Phase composition and morphology of nanoparticles of yttrium orthophosphates synthesized by microwave-hydrothermal treatment: The influence of synthetic conditions - ScienceDirect
ExportJavaScript is disabled on your browser. Please enable JavaScript to use all the features on this page., 5 August 2015, Pages 415-421Author links open overlay panelShow moreHighlightsoWe synthesized YPO4 and YPO4?0.8H2O nanoparticles by microwave-hydrothermal treatment.oWe studied “conditions–composition–properties” relations for this synthetic path.oWe revealed the mechanism of stabilization of YPO4?0.8H2O phase at high temperatures.AbstractHerein we report the study of the influence of synthesis conditions during the microwave-hydrothermal crystallization of freshly precipitated gels on the phase composition and morphology of the rare-earth doped yttrium orthophosphates nanoparticles. We characterize the nanoparticles of YPO4 and YPO4?0.8H2O using X-ray diffraction analysis, TEM, and FT-IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, we argue that for the given phase the degree of crystallinity and thus the sample morphology depend strongly on the synthesis conditions. We establish that the hexagonal hydrate phase can be obtained by means of microwave-hydrothermal method if one uses phosphate anion excess or adjusts pH of the reaction mixture. Also we show that the metastable hydrate phase is most likely stabilized by hydroxyl groups at elevated temperatures.Graphical abstractKeywordsChemical synthesisMicrowave-assisted synthesisHydrothermal treatmentNanostructured materialsPhase transitionsYttrium orthophosphateChoose an option to locate/access this article:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution.orRecommended articlesCiting articles (0)Evaluation of a cloud point extraction approach for the preconcentration and quantification of trace CuO nanoparticles in environmental waters - ScienceDirect
ExportJavaScript is disabled on your browser. Please enable JavaScript to use all the features on this page., 3 March 2014, Pages 39-48Author links open overlay panelShow moreHighlightsoThe robustness of cloud point extraction approach was investigated for the analysis of trace CuO NPs in water.oThe behavior and fate, and therefore, the recovery of CuO NPs varied substantially under different extraction conditions.oThe effects of environmental factors on the NP behavior and extraction were determined and minimized.oLimits of detection of 0.02 and 0.06 μg L-1 were achieved using ICP-MS and GF-AAS, respectively.oEnvironmental water samples were successfully pre-treated and analyzed.AbstractThe cloud point extraction (CPE) of commercial copper(II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs, mean diameter of 28 nm) in water samples was fully investigated. Factors such as Triton X-114 (TX-114) concentration, pH, incubation temperature and time, were optimized. The effects of CuO NP behavior like agglomeration, dissolution, and surface adsorption of natural organic matter, Cu2+, and coating chemicals, on its recovery were studied. The results indicated that all the CPE factors had significant effects on the extraction efficiency. An enrichment factor of ~89 was obtained under optimum CPE conditions. The hydrodynamic diameter of CuO NPs increased to 4–5 μm upon agglomeration of NP-micelle assemblies, and decreased at pH &10.0 at which the extraction efficiency was also lowered. The solubility and therefore, the loss of NPs were greatly enhanced at pH &8.5 and in the first 60 min of incubation, whereas it declined at elevated incubation temperatures. Our results showed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) &5 mg C L-1 and Cu2+ &2 times that of CuO NPs, lowered and enhanced the extraction efficiency, respectively. Pre-treatment of samples with 3% w v-1 of hydrogen peroxide and 10 mM of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid minimized the interferences posed by DOC and Cu2+, respectively. The decrease in CPE efficiency was also evident for ligands like poly(ethylene glycol). The TX-114-rich phase could be determined with either inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry following microwave digestion, or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The detection limits for CuO NPs were 0.02 and 0.06 μg L-1 using these techniques, respectively. The optimum sample pre-treatment and CPE conditions were successfully applied to the river and wastewater samples. The relative recoveries of CuO NPs spiked at 5–100 μg L-1 (as Cu) in these samples were in the range of between 59.2 and 108.2%. The approach demonstrates a robust analytical method for detecting trace levels of CuO NPs at their original states and assessing their exposure risks in real aquatic environments.Graphical abstractKeywordsCopper(II) oxide nanoparticleCloud point extractionNP-micelle assemblyDissolutionAdsorptionEnvironmental water analysisChoose an option to locate/access this article:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution.orRecommended articlesCiting articles (0)Hyperfine structure of H2O and HDSe by beam-maser spectroscopy - ScienceDirect
ExportJavaScript is disabled on your browser. Please enable JavaScript to use all the features on this page., 24 April 1967, Pages 482-483Author links open overlay panelShow moreAbstractThe hyperfine structure in the rotational spectra of H2O and HDSe have been observed with a beam maser spectrometer. Electric Quadrupole coupling constants and spin-rotational coupling constants have been evaluated.Choose an option to locate/access this article:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution.orRecommended articlesCiting articles (0)(PDF) The Effect of Lubricating Oil on...
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+ 211.78Czech University of Life Sciences Prague10.45Technical University in ZvolenShow more authorsPortable chainsaw is a basic operational instrument in forestry. To ensure long-lasting performance of a chainsaw , it is necessary to perform the necessary maintenance of its cutting system. The basis of this maintenance lies in the lubrication of the chain , which protects it from excessive wearing and deterioration. Various lubricating oils are used for lubricating the chain. Biodegradable oils are promoted nowadays , with their main advantage being shorter decomposition time in the environment , and the same lubricating properties as conventional lubricants . This paper is aimed to evaluate and compare the ability to lubricate and cool the cutting system of a portable chainsaw filled with biodegradable oil and oils commonly used for its operation. Conditions of measurements were specified to simulate the actual operating conditions . During the evaluation no major differences between these oils were observed .Discover the world's research15+ million members118+ million publications700k+ research projects
? Original?scieti?c?paper?–?Izvorni znanstveni radCroat. j. for. eng. 34(2013)1? 83 The?E?ect?of?Lubricating?Oil?on?Temperature?of?Chainsaw?Cu?ing?SystemMiroslav?Stanovsk?,?Ján?Schürger,?Martin?Jankovsk?,?Valéria?Messingerová, ?Richard?Hnilica,?Marian?Ku?eraAbstract – NacrtakPortable chainsaw is a basic operational instrument in forestry. To ensure long-lasting per-formance of a chainsaw, it is necessary to perform the necessary maintenance of its cu?ing system. The basis of this maintenance lies in the lubrication of the chain, which protects it from excessive wearing and deterioration. Various lubricating oils are used for lubricating the chain. Biodegradable oils are promoted nowadays, with their main advantage being shorter decom-position time in the environment, and the same lubricating properties as conventional lubri-cants. This paper is aimed to evaluate and compare the ability to lubricate and cool the cu?ing system of a portable chainsaw ?lled with biodegradable oil and oils commonly used for its operation. Conditions of measurements were speci?ed to simulate the actual operating condi-tions. During the evaluation no major di?erences between these oils were observed.Keywords: biodegradable oil, portable chainsaw, temperature, thermographand?are?preferred?over?mineral?or?synthetic?lubricants?with? similar? characteristics? in? forest? management?(Scha?er?and?Buchschacher?2002).?Based?on?empirical?data,?there?are?some?apparent?problems?with?using?bio-oils.?These?are?mainly?shortened?lifespan?of?the?saw?and?thickness?of?the?oil?at?lower?temperatures.Current?legislation?(Nature?Protection?Act?543/2002?Z.z.,?act?326/2005? Z.z.,?360/2007?Z.z.)? de?nes?zones?with? di?erent? environmental? protection? intensity,?which?range?from?zones?with?almost?no?restrictions?(1st?level?of?protection)?to?zones?with?forbidden?human?intervention?(5th?level?of?protection).?When?logging?in?zones?with?higher?levels?of?environmental?protection,?typically?there?is?a?requirement?to?use?bio-oils?in?the?operation.? Forestry? workers? usually? say? that? they?avoid bio-oils because their lubricating characteristics are?not?as?good?as?those?of?conventional?lubricants.?We?tried?to?test?this?claim?in?conditions?that?simulate?the?conditions?in?practice.2. Material and methods – Materijal i metodeTwo?lubricants?were?selected?for?the?evaluation?–?STIHL?BioPlus?(BP)?and?SHELL?Helix?Ultra?VX?5W-30?1. Introduction – UvodAt?present,?forestry?machinery?used?on?forest?roads?and?in?forest?stands?or?other?areas?presents?an?eco-logical?threat?due?to?oil?and?petrol?leakage.?It?is?there-fore?logical?that?much?e?ort?is?put?into? developing?environmentally?friendly?fuels?and?lubricants,?which?are?biodegradable?or?of?biological?origin.?The?decom-position?time?varies?and?depends?on? many?factors,?such?as:?temperature,?humidity,?quantity?and?type?of?bacteria,?quantity? of? oxygen,?etc.? (Stanovsk??et? al.?2012a).?As?Stanovsk??et?al.?(2012b)?states,?in?the?state?forest?enterprise?of?Slovakia?(Lesy?SR)?alone,?1.8?mil-lion?liters?of?oil?were?spilled?into?soil?from?chain?saw?operation?(Lesy?SR?manages?approximately?50%?of?the?forest?area?in?Slovakia).?Finland?forestry?workers?dis-charge?about?2?million?liters?of?oil?per?year,?in?Croatian?forestry?the?number?is?420?thousand?liters?(Or?ani??et?al.?2008).?In?Germany,?the?gap?between?oil?consump-tion?and?oil?purchase?in?forestry?alone?is?2?million?li-ters,?which?implies?the?possibility?of?toxic?oils?being?used?in?logging?operations?(Hartweg?and?Keilen?1989).Based?on?many?studies,?it?is?safe?to?say?that?every?lubricant?is?harmful? to?the?environment.? However,?lubricants?and?fuels?produced?from?biological?ma?er?are?signi?cantly?less?harmful?than?those?of?fossil?origin?
M.?Stanovsk?? The?E?ect?of?Lubricating?Oil?on?Temperature?of?Chainsaw?Cu?ing?System?(83–90)84 Croat. j. for. eng. 34(2013)1(HU).?BP?oil?is?a?lubricant?designed?for?chain?lubrica-tion?in?chainsaws.?It?is?a?bio-oil?and?as?such?it?is?less?harmful?to?the?environment?than?conventional?lubri-cants.?The?HU?lubricant?is?synthetic?motor?oil?and?al-though?when?new?it?could?be?designed?to?protect?the?environment?in?case?of?spill?in?the?nature,?used?motor?oils?are?hazardous?to?the?environment.?The?HU?lubri-cant?was?drained?from?a?combustion?engine?a?er?the?recommended?mileage?and?then?used?in?the?measure-ments.?This?kind?of?lubricant?(used?motor?oil)?was?se-lected?because?it?is?disturbingly?commonly?used?in?Slovak?forestry.?The?basic?characteristics?of?the?lubri-cants?can?be?seen?in?Table?1.Two?chainsaws?were?selected?for?measurements?–?Husqvarna?346XP?and?STIHL?MS440.?These?chainsaws?are?commonly?used?in?forestry?for?di?erent?purposes?–?the?Husqvarna?chainsaw?is?mainly?used?in?thinning?and?the?STIHL?is?most?commonly?used?in?regeneration?felling.?Their?main?characteristics?are?shown?in?Table?2.Table 1 Main characteristics of lubricants used in researchTablica 1. Glavne zna?ajke ulja kori?tenih pri istra?ivanjuCharacteristicZna?ajke ulja BioPlus Shell HU VX 5W-30Melting point, °CTo?ka taljenja, °C -2 – 10 -39Flash point, °CTo?ka zapaljenja, °C &230 230Density (at 15°C), g/cm3Gusto?a (pri 15°C), g/cm30.92 0.848Kinematic viscosity (at 40°C), mm2/sKinemati?ka viskoznost (pri 40°C), mm2/s 37
67.1Table 2 Chainsaw characteristicsTablica 2. Zna?ajke motornih pila kori?tenih pri istra?ivanjuCharacteristicZna?ajke STIHL MS440 Husqvarna 346XPCylinder volume, cm3Obujam, cm370.7 50.1Performance, kWSnaga, kW 4 2.7Weight, kgMasa, kg 6.3 5Oil tank volume, lRezervoar za ulje, l0.33 0.28Idle speed, rpmMinimalni broj okretaja, min-1 2.1 Instrumentation – Mjerni ure?ajiThe?measurements?were?made?with?a?FLUKE?Ti25?thermal?imager?for?temperature?data?collection,?a?stop-watch?for?time?measurement?of?the?operational?cycles,?a?caliper?for?roundwood?diameter?measurements?and?a? thermometer? for? outdoor? temperature? measure-ments.?Speci?cations?of?the?thermal?imager?are?pre-sented?in?Table?3?below.Table 3 Thermal imager specificationsTablica 3. Tehni?ki podaci termalne kamereSpecifications – Tehni?ki podaciTemperature measurement range, °CRaspon mjerenja, °C –20 to +350Temperature measurement accuracy, °CPreciznost mjerenja, °C ±2°C or 2%Detector typeVrsta senzora160x120 uncooled microbolometerInfrared spectral band, μmRaspon infracrvenoga spektra, μm 7.5 to 14Minimum span, °CMinimalni raspon, °C 5Operating temperature, °CRadna temperatura, °C –10 to +50The?thermal?data?was?subsequently?evaluated?by?the?SmartView? 3.1?so?ware.? Statistical?evaluations?were?carried?out?in?Statistica?9?program?and?MS?Excel?2010.2.2 Measurements – MjerenjaThe?measurements?took?place?on?the?grounds?of?the?university?campus?and?in?a?log?conversion?depot?of?the?University?forest?enterprise?in?Lieskovec?(ap-prox.?5?km?from?the?University).?During?the?measure-ments,?the?following?characteristics?were?measured:?time?of? chainsaw?operation? during?measurements,?temperature?of?the?cu?ing?system?(the?center?of?the?bar,?chain?on?the?upper?side?of?the?bar,?the?tip?of?the?chainsaw?bar),?diameter?of?processed?wood,?number?of?cuts?made?with?the?chainsaws,?outdoor?tempera-ture.?Also?the?tree?species? was?taken?into?consider-ation.?The?outdoor?temperatures?during?individual?measurements?were?taken?into?account.?They? were?recorded in 2 hour intervals and then used during the evaluation.?The?SmartView?program?contains?algo-rithms?to?compensate?the?temperature?di?erence.
The?E?ect?of?Lubricating?Oil?on?Temperature?of?Chainsaw?Cu?ing?System?(83–90)? M.?Stanovsk?Croat. j. for. eng. 34(2013)1? 85The?measurements?were?divided?into?two?parts:A)?Measurements?without?the?cu?ing?load,B)?Measurements?under?cu?ing?load.2.2.1??Measurements?without?the?cu?ing?load?Mjerenja bez prerezivanja drvaOne?measurement?cycle,?during?which?thermal?im-ages?were?taken,?consisted?of?the?following?intervals:1)??A?snapshot?of?the?cu?ing?system?without?prior?movement?of?the?chain,?in?operational?tempera-ture of the chainsaw engine,2)??The?second?snapshot?was?taken?a?er?one?minute?of?chainsaw?movement?in?full?engine?load?and?maximum?chain?revolutions?per?minute?(RPM),3)??The?third?interval?lasted?for?two?minutes.?The?chainsaw?was?in?full?engine?load?and?maximum?chain?RPM,?the?snapshot?was?taken?a?er??nish-ing the interval,4)??The?fourth?interval?lasted?for?three?minutes.?The?chainsaw?was?in?full?engine?load?and?maximum?chain?RPM,?the?snapshot?was?taken?a?er??nish-ing?the?interval.There?was?a?minimal?pause?(ranging?from?30?to?40?seconds)?between?individual?measurement?intervals?during?which?the?snapshots?were?taken.?Measurement?cycles?were?carried?out?three?times?for?both?chainsaws?and?lubricants.?Between?the?measurement?cycles,?the?chainsaws?were?at?rest?to?ensure?their?cooling?down.2.2.2?Measurements?under?cu?ing?load?–?Mjerenja s prerezivanjem drvaOne?measurement?cycle,?during?which?the?thermal?images?were?taken,?consisted?of?the?following?inter-vals:1)??A?snapshot?of?the?cu?ing?system?without?prior?movement?of?the?chain,?in?operational?tempera-ture of the chainsaw engine,2)??The?second?snapshot?was?taken?a?er?one?minute?of?cu?ing?in?full?engine?load,3)??The?third?interval?lasted?for?two?minutes.?The?chainsaw?was?under?cu?ing?load?and?in?full?en-gine?load,?the?snapshot?was?taken?a?er??nishing?the interval,4)??The?fourth?interval?lasted?for?three?minutes.?The?chainsaw?was?under?cu?ing?load?and?in?full?en-gine?load,?the?snapshot?was?taken?a?er??nishing?the?interval.Measurements?under?cu?ing?load?were?divided?into?two?subgroups?–?hardwood?and?so?wood?cu?ing.?Hardwood?used?in?the?measurements?consisted?en-tirely?of?beech,?so?wood?used?during?the?measure-ments?was?mostly?spruce,?and?on?three?occasions??r?wood?was?used.?The?cu?ing?process?is?presented?in?Fig.?1.Again?there?was?a?minimal?pause?(ranging?from?30?to?45?seconds)?between?individual?cu?ing?intervals?during?which?the?snapshots?were?taken.?Measurement?cycles?were?carried?out?three?times?for?both?chainsaws,?lubricants?and?wood?type.?Between?the?measurement?cycles, the chainsaws were at rest to ensure their cool-ing?down.3. Results – RezultatiDuring?the?measurements,?144? snapshots?of?the?cu?ing?system?were?taken.?The?average?diameter?of?processed?wood?was?45.6?cm?and?on?average?5.49?cuts?were?made?into?the?wood?(average?cut?area?was?0.9?m2)?in?one?measurement?interval.The?STIHL?MS440?chainsaw?reached?lower?tem-peratures?while?cu?ing?with?the?BP?oil,?on?average?0.27?°C?lower.?The?average?temperature?di?erence?was?3.57?°C?in?favor?of?the?HU?oil?on?the?chain.?The?overall?temperature?di?erence?of?the?bar?and?tip?of?the?bar?was?1.35?°C?in?favor?of?the?BP?oil,?but?the?reason?for?that?is?that?the?BP?oil?rendered?be?er?results?in?mea-surements?without?cu?ing?load?(-10.50?°C?on?average).?As?for?measurements?under?cu?ing?load,?the?chainsaw?bar?temperature?was?on?average?3.23?°C?lower?when??lled?with?the?HU?oil.?The?overall?di?erence?in?tem-peratures?of?the?bar?tip?was?3.03?°C,?but?again?this?was?mainly?due?to?be?er?results?of?the?bio-oil?without?the?cu?ing?load,?where?the?di?erence?was?14.37?°C?in?fa-vor?of?the?BP?oil.?In?measurements?under?cu?ing?load,?the?HU?oil?proved?to?be?be?er?reaching?2.64?°C?lower?temperatures?than?the?BP?oil.Fig 1 The cutting processSlika 1. Prikaz prerezivanja drva
M.?Stanovsk?? The?E?ect?of?Lubricating?Oil?on?Temperature?of?Chainsaw?Cu?ing?System?(83–90)86 Croat. j. for. eng. 34(2013)1The?results?of? measurements?carried?out?on? the?Husqvarna?346XP?chainsaw?had?similar?outcome.?The?BP?oil?performed?worse?with?this?chainsaw?than?with?the?STIHL?chainsaw.?The?temperatures?of?PB?oil?were?on?average?2.68?°C?lower?than?the?temperatures?of?the?HU?oil.?The?chain?temperature?di?erence?was?6.80?°C?in?favor?of?the?BP?oil.?The?only?measurement?group?where the bio-oil tested worse than the synthetic oil was cu?ing?so?wood,?where?the?HU?oil?reached?0.18?°C?lower?temperatures.?The?overall?average?temperature?of?the?bar?was?also?lower?with?the?BP?oil,?but?the?di?er-ence?was?not?as?big?as?on?the?chain?(0.71?°C).?The?tem-peratures?of?the?bar,?while?operating?with?the?BP?oil,?were?higher?in?measurements?without?the?cu?ing?load?(2.92?°C)?and?while?cu?ing?so?wood?(3.20?°C).?This?pat-tern?was?visible?on?the?tip?of?the?bar?as?well,?where?overall?temperature?di?erence?was?0.51?°C?in?favor?of?the?BP?oil.?On?average?the?BP?oil?reached?8.26?°C?higher?temperature?without?the?cu?ing?load?and?5.48?°C?when?cu?ing?so?wood.?In?hardwood?cu?ing,?the?tip?reached?15.26?°C?lower?temperatures?when??lled?with?the?BP?oil.The?development?of?temperatures?in?the?cu?ing?systems?of?particular?chainsaws?is?shown?in?Fig.?2?and?3.?It?is?clear,?that?the?highest?temperatures?are?reached?at?the?tip?of?the?chainsaws?and?on?the?periphery?of?the?bar, where there is friction between the chain, chain saw?bar?and?material?cut.The?average?temperatures?of?the?bar,?tip?and?chain?for?both?chainsaws?and?all?measurement?groups?can?be?seen?in?Table?4?and?5.Although?more?wood?was?processed?with?the?STI-HL?MS440?chainsaw,?it?reached?lower?temperatures?than?the?Husqvarna?346XP?chainsaw,?as?can?be?seen?in?Fig.?4.?Fig.?4?also?shows?variation?of?temperatures?of?the?chainsaws.Fig. 2 Infrared snapshots of the Husqvarna cutting system, left – 1st interval, right – 4th intervalSlika 2. Infracrvene slike reznoga mehanizma Husqvarna, slika lijevo 1. interval, slika desno 4. intervalFig. 3 Infrared snapshots of the STIHL cutting system, left – 1st interval, right – 4th intervalSlika 3. Infracrvene slike reznoga mehanizma STHIL, slika lijevo 1. interval, slika desno 4. interval
The?E?ect?of?Lubricating?Oil?on?Temperature?of?Chainsaw?Cu?ing?System?(83–90)? M.?Stanovsk?Croat. j. for. eng. 34(2013)1? 87Table 4 Results of measurements with the Husqvarna chainsaw, average temperature in °CTablica 4. Rezultati mjerenja s motornom pilom Husqvarna, prosje?ne temperature u °CHusqvarna 346XPOil – UljeBioPlus Shell Helix UltraChain – Lanac Bar – Vodilica Tip – Vrh vodilice Chain – Lanac Bar – Vodilica Tip – Vrh vodiliceWithout cuttingBez prerezivanja1. interval 17.53 19.77 19.63 19.67 19.30 19.332. interval 49.33 53.77 83.10 54.73 49.83 72.873. interval 61.70 81.70 108.00 75.13 77.73 100.504. interval 65.47 92.40 119.30 82.57 91.53 112.27Beech cuttingPrerezivanje bukve1. interval 18.20 19.77 20.20 21.97 23.23 22.172. interval 47.87 55.53 83.63 52.97 58.67 91.673. interval 54.03 68.47 94.97 55.53 78.13 113.204. interval 53.87 72.67 102.90 73.10 84.67 122.40Spruce cuttingPrerezivanje smreke1. interval 16.77 18.67 17.67 16.37 17.00 17.372. interval 46.83 52.87 81.83 49.43 51.50 77.333. interval 61.13 74.50 104.57 58.47 74.57 100.574. interval 69.13 85.87 112.53 68.67 77.57 104.60Table 5 Results of measurements with the STIHL chainsaw, average temperature in °CTablica 5. Rezultati mjerenja s motornom pilom STHIL, prosje?ne temperature u °CSTIHL MS440Oil – UljeBioPlus Shell Helix UltraChain – Lanac Bar – Vodilica Tip – Vrh vodilice Chain – Lanac Bar – Vodilica Tip – Vrh vodiliceWithout cuttingBez prerezivanja1. interval 23.10 21.97 22.47 27.40 30.17 28.802. interval 47.60 39.40 54.13 52.07 49.90 66.703. interval 60.47 58.97 76.70 66.97 69.03 90.174. interval 65.40 67.57 85.30 68.67 78.50 102.37Beech cuttingPrerezivanje bukve1. interval 20.67 22.90 22.43 17.87 18.87 17.272. interval 44.60 42.50 52.90 40.03 40.37 50.533. interval 52.93 54.33 69.27 49.87 53.73 70.804. interval 58.60 58.77 73.00 49.40 58.90 69.67Spruce cuttingPrerezivanje smreke1. interval 12.07 12.73 12.13 16.67 18.33 17.072. interval 47.07 41.83 50.13 32.47 38.27 47.033. interval 55.33 58.93 69.03 42.83 51.27 64.134. interval 48.97 63.20 75.90 46.50 57.67 72.20
M.?Stanovsk?? The?E?ect?of?Lubricating?Oil?on?Temperature?of?Chainsaw?Cu?ing?System?(83–90)88 Croat. j. for. eng. 34(2013)14. Discussion – RaspravaThe?infrared?snapshots,?as?seen?in?Fig.?2?and?Fig.?3,?show?that?the?heat?is?mostly?produced?in?the?areas?with?most?friction?(tip?of?the?bar?and?periphery?of?the?bar)?from?where?it?spreads?to?the?center?of?the?bar.?The?highest?temperatures?were?recorded?on?the?tip?of?the?chainsaw, where the bearing that enables chain revolu-tions,?is?located.?Typically,?the?temperature?of?the?bar?was?higher?than?the?temperature?of?the?chain.Several?biodegradable?oils?with?some?characteris-tics?similar? or?be?er?than? those?of? mineral?oils? are?available?in? the?market?(Lauhanen?et?al.?2000).? The?data?acquired?show?that?STIHL?BioPlus?oil?and?used?Fig. 4 Box charts showing temperature variability of cutting systems with both chainsaws and lubricant typesSlika 4. Slikovni prikaz varijabilnosti temperature reznoga mehanizma obiju motornih pila i obiju vrsta ulja
The?E?ect?of?Lubricating?Oil?on?Temperature?of?Chainsaw?Cu?ing?System?(83–90)? M.?Stanovsk?Croat. j. for. eng. 34(2013)1? 89Shell?Helix?Ultra?synthetic?motor?oil?can?both?lubricate?the?cu?ing?system?and?reduce?friction?between?indi-vidual?components?and?between?the?cu?ing?system?and?cut?wood.?The?results?also?show?that?the?bio?oil?performed?worse?than?the?used?synthetic?motor?oil?in?so?wood?cu?ing.?This?is?possibly?due?to?characteris-tics?speci?c?to?so?wood?(e.g.?higher?volume?of?resins,?lower?density,?di?erent?structure,?etc.).?Furthermore?as?Klva??et?al.?(2002)?states,?thin?layers?of?rapeseed?oil?easily?oxidize?when?exposed?to?air.?An?oxidized?rape-seed?oil?is?sticky?and?may?cause?chain?blocking.?Re-sidual?oxidized?oil?can?also?restrict?piston?movement?during?oil?pumping,?resulting?in?damage?to?the?drive?wheels?of?the?transmission?system.Both?oils?are?suitable?for?use?in?chainsaws?but?only?regarding?friction?reduction.?From?the?environmental?point?of?view,?the?use?of?used?motor?oils?has?vast?neg-ative?e?ects?on?the?soil?and?water?in?the?ecosystems.?Skoup??(2004)?states?that?12–16%?of?oil?sets?on?the?sur-face?and?most?of?it? is?washed?into? underground?or?groundwater?(Skoup??et?al.?1990;?Skoup??and?Ulrich?1994).?Used?motor?oils?typically?contain?traces?of?met-als?(lead,?iron,?zinc,?copper,?etc.)?and?complex?carbo-hydrates?(Lengyel?and? Cvengro??2008).?It?takes?de-cades?and/or?a?lot?of??nancial?resources?to?remediate?soil?from?oil?pollution.5. Conclusion – Zaklju?akThe?data? collected?during?measurements? fail?to?show?signi?cant?di?erences?in?temperature?of?the?cut-ting?system?that?would?be?dependent?on?the?type?of?lubricating?oil.?Our?research?disproves?the?assumption?of forestry workers that bio-oils have a highly negative impact?on?the?wear?of?the?chainsaw?cu?ing?system.?However,?it?is?necessary?to?understand?that?the?mea-surements?carried?out?during?our?research?were?only?short-term,?meaning?that?some?di?erences?in?lubricat-ing?characteristics?were?not?able?to?show.?The?bio-oil?studied?does?not?provide?signi?cantly?be?er?lubrica-tion?for?the?chainsaw?and?in?some?cases?it?performs?worse?than?the?used?synthetic?motor?oil.?Its?main?ad-vantage?lies?in?its?rapid?degradation?in?the?soil?and?very?low?ecotoxicity,?which?is?a?su?cient?reason,?in?our?opinion,?to?use?it?in?practice.Acknowledgements – ZahvalaTi25?thermal?imager?was?provided?by?Apertis,?Ltd.?Zvolen.This?study?is?the?result?of?implementation?of?the?project?VEGA?1/0525/09:?Use?of?ecologically?appropri-ate?media?in?hydraulic?and?lubricating?systems?of?for-est?machines.This?contribution/publication?is?the?result?of?imple-mentation?of?the?project:?Centre?of?Excellence?>>Adap-tive?Forest?Ecosystems<<,?ITMS:?26,?support-ed? by? the? Research? &? Development? Operational?Programme?funded?by?the?ERDF.6. References – LiteraturaAct?on?nature?and?environment?protection,?Zbierka?zákonov,?543/2002.Act?on?forests,?Zbierka?zákonov,?326/2005.Act?which?changes?law?no?326/2005?on?forests?and?law?no?217/2004?on?forest?reproduction?material,?Zbierka?zákonov,?360/2007.Hartweg,?A.,?Keilen,?K.,?1989:?The?environmental?benevo-lence?of?biological?oils.?Sco?ish?Forestry?43:?311–317.Klva?,?R.,? Kanali,?C.,? Skoupy,?A.,?2002:?Low?temperature?pumping?characteristics? of? biodegradable?chainsaw? oils.?Research?in?Agricultural?Engineering?48(2).Lauhanen,?R.,? Kolppanen,?R.,? Takalo,?S.,? Kuokkanen,? T.,?Kola,?H.,?Valimaki,?I.,?2000:?E?ects?of?biodegradable?oils?on?forest?machines?and?forest?environment.?Proc.?of?the?Scien-ti?c?Conference?on?Forest?and?Wood?Technology?vs?the?En-vironment,?Brno:?MZLU,?pp.?203–206.Lengyel,?J.,?Cvengro?,?J.,?2008:?Zlo?ky?neminerálnej?povahy?v?mazacích?olejoch?(Non-mineral?compounds?in?lubrication?oils).?Nakladanie?s?odpadov?mi?olejmi?s?SR.?Vyhne.Or?ani?,?M.,?Horvat,?D.,?Pernar,?N.,??u?njar,?M.,?Bak?i?,?D.,?Drvodeli?,?D.,?2008:?Growth?of?Pedunculate?Oak?Seedlings?under?Soil?contamination?by?Mineral?and? Biodegradable?Oils.?Croatian?jounal?of?forest?engineering?29:?155–162.S?a?er,?H.?P.,?Bu?s?a?er,?R.,?2002:?Setzen?Sie?umwelt-vertr?gli?e?Treib-?und?S?miersto?e?ein.?Merkbla??Vollzug?Umwelt.Skoup?,?A.,?2004:?Biologically?degradable?oils?at?working?with?power?saws.?Journal?of?Forest?Science?50:?542–547.Skoup?,?A.,?Pechlak,?B.,?Sejkora,?B.,?1990:?A?contribution?of?oil?dispersion?at? the? work?with?a?chain?saw?by?means?of?Radiotracer?Method.?Lesnictví?36:?937–946.Skoup?,?A.,?Ulri?,?R.,?1994:?Dispersion?der??labs?eidung?aus?der? Ke?ens?mierun?von? Einmanmotors?gen.?KWF?Fors?e?nis?e?Informationen,?pp.?121–132.Stanovsk?,? M.,? Schürger,? J.,? Jankovsk?,? M.,? Allman,? M.,?Messingerová,?V.,?Hnilica,?R.,?Ku?era,?M.,?2012:?Zne?istenie?p?dy?olejmi?a?mo?nosti??istenia?p?dy?po?zne?istení?olejmi.?Pou?itie?ekologicky? vhodn?ch?médií? v?hydraulick?ch? a?mazacích?systémoch?lesn?ch?strojov,?p.?8.Stanovsk?,?M.,?Schürger,?J.,?Messingerová,?V.,?2012:?Kvanti-?kácia?mno?stva?mazacích?olejov?uvo?nen?ch?do?prostredia?lesa?pri? pou?ití? prenosn?ch?re?azov?ch?píl.?Pou?itie?eko-logicky?vhodn?ch?médií?v?hydraulick?ch?a?mazacích?systé-moch?lesn?ch?strojov,?Zvolen.
M.?Stanovsk?? The?E?ect?of?Lubricating?Oil?on?Temperature?of?Chainsaw?Cu?ing?System?(83–90)90 Croat. j. for. eng. 34(2013)1 ? Sa?etak?
Utjecaj maziva na temperaturu rezne garniture motorne pileU slova?kim ?umama godi?nje se u okoli? prospe 1,8 mil?una litara ulja za podmazivanje lanaca motorne pile. Od ulja koje se upotrebljava za podmazivanje lanaca motornih pila naj?tetn?e je sinteti?ko motorno ulje kojim se jo? uv?ek ve?inom podmazuju lanci motornih pila. Okoli?no prihvatljiv?e bilo bi ulje koje se, usprkos svim naporima, koristi u manjim koli?inama. ?umski radnici sjeka?i tvrde da bioulje ima negativan u?inak na tehni?ku ispravnost motornih pila.Cilj je ovoga istra?ivanja bio usporediti svojstva bioulja i sinteti?koga ulja kako bi se teze ?umskih radnih sjeka?a potvrdile ili opovrgnule. Pri istra?ivanju je kori?teno iskori?teno sinteti?ko motorno biorazgradivo ulje Shell Helix Ultra VX 5W-30 i bioulje STHIL BioPlus. Mjerenja su obavljena na dvjema motornim pilama – Husqvarna 346XP i STHIL MS 440.Termalne su fotogra?je snimane pomo?u termalne kamere FLUKE Ti25, a preciznost termalne kamere je +/- 2 °C s >>uncooled?moicrobolometer<< senzorom. Mjerenje je provedeno t?ekom rada motorne pile bez prerezivanja drva i t?ekom prerezivanja bukova i smrekova drva.Mjerilo se u ?etiri re?ima rada:1. Snimanje temperature motorne pile pr?e upotrebe2. Snimanje temperature motorne pile nakon 1 minute rada3. Snimanje temperature motorne pile nakon 2 minute rada4. Snimanje temperature motorne pile nakon 3 minute rada.Ukupno su snimljene 144 fotogra?je. Prosje?an je promjer prerezanoga drva bio 45,6 cm, u svakom re?imu rada prosje?no je napravljeno 5,5 rezova, a prosje?na prerezana povr?ina iznosila je 0,9 m2. Na temelju prikupljenih podataka sa sigurno??u mo?emo re?i da obje vrste ulja, kori?tene u istra?ivanju, osiguravaju dostatno podmazivanje lanca motorne pile i smanjuju trenje izme?u rezne garniture motorne pile i mater?ala koji se prerezuje. Pri prerezivanju mekoga drva (drva ?etinja?a) sinteti?ko ulje pokazalo se boljim nego bioulje.Istra?ivanje pokazuje da vrsta ulja nema zna?ajn?i utjecaj na tro?enje rezne garniture. Bioulje n?e se pokazalo boljim (ni lo??im) nego iskori?teno sinteti?ko motorno ulje, a njegova je glavna prednost smanjen negativan utjecaj na okoli? i brza razgradnja u ?umskim ekosustavima, ?to je dovoljan razlog za pove?anjem kori?tenja bioulja u ?umarskoj praksi.Klju?ne r?e?i: biorazgradivo ulje, motorna pila, temperatura, termografReceived?(Primljeno):?January?10,?2012Accepted?(Prihva?eno):?July?19,?2012Authors’?address?–?Adresa autor?:Miroslav?Stanovsk?,?PhD.e-mail:?stanovsky@tuzvo.skJán?S?ürger,?MSc.e-mail:?jan.schurger@szm.skMartin?Jankovsk?,?MSc.*e-mail:?martin.jankovsky@apertis.euProf.?Valéria?Messingerová,?PhD.e-mail:?messingerova@tuzvo.skDepartment?of?Forest?Harvesting,?Logistics?andAmeliora?Technical?University?in?ZvolenT.?G.?Masaryka?24,?960?53,?ZvolenRichard?Hnilica,?PhD.Department?of?Manufacturing?Technology?and?MaterialsTechnical?University?in?Zvolen?tudentská?26,?960?53,?ZvolenAsst.?Prof.?Marian?Ku?era,?PhD.Department?of?Forest?and?Mobile?TechnologyTechnical?University?in?ZvolenT.?G.?Masaryka?24,?960?53,?ZvolenSLOVAKIA*?Corresponding?author?–??Glavni autor
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