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Cognitive Radio for Smart Grid: Theory, Algorithms, and Security
Recently, cognitive radio and smart grid are two areas which have received considerable research impetus. Cognitive radios are intelligent software defined radios (SDRs) that efficiently utilize the unused regions of the spectrum, to achieve higher data rates. The smart grid is an automated electric power system that monitors and controls grid activities. In this paper, the novel concept of incorporating a cognitive radio network as the communications infrastructure for the smart grid is presented. A brief overview of the cognitive radio, IEEE 802.22 standard and smart grid, is provided. Experimental results obtained by using dimensionality reduction techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), kernel PCA, and landmark maximum variance unfolding (LMVU) on Wi-Fi signal measurements are presented in a spectrum sensing context. Furthermore, compressed sensing algorithms such as Bayesian compressed sensing and the compressed sensing Kalman filter is employed for recovering the sparse smart meter transmissions. From the power system point of view, a supervised learning method called support vector machine (SVM) is used for the automated classification of power system disturbances. The impending problem of securing the smart grid is also addressed, in addition to the possibility of applying FPGA-based fuzzy logic intrusion detection for the smart grid. 1. Introduction 1.1. Cognitive Radio Cognitive radio (CR) is an intelligent software defined radio (SDR) technology that facilitates efficient, reliable, and dynamic use of the underused radio spectrum by reconfiguring its operating parameters and functionalities in real time depending on the radio environment. Cognitive radio networks promise to resolve the bandwidth scarcity problem by allowing unlicensed devices to transmit in unused “spectrum holes” in licensed bands without causing harmful interference to authorized users [1–4]. In concept, the cognitive technology configures the radio for different combinations of protocol, operating frequency, and waveform. Current research on cognitive radio covers a including spectrum sensing, channel estimation, spectrum sharing, and medium access control (MAC). Due to its versatility, CR networks are expected to be increasingly deployed in both the commercial and military sectors for dynamic spectrum management. In order to develop a standard for CRs, the IEEE 802.22 working group was formed in November 2004 [5]. The corresponding IEEE 802.22 standard defines the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers for a wireless
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