在遗传学发展史论文上有贡献的生物有哪些

当前位置: >>
一个参与者眼中的行为遗传学史上的里程碑
心理学报2008,40(10):1042~1050Acta Psychologica Sinica..――― DOr:Io.3724/SP.J.104I.2008.01042Milestonesin the History of Behavioral Genetics:Participant ObserverIrving I.Gottesman(DepartmentsofPsyehiatry and Psychology,UniversityofMinnesota,Minneapolis,MN,USA)in cross―section。isAbstract:The history of Behavioral Geneticsand(now)genomics.viewedakaleidoscopic humanpattern derived from the individual histories of the psychology of individualdifferences,plant,animal,andgenetics,biology,evolution,anthropology,demography,biometry,sociology,jurisprudence,and neighboring disciplines.There will be positive correlations between any two renditions of the historian’s task。but the idiosyncratic experiences of any two with the listed contributors to the pattern guarantees that the correlationsmay be modest.without invalidating either one. Keywords:history of behaviour genetics;interdisciplinary science;individual contributionsthis day,despite wish it hadsome of theirCommon Sense and AnecdotesAnecdotalGalton,hauntsustoaremained only of interest in the world of drama.toinformation that behaviors weresomelikelyextentaroseheritable from parents to offspring veryPrelude toaScience of Behavioral Geneticssome 1 2,000 yearssome wolvesagowith theself- weIt is only in the middle of the l 90 Century thatselectionoffor‘‘enjoying’’humancanobserveastrongmove towardasascientific ideacompany and the subsequent human selection amongtheir pups for traits of domesticity and obedience. Current dog breeds evolved from those early wolves into some 350 recognized breeds,the latter based artificial selectiononapproach to understanding manan animal,aneasily rejected thenandaonthe grounds of common sensefaithinreceived religiousits his andwisdom.CharlesDarwin’s[1809--1882】leapourspecies, origins, books encapsulated intoward understandingits variations,fordesiredbehavioraltraits(hunting,retrieving,herding,pointing,children’s’ pets)as well as for morphological features(Brewer,Clark,&Phillips,2001;ScoR&Fuller,1965;Jones, Chase,Martin,et a1.2008).With the later rise ofagriculture to dependenton ensure aexplicating evolutionarytheory――On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,or the Preservation of FavouredRaces in thestablesourceof foodleSSMan,andExpressionSelectionhuntingasandgatheringfor survival,Struggle声r£骆(1 859);砌P Descent of in Re肠tion to Sex(1 87 1);The of the Emotions in Man and Animalsaother animals suchcattle and sheep were selectedr 1 872)createdrevolutionthat would endure.Hefortheirdomesticity.TheonGreekphilosophersencouraged,and was encouraged by,his first cousin Franciscommented humansvarious onlyfeatures of temperament inGalton『1822一19111whenitcametobasedonthe familialityobserved,assuming that familiality resulted from‘'breeding”.By the time of Shakespeare,in The Tempest,weseeexplaining mall’s behavioral characteristics and how to quantify them for further analysis;his booksHereditary Genius:an Inquiry into its Laws Consequences(1 869),EnglishandhimattributingunmodifiabilityatoCaliban’sMen of Science:theirf1 883)alealsopersonality,assuming naturehereditarypredisposition: devil。on whose胁lureFacultyand Nurture(1 874),and Inquiry into Human and in its theProspero asserts,‘‘A devil,a bornnurtureDevelopmentcanneverstick,on whom my pains,milestonesGalton’shistory of behavioralgenetics.humanely taken,all,aU lost,quitelost”(4.1.1 87-l 90).curiosity and funded.by―himself tinkeringwell such statistical tools asThealliteration。latermade famous bv Sir Francisalso yielded early efforts to devise family,adoption,and twin methods.asofaddressedtoasthe correlation coef五cient.He introduced the conceptReceived 2008.08-08eugenicsbeforethere werescientificfactstoCorrespondence Psychiatryandshould beIrving I.Gottesman,Department of of Minnesota,Twin Cities, Psychology,University1042support its application;that did not dull his passionMinneapolis,MN 55455,USA.E-mail:gotte003@uⅡm.edu万   方数据 10期IrvingI.Gottesman.Milestones in theHistory of BehavioralGenetics1043for promulgating the notions in scientificasasocio―political idea ideasNilsson.Ehle,a Swedish plant breeder working withwheat,when he reconciledclothing(Lombardo,1 996).Hisasthe conflictbetweenabout twins could not be fully informedyethe did notexplanations for discontinuous(mendelizing)versuscontinuous distributions of phenotypes with his theory of polygenic/multiple factor inheritance in 1 908.East,atknow about the distinctionbetweenspermidenticaltwinsovaand same.sex fraternalonetwins。i…eonetheir origins fromversusovum fertilized byintWOHarvardUniversity,confirmed the results1910 working withandfertilized by 1 875 paper twins andas atWo differentsperms.Nonetheless。hishistory oftheoryinmaize.AwidelyFraser台Magazine.“Theaaccepted resolution tothe gap between the geneticscriterion of the relative powers of naturenurture”waslandmarkdeservingspecialbehind qualitative and quantitative traits and diseases emerged from the mathematical approaches of R.A.mention for the wave of research it would launch inlater years. For better conducted theirorworse both deepestof these forerunners about‘'nature’’aFisher(1918),J.B.S.Haldane(1924),and Sewall Wright(1932),with an accessible synthesis by K. Mather in 1 949:there was no conflict at the level ofthethinkinggenome:inthebasicresearchdesign,thewithout the benefit,or the burden,ofrudimentaryknowledge of the actual mechanismsgeneticsasandlawsofindependent variable was the genotype(1 locus with 2 alleles for qualitative traits,and>2 loci,each with 2allelestheyhademerged from the botanicalfor quantitativetraits),and theexperiments of the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel 『1 822一l 8841 whose work was published in 1 865.Itwould not be until l 900 that Mendelian genetics would be rediscoveredvariable would always be the phenotypepresentordependent measured asonabsent for mendelizingtraits,andcoresomescale for continUOUS traits. In.depth histories of the psychologyindependentlyin Holland(Detwodisciplines ofVries),Germany(Correns),and Austria(von Tschermak)and then promulgated efficiently by William Bateson『1 86 1―1 9261 in England in 1 902andandgeneticswill beof importance innations building new libraries。as well as to novices seeking to improve their genetics, E.G.knowledge aboutbehavioralWjlli锄CastleatHarvard inl 903.(ForaBoring’spersonal illustration of the recency of the history of theseexperimental psychology is individual differencesas aof (1 950)history a standard,and treatsareas。Castle becamethePh.D.advisor ofnuisance.TheonheartofSheldon C.Reed『1 9 1 0_―20031 behavioral geneticist and leaderanearlyfruitflybehavioral genetics focusesaindividual differences. byof hugepedigreetopicfirstpursuedindepththeGermanhis 1900atstudies of mental retardation f 1 965)and the psychosespsychologist book.HeWilliam Stern[1 871一1938】in(1973),who would later,1957,become this author’sPh.D.advisor at the University of Minnesota.1 In fact, the essentialconstructsexplored differential psychologyusmanyhislevels,gavethe concepts of mental age and IQ,andrequiredfor advancingaaescaped from Nazi final five years asaGermanyprofessorinat1 933 tospendscience of behavioral genetics came Thebit later.Duke University intermfor the field.“genetics”,was only firstNorth Carolina.Stern’s approach was taken up bytwocoined by Bateson in 1 906;the terms and phenotypegene,genotype,American仃ained atpsychologistsAnneAnastasi(1 937,firstfirst edition),the latteratemerged from the writings of theedition)and Leona Tyler(1 947the graduate levelDanish botanistWilhelm Johannsen f l 85’7.1 927】l 905.An understanding genotype and of the is phenotypethe University ofbetweenl 903andMinnesota underthe influences of R.M.Elliott anddistinctionbetweenD.G.Paterson who had developed the assessments of abilities in men called up for service in under Robert lead Yerkes.Thetoabsolutely essential to progress in behavioral genetics; confounding the distinctions have muddled the field by those withaWorld WarofaI.twoundergraduatesuperficialunderstanding.Onetextbooksthedevelopmentuniversityrich soil togenotype and,one arisecangive rise to many different phenotypes,coursesnurtureacrossthe USA and provided of what wouldphenotype(e.g.,“mental retardation”)canmanydifferenttotherootsformallybecomeonfromgenotypes.Anotherournecessarybehavioral genetics.A basic,must-read the history ofresourceenormouswellascontributiongenetics(plant,animal,and human)cannounderstandingsfor progress in behavioral genetics,asgenerally,was producedbe found in the short book by A.H.Sturtevant(1 965), available atcostgeneticsbyH.athttp://www.esp.org/books/万   方数据 心理学报40卷sturt/history/readbook.html.Sturtevant had helpedpropel genetics forward using species of fruitas atodayofQTLsandSNPs(Plomineta1.2008).selecting suchaslaboratory-based science,as aSubsequent researchers for other traitswere successful in dogsfliestool(Morgan,in flies,mice,andSturtevant,Muller&Bridges,1 9 1 5).An eye-witnessaccountoneemotionality,activity level,aggression,anxiety,andcognitiveof the history of human genetics in the USA,abilities,and,inofthe process,often obtainingthat values the role of behavioral genetics and isevidence for genotype×environment interactions.cautious and skeptical about the abuses committed in the past and possible in theDemonst]。ationsbothgxeandeventhefuture,canprimerbein readplasticity/modifiability of the phenotypehighly heritable appeared in the of D.O.Hebb(1whenSheldon Reed’s f 1 979)low.keyed memoir. ACanadianlaboratoriesbalanced historyandof behavioral949),anotherlearning theorist.Theongenetics,per se,up to 1960,was provided by Geraldexperiment of Cooper and Zubek f1958)built availability oftheMcClearn fl 962)withinLeo Postman inacollection of histories ofalreadybred maze dull and maze brightpsychological topics for sophisticated students,edited by Berkeley.Givenarats.The two strains were reared in three qualitativelytherangeofdifferent laboratory environments―enriched,natural (fora asubject matter covered byin.depthtruly comprehensive andlab rat).and restricted.They werethentested inatreatmenttoofthehumangenome,fromaHebb.Williams maze.structuredalong the lines ofmolecularsocietal.it would takeourmulti.volumeStanford.Binet test for children with numerous iternsataencyclopedia to do iustice toneeds.One is nowvarious levels of difficulty to obtain reliableatotalscoreasavailable(Cooper,2003)andvolumes,5,280articles pages,andit did indeed take five 1,047indicator of eachconditionsrat’scognitiveability.didpeer-reviewedwriting atUnderenrichedofstimulation duringerrorsfrom1.400worldwideexpertsarearearing,the brights made the fewestbutsodifferent levels ofdimculty.Eleven articles.andfor theeditors。withthe dulls,contravening their dull pedigrees.Underrestrictedthe advice of 52 advisors around the world,solicited the one.thousand plusonerearing(notmostsensory butdeprivation),thesodullsof the l l ofareasmadetheerrorsdidthebrights,deemedimportantstructurethecontravening their bright pedigrees.It was only under the standard rearing conditions for lab ratserror scoresencyclopedia was behavioral and psychiatric genetics with this author serving in that role.Almost all the entries containedanthatthediverged,andthey didsoasafunction ofhistorical perspective asasectionthe predictions from their two pedigrees.These resultsof the individual articles.permit the deduction for the concept of reaction rangePutting Behavior into Behavioral GeneticsE.C.Tolman(1924).the Americanand then bred for their 1earning ability inlearningkind ofphenotypes(Gottesman,1 974),also known as of reaction(Dobzhansky)and as reaction surface by Turkheimer,Goldsmith,and Gottesmanofnornltheorist,initiated small scale studies of rats selectedonefl 995).The results echo those with features in the eyes of fruit flies prenatal temperatureas amorphologicalfunction of theirmaze.His earlygenetic controltoSuccessoverin showing learning abili够encouraged himatBerkeleyexposure(Krafka,1 9 1 9),and plantsaswith phenotypic variability in sizes of clonedaencouragethreehis student Robert C.Tryonf1901―function their elevations during theft growth along1967]toexpand and improve the research programthe Sierra Nevada mountainrange(Clausen,Keck,&onoverdecadesinanelegantmanner and toHiesey,1 940).All of these studies phenotypes as theirathe plasticity ofprovideanothermilestone f1 940).By the seventhfunction of genes,environments,and should havegeneration of breeding brights with brightsanddullsinteractionsdemolishedanywith dulls,as inferred from total errors in multipleenthusiasms forso.called genetic determinism.runs,the two lines were quite separate with littleoverlap.Tryon’s student the work byStudies usingtwins as participants haveprovidedSearle(1949)further30 features ofrefinedtlle bulk of data in human behavioral genetics duringexamininglearning,the 20“century.Obiective quantifiable data could beemotionality,and activity level,using nine different maze contigurations; no general superiority orinferiority appearedacrossanalyzedtheafter l 924when C.Merrimanin the USAand H.Siemens in Germany independently providedinaze¥,andhe called formethods thatGaltonneverreached.Adequatefurther research which was forthcoming to the presentmeasurement toolsfor intelligence and personality万   方数据 lO期IrvingI.Gottcsman.Milestonesin the History ofBehavioral Genetics1045were required for the twin strategY to generate usefulwould now call heritability 75Orandfoundavalue‘‘frominformation.Betweentest1 905andl 908theFrencha80percent'’.withhomepsychologists A.Binet and T.Simonconstructedaccounting for“about 1 7 per cent ofenvironment the variance in Leahy(1 935)of cognitive abilities commissioned by the ParisI.Q.”Similarinaresults were obtained byschool childrensystemthatwouldidentifyofthoseyoungseparateMinnesota study.who would not benefitfrom the standard themwouldPsychopathologists have long been interested in whether thecurriculum,slowlearners;mostasdeviancesthey observed in theirpatientsprobably have been evaluatedmentally retarded bytoday’sstandards.HenryGoddard inton866―1957]1 908were the consequence of their‘‘stars’’(astrological fates)or themselves.The question about causality is more complexbehavioralasquickly translated the testEnglish inforwe haveseensofar for othernow clear thatsimilar applications in the USA.highlighting the needfor special education for many handicapped Asacharacteristics,andit ischildren.provisions must be epigeneticmadefor genetic factors,theirfactors & leading Gould,totoel for research,the test required revisions,controllingresulting in the well.known Stanford―Binet in l 9 1 6 by Lewisendophenotypes(Gottesman interactions(gx2003),allM.Ternlan『l 877―1 956],professorofenvironmental factors,stochastic factors,and variousgpsychology at Stanford University.That revision was revised again in 1 937。afier 11 years of research,with the assistance ofaswellasgxe),withawareness of gender and developmental contributors.The earlier research in psychopathology was notSO allMaude Merrill(James),a formerhistory 1 00orstudent and child clinical psychologist.ambitious IQ test.therearedandwaspleasedtodemonstrateWithⅡlislandmarkworkbrief withofanappreciable genetic component when it was evidence- based.pairsof andtwins50togethel"(50 fraternaloridenticalMrzpairssame.sexwhatDZ),andl9of MZ reared-apartKraepelin[1 856―1 926】was to psychopathology Linnaeus had been to botany――a greatanfrom infancy,conducted by Newman,Freeman,and Helzinger f 1 937)can be summarized.The teamonly used the Stanford revision of theacategorizer seeking with their ownoptimal number of taxons eachfeatures.By 1 896 he had 1 9 11 it wasnotcoreBinet,alltestseparated dementia schizophrenia bypraecox(aftercalleditsindividuallyadministered alsoatest.andwidergrouptoofE.Bleuler[1857--1939])andintelligence,butbaReryevaluatespecific achievements,handwriting,early efforts tosubtypes(hebephrenic,catatonic,and paranoid)from the other major cluster of mental suffering,manic-depressive hypothesis that inmeasure personality traits and emotions.andphysical measures to ones.AIthough refinedtestoverahost ofcontrastwith the psychologicalinsanity.He directly challenged the these psychoses resulted from the urbanizationonthetests andsamples have beenincreasesinEuropewithits fieldtime,the overall results have stood thepsychological strainsyouth.Heconductedof timeandshow that general statements aboutstudies in Singapore and Java卜1 903】with theirlarge populations ofthe relative importance of genetic vs.rearing variablesareMalaysians,Chinese,and observed(and theby local heard describednotwarranted,each traitdeservingits detailedJavanese;the psychotic patients hestory fc£the story of mazes above in the work of TryonJapanesepatientsheandSearlewithrats).Adoptiondesignsphysicians)all resembled his own European patientsquite closely in their onsets,symptoms,and course of illnesses.From such data Kraepelin concludedⅡlatrace。complemented the information derived from twin and family studies of intelligence,bolstering support foranemphasisongeneticfactors.Burks(1 928),usingages.As controls.shethe alleged causal factors he could exclude werethe Stanford.Binet.compared the IQs of 2 1 4 children with their fosterdiet,cultureincludingchildrearingpractices, of life.He of the dayparents’mentalparents:theexamined the same variables for 1 05their biologicalchildren and for theurbanization.and general circumstances and other central European psychiatristsbelieved inherited positive thatascorrelationsdementiapraecoxwassomehowacontrol pairings gave the expected values near 0.50. The values were 0.20 in thesome 50 to 70percentof patients hadexperimental group.familyhistory,looking at grandparentsonandintoUsing the formulasof SewallWright,her mentor,wecloser relatives.Mendel’s theories basedplants.Burkscalculatedvariance components of whatmentioned earlier,wereworkingtheir way万   方数据 1046心理学报40卷human diseases.In 1 908 A.E.Garrod proposed that some inbornfor bya errors‘‘incomplete pene仃ance’’for many yearswere graduallyuntilbothof metabolism could be accounted recessive gene locus model. with the of the 2replacedbythemultifactorialMendelianeachpolygenic threshold model put forward withdatabyNeither parent need be disease,butaffe:cted clinicallyGottesman and Shields in 1 967. Many(6)careful twin studies followed from1928.1961,followed by national another 8wouldtransmitonealleles/genes required;therefore 1 child in 4 would bewith improvedhomozygous and affected.2 in 4 would be disease.free but heterozygoussampling,accurate zygosity determination,carriers.andl in 4 would beblindfolded and structure.based diagnoses。often,case histories to back up the diagnoses.The results haveconverged witllhomozygous for the normal allele.The theory workedneatly when theenzymeabnormality couldbeMZ probandwise concordancearatesdetected at birth.Itformedthe basis for what wouldexceeding DZ rates by the rates in other results ofratio of 4:1.in accord with relationships,and with thebecome the important area of biochemical genetics. However,theaccounting possibilities psychiatricevenfamilyofrecessiveloci were data.numerousadoptionstudies(McGuffin,consulted forfordisorders absent hardOwen,&Gottesman,2004[this volume along witllCooper’s 2003 Encyclopedia may be historical background to other disorders including theenthusiastically Kraepelin wasembracedanenthusiast,predisposed by his ownordata to look for geneticorganic causes.He hireddementing ones]).Noofwell.documentedtheyaretwin studiesanother enthusiast,the Swiss psychiatrist Ernst Riidin,tomajorpsychoses have yet appeared from Asia or Asia,but awaited eagerlybecome the director of research嬲head of theSoutheasttoDepartment for Genealogical―Demography in 19 1 7 in Munich where he had been working for Kraepelinsince l 906.R诅din would develop the department intoaexamine for the possible effects on也e preferred modelsofwhatevermaybeuniqueaboutsuchcultures,geographies,and gene poets? People,Politics,Organizations,andworld.wide center for psychiatric genetics research,attracting famous postdoctoral be triedas afellows。andeventuallywar criminal by the Americans afterDocumentsBehavioral and psychiatric genetics as we know these disciplinesWorid War mandatoryII.for collaborating and catering to theneeds of the Nazi party,including writing laws for the sterilization of the mentally i11.He was ltodaywas not launched until l 960detained in various camps and prisons945.46.andas awhenJohn L.Fuller theiraand William R.ThompsonGenetics,bywas then found guilty at his denazification trial ‘‘lesser down offendef’-Leveltopublishedtextbook,BehaviorIII。laterpleabargainedpulling together spannedseemingly disparate literature thatLevelBertelsen,“follower'’(Gottesman & 1 988; 1 996;Proctor, Weber, 2000).KraepelinIV.manydifferentdomainsofknowledge:geotaxis in flies,experiments in agronomy,selection of dog breeds for their temperament.activity levels inEncouraged byto explore the fit oftoaMendelianpraecoxrecessivemodeldataondementiafirst large, offamilies,Rtidin produced thesoundmice,personality,intelligence,and mental disorders. They provided a framework with their concept of agene.to.behavior pathway that should have served to prevent simplistic thinking about how genes actually produce variation in behaviors.A primordium of what would genetic becomeanscientificallystudy of thetransmissionschizophrenia.In 70 1 sibships of schizophrenics with neither parent affected,he foundarisk of 4.48%.informedsearch for the role ofdsing t0 8.6%with the inclusion of other psychotic. appearing siblings.Thesegenedata eliminatedadominantrecessivefactors in psychopathology,de?nazified andmodel which would have required 1 parent to be iteschewing geneticdeterminism was visible in theataffected,andHowever,theeliminated the expectedtoashes of World War IIthe FirstWerldCongress ofmodeL requiring some 25%of sibsbeaffected.of 2Psychiatry in Pairs in 1950.At that event T.SjOgren of Sweden inviteddatadidfit withFraser-Roberts,Penrose,andSlaterahypothesisnecessary recessive loci一.25×.25=6.25%一and thatwas the first model put forward.That simpleofaextensionmendelismprevailedalongwith(United Kingdom),Kallmann(USA),Essen―MOiler, Odegaard,and StrOmgren(Scandinavia),and M. Bleuler(Switzerland)to outline a research agenda fortheiravariation ofdominant gene model that allowed forsharedinterestsattheinterface of mentaldisorders and theinfancyof human genetics.German万   方数据 lO期IrvingI.Gottesman.Milestones in theHistory ofBehavioral Genetics1047psychiatristswereexcluded,butEssen.M611er,had all been(tostudy withKallmann。Str6mgren,andSlaterIrvingJan B66k in Uppsala,Sweden)and I.Gottesman(to study with Eliot Slater andtopostdoctoral fellows in Munich after Hitler had cometoJames Shields in London)were the first for foreignwerecrossbe selectedpower:they had escaped much contact with Riidintraining in in the1 962.Ph.D.programs at Colorado.himself and had been mentored by Bruno Schulz whowasainitiatedmid.1 960struescientistandhadneverioined the NaziasMinnesota,and Texas.Another waytoparty.The group prolificin Pariske:pt the science alivegaininformationabouttheauthors in their own countries butdid nothistory of behavioral genetics is to examine,using theorganize into any structure.In retrospect it is mildlyinternet(PubMed,Psychlnfo,Google Scholar)thepublications of those awarded the highest honor by the BGA by conferringuponamusingeffecttoread the ideasSj69ren’s introductory remarks topossibility about of using flythethatand mousetheftelderstheT.generatedmultiple alleles,polygenicin this field“still appearsDobzhansky Award for Lifetime Achievement;也eirsystems,andlinkagenamesareprovided in Table 1.remote.’’The first English languagejournalspecializing inyea r 1977 1978 1 979 1980 198l 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 l 989 1 990 1991 1992human genetics did not appear the outlet for the Americanuntil1 949.It became of HumannamesStevenVearnameSPeter Parsons AubrcySocietyVandenberg19931994 1995Genetics.born in September l 949 with H.J.MullerasEliot SlaterManningpresident and F.J.Kallmannonthe board ofErest CaspariBenson GinsburgDavid Fulk盯n.a.19961 997 1 998 1999 2000 200l 2002directors(Reed.1 979).Abehavioralonprofessional association fortoSheldon Reed Gardner LindzeyPeter BroadhurstRonald Johnson Stephengenetics(all species)beganatatake formMaxsollEavesMarch 30,1 970small gathering in Urbana,LindonIllinois hosted by Jerry Hirsch and Richard Rose of the University of IllinoisLeonard Heston L Erlenmeyer-Kimling Raymond Cattell J.L.Fuller&J.P.ScottLeePierre Roubertouxandorganized by Richard H.Th埘脚BonehardRobertP10min NorlnanOsbome,editor of Social Biology(formerly Eugenics20032004 2005 2006 2007 2008HendersonQuarterly)the journal of the American Eugenics Society(Osbom,1 974)(name changed shortlythereafter to Society for the Study of Social Biology). This author attended.About first meetingoneEhrman MeClearn GottesmanSandra ScarrGerald IrvingNicholas G.MartinJerry Hirschyearlater in April theJohn Loehlin John DeFriesRichardRoseof the BehaviorGenetics AssociationJohn K.Hewitt(BGA)was held in Storrs,Connecticut,hosted byBenson president Ginsburg elected and was R.H.Osborne.Thenofirst selectedAnumberandofnoteworthytolessthanTheodosiusFuller.difficultfindoriginalcompilations of researchDobzhansky;president.electmembers Seymourwas own KesslerawasJohnappeared in the 1 960s,stimulated in part by the Fuller and Thompson(1 960,l 978)textbook.This was much before there was such inexpensive Unlike the computersrecentaSecretary,V.Elving Anderson,with executive boardand L.Erlenmeyer- that wethingasthe internetandforinformationwas alsoretrieval.aKimling.There neededourstrongas soconsensusioumalmany Papers submittedpastthereviableby members toother behavioral iournals scientifichadbeenmarketplace for such collections,now superseded bye.mail to authors.requestingarejected,notColorado inongrounds.The{ournalof ofpdf.A few deserveBehavior Genetics was 1 970launched at the University under the strong lcadershipa amention here with brief notations:Steven G.Vandenberg(withbackground in twinbackground inStudies in Individual-J.J.Jenkins&D.G.Paterson(Eds.)(1 961). Differences.--――The Search foronresearch)andJohn C.DeFries(withIntelligence.A collection of 66 original papers that focus individual differences in intelligence goingquantitative agricultural genetics and mousebehavior).A boost to the field was provided by the United States Public Health Service providing the infrastructure via their funding for doctoral level specialty training and postdoctoralcrossoverback to Galton,Binet andSimon。World WarI test anduses,upto1 959.Itincludes original twinadoption studies.training.Daniel G.Freedman-E.L.Bliss(Ed.1(1 962).Roots of Behavior:Genetics, Instinct,andSocializationinAnimal万   方数据 1048心理学报40卷Behavior.A subset of papers resulting fromata4-partsymposium presented of the AmeriCall Association for the Advancement ofthe December 1 959 meetingHistorical缪匆undsEvenmilestcInesconsideredabriefScience[http://.jstor.ors/stable/1 756876】andonfocusedrenderingofthehistorical would beofbehavioral were ittocontentin the subtitle of the book.genetics excludeGoals in Humanan-S.G.Vandenberg(Ed.)(1 965).Methods and Behavior Genetics.Proceedings ofedited but pointedaremisscertain darktopics that have sometimes embarrassed the field and have sometimes led to guilt by association.Among the topics that must be dealt with in passing and notadvanced seminar includingdiscussions of the papers ofmeeting organized bygrant fromVandenberg in Louisville,Kentucky,with the advice of G.Lindzeysweptunder the rugarenegativeUSeSeugenics,racism,and abuses of the SensibleandJ.L.Fuller,and withgroup differences,and the summarystatisticaNIMH. -J.Hirsch(Ed.)(1 967).Behavior-GeneticAnalysis.A Janusian compilation of advanced Papers looking forward and backward were 1962 that‘‘pushed presented the thenamedheritability.can仃eatments of these sensitive topics contemporary,refereedtextsbe found inwith the proper caveatsattached(Reed,1 979;Loehlin,Lindzey,&Spuhler,1975;Carey,2003;Dobzhansky,1962;Vogel&envelope’’:contributionsinsummersof1961 inandtheat也e CenterforMotulsky,1997;Plomintopicsareeta1.2008).However。theinterest,with policyAdvancednowofatsuchwideStudyBehavioralSciences.anendowed think tank adjoining Stanford University andaimplicationsmanywithlevels,thatdebate,part of the laRer.The elite group of invitees.pronouncements,and premature judgments flood thepopular culture varying degrees of solidorganized by Hirsch,Ginsburg,McCleam,and H.F. Hunt laidoutaroad map for the broader field ofnoinformation.Thedata but whoaremedia search for shocking headlines,naive about theabehavior genetics,havingidea that the next two field beyond theirsometimes assisted by scientists who produce validusesdecadesfondesttowould revolutionize thewhich theyahopes(cf.Plomin,DeFries,Craig,& McGuffin,2003;McGufjfj咄Owen,&Gottesman, 2004;Plomin et a1.,2008).-M.Manosevitz,G.Lin‘izey,&D.D.Thiessenmay be put by others withscientificpolitical rather thanagenda.Someof the mostdifficultonedebatesto refetee are those where expeas in behavioral expertise genetics.assert were readilyarea,notthemselves嬲if theirto(Eds.1(1 969).Behavioral Genetics:MethodsResearch.A original collection of empirical papers covenngtransferablebehavioralandin theirgenetics.Such debatescansometimes be useful andtheyontormmanyspeciesandpromote informedmutualunderstanding,but good willrequire all sidesaarbitrators withdemonstrating the mushrooming growth since Fuller &Thompson and including many works that can nowbe called classics of their day.(Parens,Chapman,&Press,2006),abledegree of compromise.totolerateKeeping up with the pace of discovery and empirical disconf'mnations requires attention to freeonlinesources onQuantificationoften requires theof findings in behavioral geneticsuseofthesummary statisticatheinternet.ClassicalfuU‘'heritability.’’It should be considered likeedged sword.unsafe in the handsdoubletextpapers in biometrical genetics,even’going back to Fisher’s 1918 Paper that reconciled Mendelian and be foundonofnon.experts(evenin the be literature are avoided by bywhen they may have been trained to some degree in behavioral easilyquantitative atainheritance,canthe internet of thegenetics).Mis.usesfutureeiTorssite constructed by NicholasG.Martinfound,butcallQueenslandatInstitute of Medical Research in Brisbaneexpose to theexplications byCarey(2003)ordepthhttp:Hgenepi.qimr.edu.au/staff/classiepapers.html.toMartin is also the editor of the heirfounded in 1 952 by Luigithe journalVisscher,Hill,and Wray(2008). An object Iesson in the breadth andin the past thebyofGeddaof twinin Rome.Aetacontroversy about whether data in this field,producedGeneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae『1 952。l 9981 that specialized in all aspects research in a11unscrupulousscientists,shouldorbeexpurgated from the literaturenotis provided byspecies.Thesuccessoris named Twin Research andexampleof theHuman Genetics.above).AAmericanfreewritings of Ernst Riidin(see for all broke out in the journal ofJournalMedicalGenetics万   方数据 10期IrvingI.Gottesman.Milestones in the History of Behavioral Genetics1049(Neuropsychiatric Genetics)in 1 996 andwhich this Edith author was both referee1 997inCooper.&M.&Zubek,J.P.(1958).Effects environmentsOllof enrichedand restrictedearlyand participant. ER. and thethelearning abilityofbrightanddull rats.Canadian ZZerbin.Rfidin.daughter psychiatric geneticistofAmericanKennethKendler PaDersofPsychology,12,159―164. Dobzhansky,T.(1962).Man/and evolving.New Haven,CT:YaleUniversity Press.submitted abstractsin English of themajorFuller,J.L.&Thoml)son,W.IL(1960).Behavior genetics.NewWiley. Fuller,J.L.&Thompson,W.R(1978).The foundations ofgenetics.C.V.Mosby&Co.:St.Louis. Gaffed,A.E.(1908).Croonian Lancet,记l?7.lecturesonYork:produced early in the20”century and not readilyaccessible;the new work had been summarilyatrejectedbehavioranother iournal.The neweditors believed that,withthe proper safeguards of informedcommentary aboutstandardsinbornam啪ofmetabolism.the historical context and legal outcome,publishing would becompatible withwithacurrentofGottesman,I.I.(1974).Developmental genetics and ontogenetic psychology:Overdue detente and propositions from a matchmaker.In A. Pick(Ed.)'Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology.(PP.55-80.) Minneapolis:University ofMinnesota Press. Gottesman,I.I.&Bertelsen,A.(1996).Legacy of German psychiatric genetics.American Journal of Medical Genetics(Neuropsychiatric Genetics),67,317-322.Gottesman.I.L&Gould,T.D.(2003).The psychiatry:etymologyfreedom of speech and scientific inquiry.The oldPaDers editors were and published anothercommentariesbythe ofbvGermanhistorianmedicine and biographer of ROdin,working in the archives of the latter’s former Institute.Publication inl 996 unleashed a torrent of impassioned,collegial 1 997 togetherendophenotypeconceptinand strategicintentions.AmericanJournalofreplies.4 of which were published in withaPsychiatry,160,636―645.rejoinder fromareKendler himself.History and its in this field.There isnoGotmsman。I.I,,&Shields,J.(1967).A polygenic theoryProceedingsof schizophrenia.re.tellingtonot boringspaceoftheNational Academy organizationofSciences,58,199-205.delve into the equally fascinating connected toandcontroversialHebb,D.O.(1 94∞.The theory.Newof behavior--a抟am’p嚣声而olo誊∞lstoriesthe writings of Arthur JensenYork:Wiley.bellHerrnstein.R.J.&Murray,C.(1994).Theclass structure inAmericana恍?Intelligenceandf1 969)and Richard Hermstein and Charles Murray (1 994)dealing withracelife.New York:The Free Press.canandsocialclass,but theJensen,A.&(1969).How muchweboostIQ and scholasticinteract will bring you rapid bibliographies.If any iustificatioil paperonachievement?HarvardEducationalReview 39,i-123.aisrequired for includingJones,P.,Chase,K.,Martin,A.,Davem…POs订ander,E.A.,&Lark,K.G.the history of behavioral geneticsstatusin this(2008).Single-nuelentide-polymorphism―based association mapping ofdog stereotypes.Genetics,179,1033―1044. Krafka,J.(1919).Theeffectoverview of the currentof data,theories,andoftemperature upon facc!t numberI.Journalin the bar-methods.it maybefoundinthe wisdom of miseyed mutant ofdrosophila.Part432.ofGeneral Physiology.Z 409?anonymous author: History is prophecy,hope,and desireit缸retrospection. muchLeahy,A.M.(1935).Nature-nurture andas asintelligence.GeneticPsyc

我要回帖

更多关于 遗传学的发展史 的文章

 

随机推荐