第六章__故障模式影响和危害性分析_百度文库
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第六章__故障模式影响和危害性分析
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你可能喜欢Basic Concepts of FMEA and
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
and Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) are
methodologies designed to identify potential failure modes for a product or
process, to assess the risk associated with those failure modes, to rank the
issues in terms of importance and to identify and carry out corrective
actions to address the most serious concerns.
Although the purpose, terminology and other
details can vary according to type (e.g. Process FMEA, Design FMEA,
etc.), the basic methodology is similar for all. This article presents a
brief general overview of FMEA / FMECA analysis techniques and requirements.
FMEA / FMECA
In general, FMEA /
FMECA requires the identification of the following basic information:
Function(s)
Failure(s)
Effect(s) of Failure
Cause(s) of Failure
Current Control(s)
Recommended Action(s)
Plus other relevant details
Most analyses of this type also include
some method to assess the risk associated with the issues identified during
the analysis and to prioritize corrective actions. Two common methods
Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs)
Criticality Analysis (FMEA with
Criticality Analysis = FMECA)
Standards and Guidelines
There are a number of
published guidelines and standards for the requirements and recommended
reporting format of FMEAs and FMECAs. Some of the main published standards
for this type of analysis include SAE J1739, AIAG FMEA-4 and MIL-STD-1629A.
In addition, many industries and companies have developed their own
procedures to meet the specific requirements of their products/processes.
Figure 1 shows a sample Process FMEA in the Automotive Industry Action Group
(AIAG) FMEA-4 format.
Basic Analysis
Procedure for FMEA or FMECA
The basic steps for
performing an FMEA/FMECA analysis include:
Assemble the team.
Establish the ground rules.
Gather and review relevant
information.
Identify the item(s) or process(es) to
be analyzed.
Identify the function(s), failure(s),
effect(s), cause(s) and control(s) for each item or process to be
Evaluate the risk associated with the
issues identified by the analysis.
Prioritize and assign corrective
Perform corrective actions and
re-evaluate risk.
Distribute, review and update the
analysis, as appropriate.
Risk Evaluation
A typical FMEA
incorporates some method to evaluate the risk associated with the potential
problems identified through the analysis. The two most common methods, Risk
Priority Numbers and Criticality Analysis, are described next.
Risk Priority Numbers
To use the Risk
Priority Number (RPN) method to assess risk, the analysis team must:
severity of each effect of failure.
Rate the likelihood of
occurrence for each cause of failure.
Rate the likelihood of prior
detection for each cause of failure (i.e.
the likelihood of detecting the problem before it reaches the end user
or customer).
Calculate the RPN by obtaining the
product of the three ratings:
RPN = Severity x
Occurrence x Detection
The RPN can then be used to compare issues
within the analysis and to prioritize problems for corrective action.
Criticality Analysis
The MIL-STD-1629A
document describes two types of criticality analysis: quantitative and
qualitative. To use the quantitative criticality analysis method, the
analysis team must:
Define the reliability/unreliability
for each item, at a given operating time.
Identify the portion of the items
unreliability that can be attributed to each potential failure mode.
Rate the probability of loss (or
severity) that will result from each failure mode that may occur.
Calculate the criticality for each
potential failure mode by obtaining the product of the three factors:
Mode Criticality = Item
Unreliability x Mode Ratio of Unreliability x Probability of Loss
Calculate the criticality for each
item by obtaining the sum of the criticalities for each failure mode
that has been identified for the item.
Item Criticality = SUM of
Mode Criticalities
To use the qualitative criticality analysis
method to evaluate risk and prioritize corrective actions, the analysis team
Rate the severity of the potential
effects of failure.
Rate the likelihood of occurrence for
each potential failure mode.
Compare failure modes via a
Criticality Matrix, which identifies severity on the horizontal axis and
occurrence on the vertical axis.
Applications
and Benefits
The FMEA / FMECA
analysis procedure is a tool that has been adapted in many different ways
for many different purposes. It can contribute to improved designs for
products and processes, resulting in higher reliability, better quality,
increased safety, enhanced customer satisfaction and reduced costs. The tool
can also be used to establish and optimize maintenance plans for repairable
systems and/or contribute to control plans and other quality assurance
procedures. It provides a knowledge base of failure mode and corrective
action information that can be used as a resource in future troubleshooting
efforts and as a training tool for new engineers. In addition, an FMEA or
FMECA is often required to comply with safety and quality requirements, such
as ISO 9001, QS 9000, ISO/TS 16949, Six Sigma, FDA Good Manufacturing
Practices (GMPs), Process Safety Management Act (PSM), etc.
ReliaSoft's
software facilitates
analysis, data management and reporting for failure mode and effects
analysis (FMEA) and failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA).
The software supports all major standards (AIAG FMEA-3, J1739, ARP5580,
MIL-STD-1629A, etc.) and provides extensive customization capabilities for
analysis and reporting, allowing you to configure the software to meet your
organization's specific analysis and reporting procedures for all types of
FMEA / FMECA.该商品已下柜，非常抱歉！
适于大型复杂航天系统的QFD与FMECA技术及应用-李跃生
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Xfmea支持所有类型的FMEA和FMECA
ReliaSoft 的Xfmea软件简化了FMEA/FMECA的分析过程，并提供灵活的数据处理和报表功能。同时，软件也结合了流程图，控制计划，测试计划（DVP&Rs）和基于故障模式的设计复审（DRBFMs）。
各种FMEA和FMECA&&&&& &ReliaSoft 的xfmea 支持各种FMEA分析的主要行业标准 （设计FMEA, 过程FMEA, FMECA等），提供大量的用户自定义选项。Xfmea 除了提供所有标准的报告文件（如SAE J1739， AIAG FMEA-3 和MIL-STD-1629A等标准），用户还可自定义界面和报告，来满足您公司的特殊要求。这个主要包括选择和命名你想要捕捉和显示的数据栏；设定等级，分类，优先权及其它选项；确定评定量级和标准等。
多视图分析信息&&&&&& & 您可以使用三种互补的视图输入和查看FMEA数据： 传统的&表单&格式， 直观的树形结构图或者根据记录类型过滤的排序列表. 你可以在这三个不同的视图之间进行切换，来根据您当前的活动以最佳的方式显示信息。
在指定的数据库中查找和重新利用已分析数据或短语&&&&&&&&& 在相关的数据库里储存好您的分析信息后，您可以使用Xfmea 建立和管理有价值的、关键词搜索的知识库，适用于公司内部的资源共享。从已有的分析中查找和调用资料变得简单快捷，你也可以选择从外部数据来源快速导入系统配置或FMEA数据。
丰富的措施管理功能&&& Xfmea帮助团队追踪改善措施的进展情况，当措施得到落实时&结束循环&。为了追踪完成指定任务的进程，可以通过邮件形式发送自动通知，或者生成灵活的报告和图标的方式来进行。
帮助制定决策的报告、查询和图表&&& Xfmea可生成完整的可供打印的报告（Word/Excel）、图表和点对点的查询，以最高效的方式显示分析信息，帮助制定决策。
集成相关的分析&&&& 你可以使用Xfmea 在DFMEA和PFMEA间进行数据转换， 还可以进行相关的其他分析，如设计验证计划（DVP&Ts），基于失效模式的设计审核， 工艺流程图和控制计划等。
帮助找出所有可能的故障模式及其影响，进而采取相应的改进、补偿措施；为制定试验大纲提供定性信息；为确定更换有寿件、元器件清单提供可靠性设计与分析的定性信息；为确定需要重点控制质量及工艺过程中的薄弱环节清单提供定性信息；可及早发现设计、工艺过程中的各种缺陷。
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