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用Smartpls做的路径系数的显著性图，但是没有P值，怎么判断置信水平呀？求指导。
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你好请问你找到答案了么
SmartPLS要运行Bootstrapping才可以得到t、p和置信区间。
t&1.96 就有统计学意义了
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Chloroform Associated Health Risk Assessment Using Bootstrapping: A Case Study for Limited Drinking Water SamplesRehan SadiqTahir HusainSudip KarArticleDOI:
10.1023/A:5Cite this article as: Sadiq, R., Husain, T. & Kar, S. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution (: 123. doi:10.1023/A:5
Chlorine is the most commonly used disinfectant for watertreatment but when in contact with organic precursors it producestoxic compounds known as trihalomethanes (THMs). Chloroform isthe most commonly occurring THM and constitutes approximately90% of the THM concentration. A study was conducted inNewfoundland for estimating the chloroform content in thedrinking water supplies in Clarenville and St. John's. Thesampling program was conducted in two stages, July and October-November. Higher concentrations of chloroform were observed in Clarenville but in St. John's the concentrations werewithin Health Canada guidelines. The chloroform is a probablehuman carcinogen and is categorised as `B2' by U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency (U.S. EPA). The human health risk associatedwith consumption of drinking water was estimated by performingprobabilistic analysis. In the first phase bootstrap simulations(B = 250) were performed to calculate the variability in thedata. The normal distribution was found the best-fitted distribution to chloroform concentration data. For eachbootstrapped run 1000 Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS) wereperformed in the second phase. The cancer risk was estimatedusing dose-response relationship of chloroform. Appropriateprobability density functions (PDFs) were defined subjectivelyfor intake rate, body weight, exposure duration, exposurefrequency and averaging time. The excess lifetime human cancerrisk varied from 0.5 × 10-4 to 4.0 × 10-4, and zero to 1.0 × 10-4 for Clarenvilleand St. John's, respectively. The average cancer risks in Clarenville and St. John's communities were 1.2 × 10-4 and 2.5 × 10-5. The estimated probabilitiesof exceedences above 100 ppb (μg L-1), were 100 and 2.5% for Clarenville and St. John's, respectively which emphasised the need for water treatment. Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) was proposed as one of the potential treatment technology for risk reduction in St. John's community. The treatment efficiency of a proposed technology was assumed uniformly distributed and revised risks were calculated. Theaverage risk in St. John's can be reduced to 8.0 ×10-6 after treatment.bootstrapchloroformgranular activated carbonMonte Carlo simulationuncertaintyvariabilityAmy, G. L., Chadik, P. A. and Chowdhury, Z. K.: 1987, 'Developing Models for Predicting Trihalomethanes Formation Potential and Kinetics', J. Amer. Water Works Assoc., AWWA, 79–89.Atkin, E. W., Hoff J. C. and Lippy, E. C.: 1982, 'Waterborne outbreak control: which disinfectant?', Environ. Health Perspect.
46, 7–12.Benjamin, W. L. Jr. and Robert, M. C.: 1994, 'U.S. drinking water regulations: treatment technologies and cost', J. Environ. Engin. ASCE, 4, 783–801.Benjamin, W. L. Jr., Wayne, E. K. and Kathleen, S. P.: 1994, 'Alternative disinfectants for drinking water treatment', J. Environ. Engin. ASCE 4, 745–758.Effron, B., and Tibshirani, R.: 1986, 'Bootstrap methods for standard errors, confidence intervals, and other measures of statistical accuracy', Statis. Sci. 1, 54–77.Effron, B. and Tibshirani, R.: 1993, 'An Introduction to the Bootstrap', Chapman and Hall, Inc., New York.Environment Canada: 1999, 'Human Health and Water Quality', http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/.Environmental Quality Laboratory (EQL): 1998, 'Department of Environment and Labor', Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.Frey, H. C. and Burmaster, D. E.: 1999, 'Methods for characterising variability and uncertainty: comparison of bootstrap simulation and likelihood-based approaches', Risk Anal.
19(1), 109–130.Health Canada: 1993, 'Consultation Package on Trihalomethane', Supporting Documentation: Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality.Health Canada: 1995, 'A National Survey of Chlorinated Disinfection By-Products in Canadian Drinking Water', Environmental Health Directorate, Health Protection Branch.Health Canada: 1998, 'Summary of Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality', Federal-Provincial Subcommittee on Drinking Water, Health Canada.Jo, W. K., Weisel, C. P. and Lioy, P. J.: 1990, 'Chloroform exposure and the health risk associated with multiple uses of chlorinated tap water', Risk Anal.
10, 4.Kar, S.: 2000, 'Environmental and Health Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water: A Case Study', M. Eng. Thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.McGhee, T. J.: 1991, 'Water Supply and Sewerage', 6th Edition, McGraw Hill International.Melching, C. S.: 1995, 'Reliability Estimation, in Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology', in V. P. Singh (ed.), Chapter 3, Water Resources Publications, U.S.Singer, P. C.: 1994, 'Control of disinfection by products in drinking water', J. Environ. Engin. ASCE 4, 727–744.Tate, C. H. and Arnold, F. K.: 1990, 'Water Quality and Treatment: A Handbook of Community Water Supplies', Chapter 2, Fourth Edition, American Water Works Association (AWWA).U.S. EPA: 1989, 'Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund', Vol. 1, Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A), EPA/540/1-89/002. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington D.C.U.S. EPA: 1999, 'Environmental Assessment of Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for Synthetic-Based Drilling Fluids and other Non-Aqueous Drilling Fluids in the Oil and Gas Extraction Point Source Category', Washington D. C., EPA/821/B98/019.U.S. EPA: 2001, 'Integrated Risk Information Systems (IRIS)', United States Environmental Protection Agency, Database, Washington D. C.Zuane, J. De: 1990, 'Handbook of Drinking Water Quality: Standards and Controls', Van Nostrand Reinhold, The Hague, Netherlands.Rehan Sadiq1Tahir Husain1Sudip Kar11.Faculty of Engineering and Applied ScienceMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sCanada
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