when=on/ in/ of /at…+which&I still remember the day when I join the party&I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.　但注意：1.当先行词是表地点：place ,room, mountain, airport等时间：time, day, &year, month, week,等原因：reason& 等名词时,并且分别在句中做地点、时间、原因状语时，应用where ,when ,why引导。但是如果如果表示时间地点原因的名词不做状语，而是做主语，宾语，或者表语时，必须用关系代词that /which来引导而不是用where等。I still remember the day that we spent together。May 1 is the day that I will never forget。The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had left and disappeared in the crowd.Is this the reason that he gave us for being late? This is the factory that we visitedThat is the house that he lived in..The place that we had been to was far.The shop that /which we saw is beautiful.2.当先行词为 by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first& time ,the last time 时，关系词不用when而用that.或省略This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.The first time I saw him was in 1980By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics但如果time前无修饰语,关系词用that& when 均可& I will never forgot the time when (that) we met for the first time.3. 当先行词为way 时，关系词用in which ,that, 或省略.This is the way that/ in which / 不加 he smiles.但注意： 4.why 表示原因（现行词只有一个& reason），做原因状语。 Why= for which&That is the reason why he was late.（十四）学生容易出现的问题。1.&&&&&& 在定语从句中多加了宾语，如：Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come.Some of the boys I invited didn’t come.& Is this the horse you drew it yesterday?Is this the horse you drew yesterday?2.&&&&&& 把定语从句的动词的单复数弄错。Those who has finished may leave the classroom now.They key opens the room is missing.Those who have finished may leave the classroom now.This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward. 3.&&&&&& 省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth. Children who eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.They key opens the room is missing. They key which/that opens the room is missing.4.&&&&&& 定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或者是介词。The house where he lives in needs repairing.The house where he lives needs repairing. The house which/that he lives in needs repairing.This is the time at when he’s more likely to be in. This is the time when he’s more likely to be in. This is the time at which he’s more likely to be in.（十五）代有插入语的定语从句who 与whom 的选用。担主语成分时用who ,担 宾格成分时用whom方法：要区分是定语从句中的插入语还是主谓结构。Jason is a man who (I believed) is honest.(去掉仍成立)Jason is a man whom I believe to be honest.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 做宾语The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.The girl who we supposed to be drowned came back.（十六）什么时候宜用非限制性定语从句1）& 当先行词是专有名词时，通常用非限制性定语从句，它本身就具有特殊性，无需在加限定。&Shenzhen, which is in South China, is developing rapidly.&My house, which I bought last year, has got a garden .&Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.2) 当先行词是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一个，但跟非限制从句时则表示唯一的一个，compare:&Her room has a window which faces south.Her room has a window, which faces south.I have a brother who is working in Beijing.I have a brother, who is working in Beijing.3.当先行词表示类属意义，即表示某类动物，事物或人时，其后所跟的定语从句一般是非限制性的。A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all over the world. &
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牛津高中英语语法复习：情态动词1 情态动词的语法特征 　1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。　2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。　3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。　4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。2 比较can 和be able to 1）can　could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。　They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。2）只用be able to 　 a. 位于助动词后。　 b. 情态动词后。　 c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。 　 d. 用于句首表示条件。　 e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。　　　He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.　　= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.　　注意：could不表示时态1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。　　 --- Could I have the television on?　　 --- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。　　　　 He couldn't be a bad man.　　　　　　 他不大可能是坏人。3 比较may和might 1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。　　　　May God bless you!　　　　He might be at home.注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。　　　 If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题　Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. 　 A. must　　B. may　 C. can　 D. will　答案B. 表可能性只能用may.　此句意可从后半句推出。4 比较have to和must 1)　两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。　　My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.　我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)　　He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事） 2)　have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。He had to look after his sister yesterday. 3） 在否定结构中： don't have to　 表示"不必"　　　　　　　　　　mustn't　　　　表示"禁止"，　　 You don't have to tell him about it.　 你不一定要把此事告诉他。　　 You mustn't tell him about it.　　　　你一定不要把这件事告诉他。5 must表示推测 　1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。　2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。 　　　You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.　 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）　　　He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。比较： 　　　 He must be staying there.　　　　 他现在肯定呆在那里。　　　 He must stay there. 　　　 他必须呆在那。 　3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。　　 I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.　我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。　4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。　　---Why didn't you answer my phone call?　　---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.& 5) 否定推测用 can't。　　 If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.　如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。6 表示推测的用法 　can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：1）情态动词+动词原形。　　表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。　　I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。　　表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。　　At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.　　这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。3）情态动词+动词完成时。　　表示对过去情况的推测。　　We would have finished this work by the end of next December.　　明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。　　The road is wet. It must have rained last night.　　地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。　　表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。　　Your mother must have been looking for you.　　你妈妈一定一直在找你。5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。　　Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.　　迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。&& 注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。7 情态动词+ have +过去分词 1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth　表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。　　Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.　　Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2)　must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。　--- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.　---She must have gone by bus.3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth　　本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。　　You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.　　He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）　　 ought to 在语气上比should 要强。4) needn't have done sth　 本没必要做某事　　I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I　needn't have done so. The weather was hot.5) would like to have done sth　 本打算做某事　　　I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.8 should 和ought to 　　should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。　　---Ought he to go?　　---Yes. I think he ought to. 　　表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。9 had better表示"最好" 　　had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。　　had better do sth 　　had better not do sth　　It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.　　She'd better not play with the dog. &&& had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。　　You had better have come earlier.10 would rather表示"宁愿" 　would rather do　would rather not do　would rather… than…　 宁愿……而不愿。& 还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.　I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.典型例题---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?----Which ___ do?　　　　　 A. do you rather　　B. would you rather　 C. will you rather　 D. should you rather答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句， would 提前，所以选B。11 will和would 　注意： 　1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。　　 Would you like to go with me?　 2）Will you…?　Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。　　 Would you like some cake?　3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。　　 Won't you sit down?12 情态动词的回答方式 　　 问句　　　肯定回答　　　　否定回答Need you…?　　Yes, I must.　　　No,I needn'tMust you…?　　　　　　　　　　　/don't have to. 典型例题1）---Could I borrow your dictionary?　　---Yes, of course, you____.　 　 A. might　B. will　 C. can　 D. should　 答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。2）---Shall I tell John about it?　　---No, you ___. I've told him already.　　　 A. needn't　　B. wouldn't　　C. mustn't　　D. shouldn't　 答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't　不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. 　　---______.　　A. I don't　 B.　I won't　 C. I can't　D. I haven't 　　答案B.　will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。13 带to 的情态动词 　 带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：　 Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?　 She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.　 You ought not to have told her all about it.　 Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?&& ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。典型例题　Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.　 　A.have told　B.tell　C.be telling　D. having told　答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用 have。14 比较need和dare 　 这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。1) 实义动词： need　（需要, 要求）　　　　　　　 need + n. / to do sth2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。　　Need you go yet? 　　Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：　　　 need doing = need to be done
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e.; / ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it.&3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.&4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.&注意：① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.&5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.&6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. &注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.&7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.&注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。&8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.&（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。&1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.&2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. &3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.&4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.&5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.&6、一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study.&7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.&8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。&（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。&1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?&2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。
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pany’s reputation.injured: (adj.) 受伤的，被伤害的，感情受伤的&& the injured 受伤的人injured looks ______________&in an injured voice ______________& the dead and the ___________& 死者及伤者The injured&&&&&&&&& taken to the nearest hospital.injury: (n.) ①伤害，损害②伤，伤口do sb. an injury 伤害某人It’s a severe injury to his reputation. ____________________________&& The nurse is dressing his injuries. ____________________________& 辨析：injure, wound, hurt& ① injure 一般指由于意外或事故中受伤，指一时难愈之伤。& ② wound 指外伤，如刀伤、枪伤、剑伤，尤指在战斗，战争中受伤& ③ hurt “受伤”的一般用法，既可指肉体上的伤害，亦可指感情上的伤害，作vi. 时； 意为“疼，疼痛”用wound, harm, hurt, injure的正确形式填空：1)&She felt&&&&&&&&&& at your words.2)&Don’t&&&&&&&&&& your eyes by reading in dim light.3)&The bullet&&&&&&&&&& him in the shoulder.4)&He was&&&&&&&&&& in the accident.2. apart& adj.& adv. ①分开的，分离的②和tell或know连用，意为“区别，分别”③apart from (1)远离，和……不在一起；(2)除……之外（尚有）；⑶除……之外（无）同except，同besides, as well as, in addition toThe 2 houses are 500 metres ____________. 这两栋房子相距500m.I can’t tell these two things apart. _______________________________写出下列句子中划线词的汉语意思：&& ①Apart from the cost, the color of the hat doesn’t suit me. (&&&&&&&&&&& )&& ②I have finished apart from the last question.&&&&& (&&&&&&&&&&& )&& ③Lucy has been accepted by Oxford University, so she had to live apart from her parents. (&&&&&&&&&& )3. simply& adv. 仅仅，只不过；简单地；确定& 指出下列句中simply的含义：&& ①The book explains grammar simply and clearly.&&&&&(&&&& )&& ②Simply add hot water and stir (搅动).&&&&&&&(&&&& )&& ③That is simply not true.&&&&&&&&&&(&&&& )& simple& adj. ①简单的，简易的&②简朴的，单纯的& simplify& vt. 简化&simplified Chinese characters ______________4. adapt& vt.& vi. ①使适应，使适合②改写，改编&&adapt sth. for sth.& 改编……成为……&& adapt oneself to (sth./doing sth.) 使某人自己适应于某事&& adapt to sth. 适应某事他花了一个月才适应新环境。It ________ him a month to _________ himself ________ his new surroundings.我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗。Our eyes slowly __________ __________ the dark.这部小说已经被改编成电视节目。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& && adaptable& adj. 能适应的，适应性强的；可改编的&&&& adaptation& n. 适应，适应性；改编本5. inspire& vt. ①鼓舞，激励&&& inspire sb. to do sth. 鼓舞某人做某事&& inspire sb. with sth. / inspire sth. in sb.用某事鼓舞某人&& The actors inspired the kids with their enthusiasm. 演员们以热情鼓舞着孩子们。&& 同义句改写：__________________________________________________________&& ②赋予某人灵感（尤指写作、绘画、作曲等）；启示，启迪&&&& inspire sb. (to sth.)His paintings were clearly inspired by Monet’s work. 他的绘画显然是受到了莫奈作品的启示。inspired& adj. 受灵感启示的；得自灵感的；有创作力的inspiring& adj. 鼓舞人心的；使人感兴趣的；吸引人的inspiration& n. 灵感； 鼓舞或激励人的人/物 （inspiration to/ for sb.）&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Genius is 10% inspiration & 90% perspiration. （谚）&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 6. courage& n. 勇气，胆量&& encourage ______________ 鼓励某人做某事&discourage ________________ 阻止某人做某事&& courageous& adj. 勇敢的，无畏的encouragement n.& [U] the act of encouraging to do sth 鼓舞，激励；[C] sth. that encourages sb. 起激励作用的事物1) 她的话对他们是极大的鼓舞。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&& 2) 父母给点激励的话，他会做得更好。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& encourage v. 支持，鼓励，激励 encourage sb. to do sth.encouraging a. 乐观的；鼓励的7. sympathy& n. 同情；赞同，支持&& feel/ have/ express (no/ little/ some) sympathy for/ towards sb. 对某人表示(不/一点儿/一些)同情&& in sympathy with sb./ sth. 对某人/ 事表示支持/赞同，相应发生，因……而出现&& in/ with sympathy 同情地&& out of sympathy with sb. / sth. 不赞成，不支持某人/事&& I feel no sympathy for Jane, it’s all her own fault.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& && 我确信她一定赞成你的建议。&& I’m sure she will be ____________________ your proposal.&& sympathetic& adj. 表示同情的，出于同情的8. arrange& vi. & vt. 安排，整理，布置，排列，筹划arrange + sth. /sth. for sb./ sth.为某人/事安排某事/for sth.为某事做安排/for sb. to do sth. 安排某人做某事/with sb. to do /for sth. 与某人协商做某事/为某事与某人协商/that 主+(should )do 安排，商定&& arrangement& n.9. be tired of sb./ sth./ be tired with/from 对……感到厌倦，对……失去兴趣=be bored withtire sb. out 使某人精疲力竭&&be tired out (某人) 精疲力竭&& tired& adj. 困倦的；疲倦的&& tiring& adj. 令人困倦的（修饰物）&& tiresome& adj. 讨厌的，烦人的；令人厌倦的（可修饰人或物）10. communicate& vi. & vt. 交流，沟通，传达、传播、传递&& communicate sth. to sb./ sth. 使某事被某人知晓，传达事物给某人&& communicate with sb. 和某人交流情况/ 交换消息&& communicate a disease __________________&& 他急于把他的想法传达给他的小组。He was eager to ______________ his idea _____________ his group. They communicated in sign language. ________________________& 这部小说写的是关于家庭成员彼此无法沟通的一个家庭。The novel is about a family who can’t _________& __________each other.communication& n.&&&be in communication with sb. 和某人交流11. quit& vt. & vi. 停止，放弃（pt. pp: quitted/quit）&& quit sth./ doing sth.&&&be quit of sb. / sth. 摆脱某人/某事，脱离某人/事&& If I don’t get a pay rise,I’ll quit. _______________________________&& 我很想摆脱这个责任。&&&&& _______________________________12. assist& vt. 帮助，协助、援助&&&&&&&&&&&& && assist sb. in/ with sth./sb. in doing sth./ sb. to do 帮助某人做某事& aid sb. in/with sth./ sb. in doing/ sb. to do&help sb.with sth./ sb.(to) do &&&& &assistance& n. 帮助，帮忙，援助&&&assistant& n. 助手，助理人们帮助他们找到了他们的家人。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 他帮助我出好主意并加以鼓励。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 13. instant& adj. ①即时的，方便的 ②立即的，立刻的（作定语）③调制快速方便的，速成的&& instant coffee ______________&&an instant success _________________&& n. 当时，立刻，瞬间&& I recognized her the instant (that) I saw her. 我一眼就认出是她。&& in an instant 马上&& instantly ①adv. 立刻，马上，瞬即=at once/ immediately&&&& ②conj. 一……就……=as soon asI recognized her instantly/the instant I saw her.14. guarantee& vt. 保证，担保&&n. （交易的）保证，保证书，保修单guarantee sth./ sb. sth./ sth. to sb. 担保某人某事&&guarantee to do sth. 保证做某事&&& guarantee sb./sth. (to be)…&保证……是……&& guarantee (sb./ sth.) against/ from…保证……不……& guarantee that…保证&&& under guarantee 在保修期内完成下列句子：①The company ___________________________ for a year. 公司对这个钟保修1年。②I_________________________________ all my debts. 我保证偿还他所有的债务。③Tom ________________________ here tomorrow. 汤姆保证明天在这儿。④I _____________________________ loss. 我保证你不受损失。⑤I_________________that ____________________.我保证他会去的。⑥Having much money doesn’t ________________________.拥有很有钱并不能保证你快乐。& guarantor& 担保人，保证人& guaranty& n. （法律上）保证，保证书
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mand 命令. advise 建议. prefer 宁愿. suggest 建议&& &The teacher’s suggestion is&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& .(学生早点上床睡觉)&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& .(他的建议我们早点动身是正确的)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& .(我建议你立刻回家)12. L33responsibility&& n(u). 责任、职责&& &avoid / escape (the) ～ for sth./ doing&&&&&&&&&&&& &&take the ～for sth / doing& 对…负责&&a sense of ～&&&&&&&&& &responsible&&& adj. 有责任的、应负责任的&be ～ for sb./ sth./ doing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 你应该为你儿子负责。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 他负责喂鸡。13. L36& side by side& 肩并肩、并排&&The two bottles stand on the table side by side.&&&类似短语：shoulder to shoulder&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &hand in land&& 手拉手、联合&&& &&&& arm in arm&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&face to face&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&& neck and neck&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&act hand in hand&&&&&&&&&& &14. P25run out vi. 用完、耗尽&&&&& vt. 使…跑得筋疲力尽&&& run out of&&& vt.用完、耗尽&我的钱已用完& My money&&&&&&&&&&&&& .&&& I&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& .&&& He run himself out before he reached the goal.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 与run 相关的短语～ for&&& 竞选&&&&& ～ over (车辆)辗过&&& ～ across&&&&&&&&&&&&& ～ into&&&&&&&&&& &in the long run / term&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 15. P29shock&& vt. 使震惊/ 震动、电击 &n. 震惊、休克、电击&be shocked at sth. 因… 感到震惊 be shocked to do&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &The scene shocked her.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& .&I was shocked at the news of his sudden death.& =&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& .16. P29arrest&&& vt. n. 逮捕&&&&&&&& ～sb. for sth. / doing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 他因超速而被捕&under ～&&& adj. adv. 被捕&&You are under ～&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 17. P29closely&&& adv. 仔细地、认真地、密切地&&close&&&& adv.&& 指距离上接近地&&&& 这类副词称为同源副词. 不加ly形式既可以是形容词也可以是副词。其区别在于带ly的副词常指抽象的、引申的含义，多用来修饰动词或过去分词，原形副词常指本义和具体的含义，多修饰由介词引导的短语。类似的还有 deep 深地& deeply 深深地& high 高地highly 高度地& wide 宽地& widely 广泛地&Stand&&&&&&&&& to me. &&Listen&&&&&&&&& to me.&This problem is&&&&&&&&&& connected with that one. 这个问题与那个问题有密切的联系。&keep a close eye on sth&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&get close to&&&&&&&&&&&&& &The teacher always speaks / thinks&&&&&&&&& of Tom.&Look! The plane is flying&&&&&&&& in the sky.18. P35equipment& n(u) 装备&&&&& &a piece of～&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& a set of ～&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &equip&& vt. 装备、配备&&&&& equipped&& equipping&equip… with&&&&& 用…装备&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 我们教室里配有一台新电脑。19.P35 pick out&& 挑出、认出、辩别出&pick up& 拾起、得到、开车接人、让人搭车、恢复、收听、(偶然)学会&pick at 挑剔、指责&Please&&&&&&&& me&&&&&& at the station.&Her health soon&&&&&&&&&& after a few days’ rest.&Can you&&&&&&&&&&&& your brother in the crowd?&He&&&&&&&&&&&& an interesting piece of news.&His mother&&&&&&&&&&&& him for being lazy.20. P38under way&& 在进行中&Preparations for the party are well under way&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &类似短语：&under attack&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&under control&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &under discussion&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&under study&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &under repair&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&under construction 在建设中&Now Iraq is under attack by several countries.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &My bike is under repair.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &The railway is under construction.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 21. P38rapid , fast, quick&rapid&&& adj. 迅速的、飞快的& 常指急流、旋涡等,也可指有意的高速度。&fast 指动作本身迅速。&quick& 多指一次的动作敏捷、突然且持续时间短。&&They took a&&&&&&&& plane last time.&&&Let’s have a&&&&&&&& meal.&&She is very&&&&&&& in reading.&&&&The boy is&&&&&&& to learn.&&This term he made&&&&&& progress in English.&There is a&&&&&&& river near the village.22.P38 rely on = depend on 依赖、信赖、依靠、指望&The man can not be relied on.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &rely on sb to do / sb’s doing& 指望某人干某事、想信某人会做某事&rely on it that…&& 相信、指望、放心&I rely on her to pay back the money.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &Don’t rely on my seeing you off .&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &You may rely on it that he will come to meet you.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &like it when 喜欢& dislike it when&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& hate it when&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& see (to it) that 务必使& depend on it that 指望&I like it when you tell a joke.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 23. P38remain&& ①vi. 物品剩下、人留下、常指灾害之后物品剩下、其他人走了，某人留下&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 树上还剩几朵花。&Nothing /Little remained of the house after the fire .&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 所有人都回家了，但他留了下来。②link v. 保持、仍是&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 这个房间整个夏天保持凉爽。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 晚会上，他沉默不语。&remain seated&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&The book remains unfinished .&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ③留待、尚待～to be done &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 几个问题有待于解决。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 那个问题有待于讨论。‘It remains to be seen.& 那有待于证实。④表示“留在某地”时remain 和stay 同义。如remain/ stay there (呆在那里)，但只能说stay at home 另外remain 既可指人逗留在一定场所，也可指物逗留在一定场所或保持原来的状态，stay 只表示人逗留在一定场所。remaining&&& adj. 剩下的&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& the remaining 20 yuan.=the 20 yuan left.remains&&&&& ①剩余物、剩饭菜；&&& ②残骸、遗体、遗骸、遗稿24.P38 appreciate vt. 赞赏、欣赏、感激&&～sth. /doing& &～与thank 区别& ～表感激时宾语不能是人& thank 接人作宾语&I would ～ it if sb. did 如果…我将不胜感激&&I ～ your help.& =&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &We ～ your efforts for the development of the company.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。Project.25. L8& Nor is it good news for the fish. 含有否定意义的副词,如nor, not , neither, seldom, little, hardly, never 等放句首时，句子要部分倒装。Little&&&&&&&& he care about clothes. &&Never&&&&&&& I seen such a film before.Seldom&&&&&&& he come late.26. L14. … non – governmental organization … non 作前缀构成& n. adj. adv. 表示不、无、没有n. non – smoker&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&nonmember&&&&&&&&&&&&& adj. nonstop&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&nonparty&&&&&&&&&&&& non – fat&&&&&&&&&&& adv. non – violently& 非暴力地
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e or not.&3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。&e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.（三）表语从句&1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。&e.g. The question was who could go there.&2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。&e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.（四）宾语从句&1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。&e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.&2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。&e.g. I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..&&&& I’m interested in what you’ve said.&3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。&①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.②用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。e.g. I don’t know whether or not the report is true.I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.&& They don’t know whether to go there.&& Please come to see me if you have time.（五）同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.&The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
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