& 九年级英语外研版小学起点 Module 3 Sport life整模块详细教案
九年级英语外研版小学起点 Module 3 Sport life整模块详细教案
[导读]Module3 语言知识目标 语音：意群停顿 词汇：掌握against, defeat, tough, allow，encourage, medal, record, set up,, represent, regularly, advertisement, coach, race.(13个) stand for, first of all(2个)在语境中含义及应用 理解sporting, sea
语言知识目标
语音：意群停顿
词汇：掌握against, defeat, tough, allow，encourage, medal, record,
set up,, represent, regularly, advertisement, coach, race.(13个)
stand for, first of all(2个)在语境中含义及应用
理解sporting, season, overnight, yearbook, sportsman, hurdle, hurding,
sportswoman, discussion, finishing line, marathon, turn, taekwondo, belt, award, (15个)
语法：一般过去时及一般将来时被动语态的结 构及在特定语境下的运用
功能：谈论运动的话题并表达自己的观点
语言技能目标
听：听懂在运动话题下含有一般过去时及一般将来时被动语态的对话.
说：就运动话题表达自己赞成与否的观点
读：通过标题和文章插图来预测文章大意的能力．
阅读中通过速读来抓住文章大意,
阅读中完成时间轴的填写,
写：利用时间轴及关联词　and,because 来进行人物的描写.
情感态度目标：使运动精神深入学生心中
学习策略目标
自学策略：能充分利用图书馆或网络上的学习资源。
合作学习策略：积极与他人合作共同完成任务
　　　　　　　　　　　　Unit 1
知识目标:词汇: 掌握against, stand for,
defeat, tough, allow的基本
含义及在特定语境下的应用.
了解词汇sporting, season的基本含义及在特定语境下的应用.
语法了解一般过去时及一般将来 时的被动语态在实际语境中表意功能,构成或基本用法.
技能目标：听：听懂在运动话题下含有一般过去时及一般将来时被动语态的对话.
说：就运动话题表达自己赞成与否观点
句型为：I think, I agree, I don't
think so, I don't agree.
情感态度： 深化体育精神
教学环节：
1 与学生互动谈论他们喜欢的运动。激活学生的几有知识以及能调动起学生的兴趣。
2 先通过谈论图片完成活动1来热身。可通过谈论图片上的内容来熟悉在课文中可能出现的单词。但如学生在无法在参照了给出的单词进行描述时，教师可以提问来帮助学生关注一些信息.
T: What are they doing?
S: They are having a basketball competition.
T: Who are they?
S:They are audience.
T: do you think they love basketball?
T:I think they all like basketball and they are basketball fans.
T: What's the score now?
S: 106:103
T: so I think it is not very easy for each team to win. Do you agree
S: Yes / No.
T: I think it's a very tough match引出单词，tough,
T: but which team do you think can be defeated? 教师解释defeated =beaten
目的：1.进入对话前的热身活动，通过谈论可以让学生先接触对话中可能出现的单词。
2.通过师生间的互动教师可以向学生渗透对于运动这一话题的观点的表达。为完成本的技能目标打好基础。表达之后完成活动2 。画出你所听到的单词。
3对话处理：
（1）听：第一遍听
What does Tony think of the result of the coming basketball match? 大概了解对话内容.其次这个对话也能体现出人物观点的表达。
(2)第二遍听力 活动4 时间地点等稍细致信息。在听前教师要指导学生先关注表格中要填写的信息。从而让学生在听懂对话的同时能选择性的获取信息。从而完成本课的技能目标。
(3）跟读：融合活动7与8 教师要提前提醒学生关注意群停顿,通过人物语气等来体会含被动语态的句子的语意功能。也就是为什么在这句话中，要使用被动语态而不是主动语态。
（4）分角色朗读后完成下面的填空题：
Betty has seen HAS play this season and she thinks they are brilliant.
Betty thinks it's going to be a tough match for Tony because Tony and his team were defeated last time.
Only Tony was training hard because Daming wasn't chosen.
Tony and Daming think they will be asked to play in the Olympic Games.
Betty and Lingling say they think that BIG will lose in order to make them try harder to win.
（5）教师利用活动4在听力阶段己完成的信息，将上一环节表示人物对运动话题的不同观点加入到信息中，这就是一一个对课文运动话题的浓缩。教师出现适当的词或句来给学生进行信息的提示。学生两两组合谈论本赛季自己喜欢的明星以及对比赛情况。教师提醒学生注意使用归纳的词语进行观点的表达。 以及在合适的情况下使用被动语态。教师可以举例：I think ...will win but I am afraid ...will be defeated6
The new words you learned today:
the sentences with past simple passive and future simple passive:
phrases which is used to express ideas:
5.作业； 你们谈论的活动9中的内容及观点写成一篇短文。(选做)
Words and phrases （必做）Unit 2教学目标
知识目标:1.掌握词汇:encourage, medal, record,
set up,first of all, represent,
advertisement, coach, regularly,
race 的基本含义及在特定语境中
的应用.(10个）
理解词汇:overnight, yearbook, sportsman, hurdle, hurdling,
　　　　　　sportswoman在文章中的语义.
2.语法：体会一般过去时与一般将来时的被动语态在描写人物的文章中的应用并尝试使用对人物进行介绍.
技能目标:读：通过标题和文章插图来预测文章大意的能力．
阅读中通过速读来抓住文章大意,
阅读中完成时间轴的填写,
写：利用时间轴及关联词and, because 来进行人物的描写.
通过做笔记来帮助记录主要信息
教学过程：
1 教师先出现几个单词让学生猜测本课我们要了解的运动明星。激发学生的兴趣。教师可这样描述：He usually appears in advertisement. Some gold medals were won by him. We love his races. His race in 2004 Olympic Games was recorded the best in the world.所以此环节可以引出单词advertisement, race, record, medal。学生很容易猜出这为运动明星是刘翔后通过提问来或简单讲解来让学生明确单词含义。
2教师提出问题 "What do you know about Liu Xiang?" 学生组内互动，交流信息
目的在于激活背景知识，为进入阅读做好准备。完成活动1
阅读前教师出现文中的插图和标题让学生预测文章的大意。同时请学生猜测本篇文章可能的来源处：
This passage may come from:
A. Newspaper
C. Science magazine
此环节培养学生通过插图和标题来预测的能力。
3 速读文章，验证预测。了解文章大意。完成书上活动2及有关文章来源的选择题。在学生进行速读前教师进行适当的指导，建议学生可通过每段的首句来了解每段的中心内容，从而能比较迅速地了解整篇文章的大意。阅读获取大意是本课重要的技能目标。
4 由于本文对人物的描写是从三大方面进行的，教师呈现给学生段落和部分，让学生选择每一部分的主要内容。
5 精读：解决知识目标：
　（1）默读前两段回答问题：
What's his life as a sporting hero like?
What will he do as a great star?
How can Liu Xiang be a great sportsman as well as a star successfully?
设置这些题的目的是：这些问题的答案都是被动语态的句子。通过答案的显现让学生关注被动语态在篇章中所表达的含义。在他成名之后，既在篇章中这些句子关注和强调的是刘翔。动作的接受者
　　（2）读三四段完成活动3中的时间轴。学生将表示刘翔经历的选择题填入时间轴后，教师可以提醒学生注意从a到g的选择中呈现的写法。
　之后在对这两段中的5个单词进行练习，同时也能体会被动语态。
　My mother usually encourages me to keep on whenever I am in trouble.
　We are happy to see that more charities are set up to help the people in need.
　My friend is good at 100 race.
3 medals were won by him last year.
　Her childhood is recorded in the diaries of these years.
（3）读最后两段
　回答what will he be encouraged to do in the future? 活动4的第5小题
6. 写作指导：以这篇课文为例我们在写人的时候，可以按照其现状-经历-未来的顺序来进行。在讲以前的经历时可利用时间轴按时间顺序来描写。7小结：　　获取大意的方法：写作方法：现状-经历-未来，按时间顺序来写人物经历。
作业：将课堂的小组成果写成一篇短文，适当使用and, because。 (选做)
Words and phrases (必做)
　　　　　
Unit 3 Language in use
一 教学目标：
知识目标: 1.词汇:复习巩固本模块的重点词汇，并能在语境中运用。
against, stand for, defeat, tough, allow， encourage, medal, record, set up,
firstofall, represent, advertisement,
coach,regularly,race
了解discussion,award, finishing line,
marathon, turn, taekwondo, belt (7个)
2.语法:总结出一般过去时及一般将来时被动语态在肯定句，否定句，疑问句中的构成并能在语境中运用。
技能目标：1.听懂有关一个跆拳道运动员的介绍。
2. 能用图片及少量的信息提示,适当用一般过去时及
一般将来时的被动语态进行故事的描述.
3.完成本模块在全班内进行运动调查的任务。
学习策略：积极与他人合作，共同完成任务。
教学过程：
概括为：单词-语法-运用-听力-扩展阅读-完成任务这几个阶段。
1 由反馈学生的作业入手，谈到本模块我们了解了很多运动员的信息。让学生思考由sportsman 和coach 两个词学生会想到哪些其他的单词。培养学生通过联想来记忆单词的方法。
2 在学生表达之后，教师将world map 的空白处呈现出单词，让学生思考如果用这些单词将怎样来描述运动员和教练的生活。由于教材中没有现成的语篇来描述它们之间的联系。教师可以通过提问的方式来给学生提供帮助。如"do you think their training life is tough?" "What are they trained for?"等。在教师提问后学生将答案整合便可得出这样的描述：The training for sportsman is very tough. Sometimes they are not allowed to spend too much time on something else. For example, advertisement. Because they have to be trained regularly at first. All the sportsmen train hard for more medals. The best sportsman will be invited to represent China in 2008 Olympic Games.
3 之后教师根据学生的层次可以采取不同的训练方法。对于中层水平的学生，教师可让他们就出现的这些单词描述运动员及教练的生活。对于优秀生而言，他们可以尝试使用的更多的或不同的词汇来描述。对于后进生，教师将为他们编写了一篇包含这些单词的短文，他们只要将提供的单词填入语篇的空白处，掌握单词含义即可。之后他们可以通过大声朗读以加深对单词的巩固，感受其在语篇中的应用。希望通过这样多样化的选择能使全体学生都参与到课堂活动中来。
4 单词巩固之后，通过两个句子的呈现来让学生对其句式进行变换。让学生用发现的方法，在句子中提炼语言规律，概括出语法结构。这时学生在经过了第一，二单元对语言的大量接触运用后再进行结构的分析，就能使结构接受起来简单易懂，使掌握变得水到渠成。
5 另外，对于本模块出现的复合宾语结构教师需要进行特殊的讲解。通过句子成分位置和内容的变化帮助学生来理解其在被动语态中的用法。
6 看教材上的语法指导为他们都是在句子的语境中来巩固被动语态的结构的。
7 语法总结之后，通过练习来加深对语法的复习巩固。小组问答完成P22 练习1
8这时可让学生运用语言来谈论活动3 （P23）通过图片及少量信息提示来完成故事的描述。首先学生将图片按故事的发展顺序进行排序。排序之后再让学生描述，增强对其运用能力。
9 进入听力活动，听懂有关运动的话题，获取主要信息。完成活动6和7。分别都是先给学生阅读问题的时间后再开始进行听力训练。
10 完成本模块任务，学生之间做有关运动的调查。首先学生小组内商量他们想要提问的问题。为让学生更多的运用本模块所学，教师可以适当提示一些相关的问题。如：Which is your favourite team/star?Which match impressed （留下印象）you most?等。
学生确定问题后开始开展调查。
　调查完成后小组整理调查结果如we asked ...students...。
11作业：将调查结果以书面形式呈现出来，如教材中活动11所要求 （必做）
单元要点透视
（Module 3）
要点一、succeed的用法。
透视： succeed是动词，意为"成功"，表示"干某事成功"是succeed in sth./doing sth. 其名词是success"成功"，其形容词是successful "成功的"。
考题：－I'm sorry to hear that Bill failed the exam again. (06哈尔滨市)
－Don't worry about him. I'm sure that he will never give up until he _____.
A. succeed
B. succeeds
C. succeeded
解读：本题考查succeed的时态，因为主句是一般将来时，所以until引导的句子用一般现在时，所以选B. succeeds。
要点二、一般将来时、一般过去时和含有情态动词的被动语态。
透视：被动语态的构成是：助动词be＋动词的过去分词，表示主语是动作的承受者，在不同的时态里，be应用不同的形式。
考题：1. It is said that potato chips _____ by mistake about a hundred years ago.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (06北京市)
B. invented
C. are invented
D. were invented
解读：根据句意判断，应用被动语态，时态是一般过去时，其构成是：was/ were＋动词的过去分词，所以应选D. were invented。
2. The 2007 Special Olympic Games _______ in Shanghai. (06上海市)
A. will hold
B. will be held
C. were held
解读：本题也是考查被动语态，因为时态是一般将来时，其构成是；will＋be＋动词的过去分词，所以选B. will be held。
3. We can hear the girls singing in the next room. (改为被动语态)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (06甘肃省)
The girls can _____ _____ singing in the next room.
解读：本题是考查含有情态动词的被动语态，其构成是：情态动词＋be＋动词的过去分词，所以应填be heard。
Module 3 重要的词的用法和重要的短语 （总结）
书面表达： 见导航。写作指导：我们在写人的时候，可以按照其现状-经历-未来的顺序来进行。在讲以前的经历时可利用时间轴按时间顺序来描写。
作业： 预习Module 4 的单词，了解语法和话题并收集相关的素材。
九年级英语外研版小...
品德与社会
Copyright& 北京学而思网络科技有限公司（京ICP备号-1）北京市公安局海淀分局备案编号：高中英语基础语法教案(2)
高中英语基础语法教案(2)
　　I see the fish now. 我看见那条鱼了。　　I’m seeing (=consulting ) a doctor. 我正在看医生(即看病)。　　I’m seeing (=visiting) a friend of mine. 我正在看一个朋友。　　某些表示身体感觉的词(如 hurt, ache, feel等)，用一般现在时和现在进行时没有多大差别，只是进行时更生动、更有感情色彩。例如：　　How do you feel today? (or: How are you feeling today?) 你今天的感觉怎样。　　My head is aching. (or: My head aches.) 我头疼。　　I feel cold.=I’m feeling cold. 我觉得冷。　　(3)一般现在时说明事实，一般不带感情色彩;现在进行时与always, often, frequently等词连用时带有感情色彩。例如：　　He always asks questions. 他总是提问题。(无感情色彩)　　He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。(表示强烈的感情色彩)　　Don’t be complaining all the time. 别老是抱怨个不停。　　She’s always blaming others. 她总是在埋怨别人。　　2、一般过去时与现在完成时　　(1)一般过去时只是单纯说明过去的情况，和现在不发生联系，它可以确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。如：　　We have visited a power station. 我们参观了发电站。(现在对电站有所了解)　　We visited a power station last week. 上周我们参观了发电站。(只说明事实)　　I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。(还没有找到)　　She lost her pen yesterday. 她昨天把钢笔丢了。(现在找到与否，没有说明)　　(2)有些时间状语，如 this morning, tonight, this month等，既可以用于一般过去时，也可以用于完成时，但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括“现在 ”而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如：　　I have read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。(讲话时仍是四月)　　I read this book this April. 我今年四月份看过这本书。(讲话时四月已过)　　I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(讲话时仍是上午)　　I wrote two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(讲话时是下午或晚上)　　3、一般过去时与过去进行时　　一般过去时表示过去发生的事情，往往表示动作已结束;而过去进行时侧重动作正在进行、未完成。试比较：　　Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。(信写完了)　　Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚在给她的朋友写信。(信不一定写完)　　I read a novel last night. 昨天晚上我看了一本小说。(指已经看完了)　　I was reading a novel last night. 昨天晚上我在看小说。(指看了一些)　　I often went swimming while I was living in Qingdao. 我住在青岛的时候经常去。　　I was running downstairs when I saw her. 我正往楼下跑的时候看见了她。　　I ran downstairs and found her gone. 我跑下楼梯，发现她走了。　　4、一般过去时和过去完成时　　(1)一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时表示在过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前。试比较：　　The class had already begun when I came to school. 我来到学校时，已经开始上课。　　He had gone home before I got to his office. 我到他办公室以前，他已回家了。　　(2)有after或before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时：　　He called on me soon after he had returned. 他回来不久便拜访我。也可以说：He called on me soon after he returned.　　The train had left before I got to the station. 我到车站时,火车已经开走了。也可以说：The train left before I got to the station。　　(3)描述一连串的过去动作，无需用过去完成时，例如：　　He stood up, took his bag, put on his hat, left the room and went away. 他站起来，拿起书包，戴上帽子，离开房间走了。　　She looked around but saw nothing. 她环顾四周，但是什么也没有看见。　　He came in and said hello to everyone. 他进来向每一个人问好。　　由于汉语与英语表达时态的方式不同，中国人在学习和应用英语时经常犯时态错误，尤其是在写信、写电子邮件、写记叙文时。常见的时态错误类型有：时态不对应;通篇须用几种时态时用一种时态;时态混用或串用(如在描写过去的经历时，有时用现在时);不用进行时。我们如果在日常口头交际中犯点时态错误，这在所难免，也可以理解。但是，在正式场合，如正式写作中，就不能允许出现时态错误，因为这是英语语法的基础。我们学习时态的目的，主要在于应用。因此，在使用英语，尤其是在写作时，一定要有时态意识，长此以往就能养成正确使用时态的习惯。　　四.、助动词和情态动词　　第一部分 助动词　　汉语中只有助词，而没有助动词。这又是英汉两种语言的一大差别。英语的助动词，就是起辅助作用的动词，本身没有独立的词义，不能单独做谓语，在句子中只起语法作用，和实意动词一起构成谓语(叫复合谓语)，表达否定，疑问，时态，语态和其他语法关系。其基本形式和作用如下表：原形现在式过去式过去分词现在分词作用BeAm, is, areWas, wereBeenBeing构成各种进行时态和被动语态HaveHas, haveHad————构成各种完成时态doDoes, doDid————构成疑问句和否定句、加强语气，代替前面相同的动词Shall——Should————构成各种将来时态Will——would————　　(一)助动词be的用法　　1、跟现在分词构成各种进行时态：　　They are playing war games with toy guns and toy tanks. 他们正在用玩具枪和玩具坦克玩战争游戏。　　We were playing video games on TV last night. 昨晚我们在电视上玩电子游戏。　　2、跟过去分词构成被动语态：　　He’s not respected by the press. 他们不受报界的尊重。　　We were taught how to use a computer last year. 去年教过我们怎样用计算机。　　(二)助动词have的用法　　have后面跟过去分词构成各种完成时态:　　We’ve known each other since three years ago. 我们从三年前就认识了。　　He’s been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。　　(三)助动词do的用法　　1、帮助构成实意动词一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问式和否定式：　　Do you know John? 你认识约翰吗?　　Mary didn’t come to see me yesterday. 玛丽昨天没来看我。　　You like this picture, don’t you? 你喜欢这张画，不是吗?　　2、代替前面已经提到过的动词，避免重复：　　Do you smoke? ?Yes, I do. 你抽烟吗?-是的，我抽。　　I smoke. So does he. 我抽烟。他也抽。　　He doesn’t like it. Neither do I. 他不喜欢，我也不。　　They went swimming yesterday. So did we. 他们昨天去游泳了。我们也去了。　　3、帮助加强谓语动词的语气：　　I do like you. 我真的喜欢你。　　She/He does like you. 她/他确实喜欢你。　　She/They/We did go swimming yesterday. 她/他们/我们昨天确实去游泳了。　　If you do know, answer me in a loud voice so that all may hear. 如果你的确知道，就大声回答我，以便大家都能听见。　　be, have, do 都能做实意动词用：　　These are computers. 这些是计算机。　　We’re having breakfast. 我们正在吃早饭。　　I did some washing last night. 我昨晚洗了衣服。　　(四)助动词shall和will的用法　　1、助动词shall/will构成一般将来时;should/would构成过去将来时　　We shall/will be rich, if we succeed. 我们将很富有，如果我们成功的话。　　They will be rich, if they succeed. 他们将很富有，如果他们成功的话。　　They said they would be rich, if they succeeded. 他们说他们将很富有，如果他们成功的话。　　2、shall 用在第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中，来征求意见，表示“要不要……”　　Shall I go now? 要我现在就走吗?　　Shall we invite her, too? 我们也邀请她吗?　　Shall the house be insured against fire? 要给房子保火险吗?　　Shall the reporters wait outside or what? 要记者们在外面等还是怎样?　　3、shall 用于所有人称，表示说话人的决心、保证、许诺、威胁、警告、命令等强烈的感情。例如：　　You shall have an answer by tomorrow. 到了明天，你会得到答复的。　　If he’s good, he shall have a new watch for Christmas. 如果他表现好，在圣诞节就会得到一块新表。　　You shall suffer for this. 你会为这事吃苦头/付出代价的!　　I don’t wan they shan’t be pressed. 我不想难为他们;不会过于逼迫他们的。　　They hope to they shall fail. 他们希望破坏我们的团结：他们不会成功的。　　If you children don’t do as I tell you, you shan’t go to the party. 你们小孩要是不听话，就不让你们参加晚会。　　As a man sows, so he shall reap. 善有善报，恶有恶报。()　　T and you will come too, Ruth, won’t you? 那你得来;Ruth，你也来好吗?　　4、would 可以表示过去的习惯，类似used to:　　He would come to see me on Sunday when he was here. 他在这里的时候，星期天就来看我。　　The dog would lie there in the sun all afternoon. 那只狗常常整个下午躺在那里的太阳底下。　　When we were children, we would go skating every winter. 小的时候，每年冬天我们都去滑冰。　　5、will可以表示“愿意、肯、会、固执”等意义，而非将来:　　I meant to reason with you, but you won’t reason. 我打算和你讲理，但是你就是不讲理。　　I will pay you for it. 我会付给你钱买下它的。　　Go where you will. 到你愿意去的地方。　　She won’t so much as look at David. 她连看都不看一眼大卫。　　We’re going on a climbing trip. Come if you will. 我们要去爬山。你愿意的话就跟我们一起来。　　6、will可以表示倾向、习惯(总是会，老是等意思)，在否定句中可以表示“不肯、不能”等意思:　　Boys will be boys. 男孩子总归是男孩子。　　A wise
a fool never will. 聪明人会改变自己的思想，而傻子却不会。　　Sometimes the cat will lie there all morning. 有时候猫会整个下午躺在那里。　　Oil and water will not mix. 油和水是不会混合在一起的。　　She will sit there for hours, waiting for her son to come back. 她总是在那里坐上好几个小时，等她儿子回来。　　This machine won’t work. 这台机器不工作了/坏了。　　These things will happen. 这样的事情总是会发生的。　　第二部分 情态动词　　情态动词有一定的意义，表示人的看法和态度，不表示动作或状态，因而不能单独做谓语，必须和实意动词或系动词的原形一起构成谓语，没有人称和数的变化。把情态动词放在句首、句尾用问号便构成疑问句;在其后加上not或never等否定词就构成否定句。如：　　My mother can drive. 我妈会开车。　　My mother can’t drive. 我妈不会开车。　　Can your mother drive? 你妈会开车吗?　　Can’t your mother drive? 你妈不会开车吗?　　You needn’t look at me like that. 你不必那样瞧着我。　　常用的情态动词有can, may, ought to 等。　　(一)can/could 的用法　　1、表示具备某种“能力”，但不一定做事情。仅仅表示有能力而已。can表示现在;could表示过去。如：　　The nine-year old boy can swim across the river. 那个九岁的男孩能游过那条河。　　Can you swim across the river? 你能游过那条河吗?　　I could do such things then, but I can’t now. 我那时候能做这样的事情，但现在不能了。　　We couldn’t get the truck to start. 我们发动不了那辆卡车。　　2、表示“请求”(疑问句中)、“允许”。Could 比 Can 委婉;两者都指现在。回答一律用 can 或 cannot, 也可以用mustn’t. 如：　　Can /could I smoke here? 我可以在这里抽烟吗?　　Yes, you can. 是的，你可以。　　No, you cannot smoke here. 你不能在这里抽烟。　　You can go now. 你现在可以走了。　　Could you lend me $55? 你能借给我55美圆吗?　　Yes, of course. 当然可以。　　No, I cannot/I’m sorry I cannot. 不，不行/对不起，恐怕不行。　　Could you tell me where John is? 你能告诉我约翰在哪儿吗?　　3、表示“可能性”。 但是并不牵涉到是否真会发生：都可以表示现在和将来，只是could的语气更加不肯定。如　　That can/could be very awkward. 那可就太尴尬了。　　Can/Could it be true? 那会/可能是真的。　　That can’t/couldn’t be true. 那不可能是真的。　　Will you answer the phone? It could be your mother. 你去接电话好吗?可能是你妈妈。　　What can/could they be doing? 他们可能会在干吗呢?　　Could/Can they be chatting in his office? 他们可能在他办公室里聊天吗?　　No, they can’t/couldn’t be doing that now. 不， 现在他们不可能在做那事。　　(二)may/might 的用法　　1、表示允许或请求允许;might语气更礼貌：　　May I turn on the TV? 我可以把电视打开吗?　　You may go home now. 你现在可以回家了。　　She asked if she might have my bike. 她问是否可以借用我的自行车。　　He told me I might go and see him any time. 他和我说我可在任何时候去见他。　　can/could和may/might 都可以表示允许和请求允许。can最直截了当;could 礼貌客气;may 既尊重又婉转礼貌;might 带者太多的虚礼，所以很少使用。如：直截了当Can IAsk you for help?礼貌客气Could i尊重婉转May i（虚礼）尊重婉转Might i　　对所有这些问句的肯定回答：　　Yes, of course. Yes, you can/may.　　对所有这些问句的否定回答：　　No, you can’t/may not /mustn’t /I’m afraid not.　　2、表示可能性，是“也许”之意。这时may和might无时间上的差别，只是might在语气上更不肯定一些。如：　　You may/might have some fever. 你也许发烧了。He said that the news might be true. 他说这消息可能是真的。　　They may/might be having a bath. 他们也许正在洗澡。　　We may be buying a new house. 我们也许要买个新房子。　　表示可能性时，may/might不用于疑问句，可用can/could或别的说法。如：　　Is it likely to rain, do you think? 会下雨吗，你认为?(不说May it rain?)　　Can/could they be having a bath? 他们可能正在洗澡吗?　　(三)must的用法　　1、表示义务、命令或劝告，是“必须”之意。对自己、对别人均可：　　We must take this seriously. 我们必须严肃对待这事。　　You must tell me the truth. 你必须和我说实话。　　Patients must use medicine according to the doctor’s orders. 病人用药必须遵医嘱。　　在回答由must引起的问题时，如果是否定回答，多用needn’t 或 don’t have to，表示“不必、没必要”;而mustn’t表示“绝对不行、不可以”的意思，有时用来回答can或may开头的问句，表示口气很强的不允许：　　Must the ladies wear dresses? No, they don’t have to/they needn’t. 女士们必须着连衣裙吗?不，不必。　　Can/May I come in? No, you can’t/mustn’t. 可以进来吗?不行/绝对不行。　　must 仅用于表示现在和未来。其他时态用have to。但在间接引语中可用must表示过去:　　I had to leave early because I wasn’t feeling well. 我不得不早点离开，因为我觉得不舒服。　　You’ll have to take care of the child. 你将不得不照顾这个孩子。　　She has had to work over ten hours a day. 她一直不得不每天工作十几个小时。　　They decided they must stop smoking. 他们决定他们必须戒烟。　　He asked me if he must leave at once and I told him he didn’t have to. 他问我是否他必须马上离开，我告诉他不必。　　2、表示推测，是“肯定、一定”之意。此时，must只用于肯定句。在否定句或疑问句中，用can/could：　　There must be a mistake. 准是弄错了。　　Can/Could there be a mistake 可能会有错吗?　　There can’t/couldn’t be a mistake. 不可能会有错吗?　　He must be over sixty now. 他肯定六十多岁了。　　He can’t/couldn’t be sixty now. 他现在不会是六十岁。　　Can/Could he be over sixty now? 他现在会有六十多岁吗?　　They must be watching the news now. 他们这会儿肯定在看新闻。　　They can’t/couldn’t be watching the news now. 他们这会儿不可能在看新闻。　　Can/Could they be watching the news now? 他们这会儿可能在看新闻吗?　　我们先对表示“推测”的表达法作一个总结：　　(1)表示对现在和将来状况的推测：must 一定，may 可能，might 也许，can’t 不可能。从“一定”到“不可能”，可能性逐渐降低。　　(2)对已经过去的情况的推测：must, may, might, can’t/couldn’t 这些词后面分别加上have + 过去分词，表示“一定…”，“可能…”， “也许…”，“不可能…”。从“一定”到“不可能”，可能性逐渐降低。　　(四)need的用法　　作为情态动词，need一般只用于否定句和疑问句中。　　You needn’t try to explain. 你不需要解释。　　She needn’t come tomorrow. 她明天不必来。　　Need we stay here this evening? 今晚我们需要在这儿住下来吗?　　Need 作为实意动词比作为情态动词常用的多。实意动词need 可用在所有句型中。　　She needs to come tomorrow. 明天她需要来。　　You don’t need any help from others. 你不需要别人的任何帮助。　　He doesn’t need to borrow money. 他不需要借钱。　　Do they need this? 他们需要这个吗?　　Plants need sun light in order to grow. ??植物需要阳光才能生长。　　You don’t need to work so hard. 你不需要这么样地努力工作。　　Your shoes need cleaning/to be cleaned. ?你的鞋子需要清洁。　　The job doesn’t need much attention or time. 这份工作很省心省事。　　What he needs is a good beating. He needs a good beating. ?需要好好揍他一顿。　　(五)dare的用法　　情态动词dare通常用于疑问句，否定句和条件状语从句中，表示“敢”的意思：　　Dare he swim across the river? 他敢游过这条河吗?　　He dare not come to see me. 他不敢来见我。　　I dare not say so. 我不敢这样说。　　She dare not go out of the house. 她不敢走出房间。　　How dare you be so rude! 你竟敢如此无礼!　　If you dare speak to me like this again, you’ll be sorry. 如果你胆敢再和我那样说话，你会感到遗憾的。　　实际上，在现代英语中，dare往往用做实意动词：　　Do you dare to ask her? 你敢问她吗?　　He didn’t dare to go. 他不敢去。　　I would never dare to jump down from the wall. 我永远也不敢从那堵墙上跳下来。　　Does anyone dare to call me a liar? 有谁敢说我是个说谎者吗?　　(六)should/ought to的用法　　两者大多数情况下可以互换。　　1、表示道义上的责任，义务或要求，有时表示劝告。ought to的否定式为ought not to /oughtn’t to。如：　　You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says. 你应该更多的注意你律师的话。　　They shouldn’t allow parking here. The street is too narrow. 这里不应该允许停车，街道太窄了。　　This word is spelt wrongly. There should be another “s”.　　这个词拼写错了，还应该有一个 “s”。　　I should go slowly here. It’s a built-up area. 这里我应该慢点儿走。这个地区建筑物多。　　2. 表示推测和可能性，是“应该”之意。 表示对现在和将来的推测。　　You ought not to/shouldn’t be sleeping now. It’s already eight o’clock. 你不该还在睡觉，都已经八点了。　　This pen ought to /should be yours. 这支笔应该是你的。　　If the train is up to time, John should/ought to be here any minute now. 如果火车晚点的话，JOHN现在马上就应该到了。　　3、“should/ought to have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，意 思 是“应该已经”。有时表示“应该做而没有做”，是“本应该”的意思;“should not/ought not to have+过去分词”表示“做了不应该做的事情”，是“本不该”的意思，因而它们都含有责备的语气：　　He began two hours ago. He ought to have finished filling in the forms now. 两个钟头前他就开始了，现在应该填完那些表格了。　　One should have been asleep and the other on watch. 本应该一个睡觉，另一个站岗。.　　You should not have asked him for help. 你本不应该向他求助。　　4、表示讲话人惊奇，失望，愤怒等感情：　　What’s happened to that money? How should I know? 那些钱怎么了?-我怎么知道?　　It’s strange that he should have lost his temper for such trivial things as that. 真奇怪，他竟然为这么小的事情发脾气。　　Why should I believe you? 我为什么要相信你?　　第三部分“情态动词+have+ done”的含义　　1、Must have done的含义。“must have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，意思是“一定已经，想必已经，准是已经….”，只用于肯定句中。例如：　　The streets are wet. It must have rained. 街道是湿的，准是下雨了。　　He must have been drinking beer. 他肯定一直喝啤酒来着。　　若要表示否定，要用“can’t/couldn’t+ have+过去分词”，意 思 是“不可能”：　　The money can’t have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。　　2、 May/might have done 的含义。“may/might have+过去分词”表示对过去的推测，意思是“也许已经┅，可能已经…”。用于肯定或否定句中。疑问句中用can或could. “might(不是may)have+过去分词”也表示“本来可以…”的意思，含有责备的口气，用来批评人。例如：　　He may have gone to bed. 他可能已经上床睡觉了。　　She might not have settled the problem. 她可能尚未解决那个问题。　　You might have told me earlier. 你本可以早点告诉我的。(埋怨责备)　　Don’t do that again. You might have been fired. 别那么干了，会把你解雇的。(责备，警告)　　You might have succeeded if you had tried. 假如你尝试过，或许已经成功了。(虚拟语气，不满)　　3、needn’t have done的含义。“needn’t+　have+过去分词”表示“作了不必做或不需要做的事”。　可译成“大可不必”，“本来不需要”。例如：　　I needn’t have borrowed the money yesterday. 昨天我根本不需要借钱的。(实际上已经借了)　　You needn't have come so early. 你不必那么早来嘛。　　4、can/could have done：用来谈过去的情况　　(1)在疑问句、否定句中，表示怀疑和不可能，这时它们没有时间上的差别，只是could的语气更弱一些：　　Who could have taken them? 谁会把它们拿走了呢?　　Where can he have gone? 他可能到哪儿去了呢?　　He can’t have taken it home. 他不可能是带回家去了。　　She couldn’t have left so soon. 她不可能这么快就走了。　　I don’t see how I could have done otherwise. 我看不出我当时还有别的做法。　　Who could have supposed you were going to do such a thing? 谁会想到你会做出这样的事情。　　Nobody could have foreseen such a calamity. 这样的灾祸谁也不会预想到。　　(2)could have done(但不是can)在肯定句中，表示“那时本来可以…;差点就要…”，有时用来进行婉转地批评(与might同意，但语气更强一些)：　　We could have solved the problem in a more reasonable fashion. 这个问题我们本来是可以更合理得解决的。　　He could have told her, but he did not choose to. 他本来可以告诉她的，但他不愿这样做。　　When she heard the news, she could have cried. 听了这消息，她简直要哭出来了。　　I could have died laughing. 我简直要笑死了。　　You could have been more considerate. 你其实可以想的更周到一些。　　We could have started a little earlier. 我们其实可以更早一些动身的。　　The result could have been better. 结果本可以更好一些。　　5、should/ought to have done的含义。 “should/ought to have+过去分词”表示“过去应该做谋事却没有做”;“should not/ought not to have+过去分词”表示“做了不应该做的事”。含有责备或遗憾的意思。例如：　　You shouldn’t /oughtn’t to have come here alone at such a late hour. 你这么晚的时候本不一该一个人来这里的。(实际是一个人来的)　　She should/ought to have gone there alone. 她本该一个人去那里的。(实际上不是)　　You should have come here ten minutes earlier. 你本应该早10分钟来才是。　　The boy shouldn’t have been playing the piano. 那孩子不应该一直在弹钢琴。　　6、might, may, must表示推测时的区别: may，might, must可表示 推 测“可能”.根据表示可能性的大小，我们把这三个词排列为：might　　It might rain tomorrow. (将来)明天可能下雨。　　They might be watching TV now. (现在)他们可能正在看电视。　　Jane might have visited the Summer Palace last year. (过去)去年珍妮可能去过颐和园。　　He may have something important to do. (现在)他可能有更重要的事要做。　　They may have been to Shanghai last summer. (过去)去年夏天他们可能去过上海。　　There must be something wrong with him. (现在)他肯定出问题了。　　He must have made a mistake. (过去)他一定是犯了个错误。　　第四部分 几个用法的区别　　1、 can 和be able to的区别。can在表示“能力”时与be able to同义。但是can的时态形式不如be able to多。在一般将来时和现在完成时中只能用be able to。如：　　She will be able to dance in a week. 她再过一星期就会跳舞了。　　Nobody has ever been able to do it. 从来没有人能够做这事。　　在过去时中，could表示具备某种能力，但不一定做事;而was able to表示努力设法去做谋事，成功后说明有能力，相当managed to do或succeeded in doing。这时，could和was able to是不能互换的。例如：　　When he was a boy, he could swim across the river in fifteen minutes. 他小时侯，15分钟就能游过那河。(could表示能力，但不一定这么做)　　He was able to swim across the river in fifteen minutes last week.　　=He managed to swim across the river in fifteen minutes last week.　　=He succeeded in swimming across the river in fifteen minutes last week.　　上周他15分钟就游过了那河。(was able to表示真这样做了，而且成功了。这里不能用could)　　2、must与 have to的比较。 Must 强调主观意志，也就是说，必要性来自说话者的主观意志。 have to 强调客观因素。例如：　　He must stop smoking. 他必须戒烟。(说话人认为他必须)　　This is an awful film. ?We really must go. 这部电影糟透了-我们一定要离开这里。(说话人认为必须)　　You have to go and see the boss. 你一定得去见见老板。(客观因素)　　Catholics have to go to church on Sundays. 天主教徒星期天必须去做礼拜。(客观因素，如教规等 )　　注意：must not表示“绝对不可”; don’t have to(或 haven’t got to )表示“不必，没必要”，两者意思极为不同。英国英语中常用needn’t来代替 haven’t got to 或don’t have to,如：　　You mustn’t tell Jenny. =Don’t tell Jenny. 你一定不要告诉珍妮。　　You don’t have to tell Jenny. =You can if you like but it isn’t necessary. 你不必非要告诉珍妮。　　3、need 作为情态动词与行为动词的区别。作为情态动词，need 无过去式和将来时，故用had to, will have to替代，主要用在否定句、疑问句、条件句中，意思是“有必要”。例如：　　He need not come at once. 他不必马上就来。　　If you need go there, please tell me now. 如果你需要去那儿，请告诉我。　　Need he come at once? 他必须马上回来吗?　　(回答要用must, have to, ought to, should等。例如：Need he come at once? Yes, he must/ought to /should/has to. No, he needn’t /doesn’t have to /mustn’t.)needn’t have done表示“本来不必做某事而实际上已经做了”。例如：　　We needn’t have waited for him. 我们本来不必等他的。(实际上已等他了)　　用作实义动词时，need可用于肯定句、 否定句和疑问句，是“需要”之意。如：　　You need to wash your hands. 你需要洗手。　　Does he need to take the medicine four times a day? 他需要每日服药四次吗?　　We didn’t need to see him at all. 我们根本不必要看他(实际上也没去看他，请比较needn’t have done的用法)　　need做实义动词时，后面的宾语如果是动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义，如果是不定式的被动形式，来表示被动意义。类似need的这种用法，还有require, want等。例如：　　The dinning room needs cleaning every day. =The dinning room needs to be cleaned every day. 食堂需要天天打扫。　　My shoes need repairing. = My shoes need to be repaired. 我的鞋需要修理。　　4、would与 used to 的区别 .would 可表示反复发生的动作或某种倾向。used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。例如：　　She used to work into the night. 过去她常工作到深夜。(现在不了)　　She would work into the might. 以前她常工作到深夜。(不表示现在不了)　　People used to think that the sun went round the earth. 以前人们总认为太阳是围绕地球转的。(现在不这样认为了)　　I used to smoke quite a lot, but I have given it up. 我过去抽烟很凶，现在戒了。　　情态动词的重点和难点是：情态动词之间的区别;表示“推测”的表达方式;以及“情态动词+have+过去分词”的含义。　　五、被动语态　　(一)简介　　在英语中，语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态(passive voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。如：　　Saddam is being tried. 萨达姆正在接受审判。　　The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. 伊拉克政府正在审判萨达姆。　　More and more people use computers now.(主动语态)　　Computers are more and more widely used now.(被动语态)　　English is spoken all over the world. (被动语态)　　(二)英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异　　汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示，如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到欺凌”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂，用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化，而这正是英语被动语态的难点。　　(三)被动语态的构成　　被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态;被动语态常用的有8个，以give为例说明如下：时态动词形式一般现在时Am/is/are given一般过去时Was/were given一般将来时Shall/will be given现在进行时Am/is/are being given过去进行时Was/were being given过去将来时Should/would be given现在完成时Has/have been given过去完成时Had been given　　被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号;否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。如：　　“During the interview, were you asked questions in English?” “No, I wasn’t asked questions in English.” “面试的时候，用英语问你问题了吗?”“没有，没有用英语问我问题。”　　The origin of the universe will probably never be explained. 宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。　　Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐馆正在装修吗?　　The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。 那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。　　(四)被动语态的用法　　1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法，有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的，这时就用被动语态。例如：　　I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. 我接受面试的时候，有点紧张。　　These fighters are imported from Russia. 这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。　　That place has been turned into a swimming pool. 那个地方已被变成游泳池。　　2、说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态　　He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。　　还有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子)：　　It is said that……. 据说　　It is reported that……. 据报道　　It is hoped that……. 希望　　It is believed that……. 人们相信　　It is announced that……. 据宣布　　it is (well) known that……. 众所周知　　It has been decided that……. 已经决定　　It is supposed that……. 人们认为　　It is suggested that……. 有人建议　　It must be remembered that……. 务必记住　　It is taken for granted that……. 被视为当然　　(五)主动句变被动句的注意事项　　一是时态不能改变;二是变为被动语态后，谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人称、数上保持一致。还要作如下变动：把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语;主动语态的主语放在by的后面，组成介词短语，再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时，by短语可以省略。例如：　　They will open a new supermarket there soon. 他们很快将在那里开办个新超市。　　A new supermarket will be opened there soon. 一个新超市不久将在那里开办。　　The doctor gave two lectures in English. 那位医生用英语讲了两次课。　　Two lectures were given by the doctor in English. 由那位医生用英语讲了两次课。　　Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats. 有人警告我们要当心老鼠。　　We have been warned to be careful of rats. 我们受到警告，要当心老鼠。　　如果主动语态有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)，变为被动语态时，可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语，另一个不变。但较常见的是将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语。　　The reporters asked the president some questions. 记者们问了总统一些问题。　　The president was asked some questions by the reporters. ( 变间接宾语为主语)　　Some questions were asked the president by the reporters. (变直接宾语为主语)　　We have given him a job. 我们已给了他一个工作。　　He has been given a job. (变间接宾语为主语)　　A job has been given (to) him. (变直接宾语为主语)　　(六)含有情态动词的被动语态　　句中含有情态动词时，其被动语态的结构是：情态动词+be+过去分词：　　The timetable can be changed any time. 时间表随时可以改变。　　This book may not be taken out of the reading room. 这本书不允许带出阅览室。　　This dictionary must be taken good care of. 这本词典必须保管好。　　(七)不能用于被动语态的动词　　1、不及物动词不能用于被动语态，因为它们没有宾语。　　2、表示状态而不是动作的及物动词，如 break out, belong to, cost, deserve, fit, have ( 有、使)，hold (盛下、装下)，lack, resemble, suit, take part in, take place, want, wish等动词不能变为被动语态。例如：　　Everybody wanted Doris to be the manager. 大家都想让多里斯来当经理.　　We like everybody to say what they think. 我们喜欢让人人都说出他们的看法。　　Do you wish me to stay? 你希望我留下吗?　　Will you help me (to) do the work? 你可以帮助我做干活吗?　　The war broke out in 1937. 战争爆发在1937年。　　This car belongs to me. 这车是属于我的。　　He has a good job. 他有个好工作。(不说A good job is had by him.)　　They have a large house. 他们有所大房子。　　I’ll have him come early. 我要让他早来。　　Though I like the dress, it doesn’t fit me. 尽管我喜欢那件连衣裙，但穿着不合适。(不说Though the dress is liked by me, I’m not fitted by the dress.)　　We lack manpower at the moment. 我们现在缺少人手。(不说Manpower is lacked by us at the moment.)　　My computer cost me seven hundred and ninety dollars. 我花了790美元买这台计算机。　　She resembles her father. 她像她父亲。(不说her father is resembled by her.)　　3、短语动词中有些用于被动结构，有些不可以。但没有规律可循，只能个别掌握：　　I was very well looked after when I was working there. 我在那里工作的时候，得到很好的照顾。　　An overpass is being put up at the corner of the street. 在那条街的拐角处正在建起一个过街天桥。　　Everybody agreed with me. 大家都同意我的意见。(不能说 I was agreed with by everybody.)　　I walked into the house. 我走进房子。(不能说The house was walked into.)　　I broke into the house. 我破门而入那栋房子。(却可以说The house was broken into by me.)　　4、反身代词和each other, one another作宾语时不能变为被动。例如：　　They acknowledged themselves to be defeated. 他们承认他们自己被击败了。　　She praised herself. 她自我表扬。　　He ruined himself. 他毁了自己。　　5、下列及物动词有特殊的宾语，也不能变为被动语态：　　The police officer shouted his loudest to stop the car. 警官用最大的声音喊叫，想叫住那辆车。　　The famous actress breathed her last. 那位著名的女影星咽气了。　　She nodded her approval. 她点头同意。　　I smiled my thanks. 我微笑致谢。　　He wishes to be somebody. 他想成个人物。　　He enjoys taking pictures. 他喜欢。　　Keep silence, please. 请保持安静。　　They usually take a walk after supper. 他们通常晚饭后散步。　　(八)关于被动语态的几点说明　　1、有些动词形式上是主动，意义上是被动。例如:　　School begins in September. 学校九月份开学。　　The library doesn’t open on Sunday. 图书馆星期天不开放。　　The machine runs well. 这台机器容易操作。　　My pen writes well. 我的钢笔好使。　　The cloth washes well. 这料子耐洗。　　The dictionary sells well. 这词典销路很好。　　The book hardly sells. 这书买不出去。　　The door will not shut/lock. 门关/锁不上。　　Am I to blame? 我该受责备吗?　　The house is to let. 房子要出租。　　The story is interesting to read. 这故事读起来很有趣。　　The film is worth seeing. 这片子值得一看。　　Your shirt needs washing. 你的衬衫该洗了。　　2、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：　　They made him go. 他们让他去。　　He was made to go. 他被要求去了。　　I heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我听见他向他的朋友说再见。　　He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。　　3、除助动词be外，动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:　　I got lost in the huge market. 在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。　　You might get killed/hurt. 你会送命/受伤的。　　In the end this story got translated into English. 这故事最后被译成了英文。　　His car got damaged in a road accident. ?他的车在交通事故中被毁了。　　4、“have/get+宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。如：　　I’ll have the bike repaired in no time. 我一会就把自行车修好。　　I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping. 上星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。　　He got his leg broken when playing football. ?踢足球的时候他把腿弄断了。　　I bought these books at a discount and had two hundred dollars saved. 我打折买了这些书，省了两百美元。　　5、在need, want, require后面，主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思：　　My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned) 我的表需要清洗。　　Your garden needs watering. (=…to be watered) 你的花园需要浇水。　　Does your suit require pressing, sir? 先生，您的衣服要烫吗?　　The car wants servicing. ?这汽车要检修。　　(九)练习　　1、将下列句子变成被动语态：[主要步骤是：把原句的宾语变成主语(代词宾格要变成主格);把原句的谓语动词变成被动形式(注意：时态不变，新谓语动词与新主语要一致，疑问句要注意助动词的转换)。复合句中如有可能主句和从句都要变成被动语态。]　　1)He gave me a present.　　I was given a present by him.　　2)My sister made the soup.　　The soup was made by my sister.　　3)The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory.　　The manager could not be found anywhere in the factory by the workers.　　4)The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.　　A bridge has been built over the river by the army engineers and soldiers.　　5)The police will surely arrest the thieves.　　The thieves will surely be arrested by the police.　　6)My brother will repair my bike for me.　　My bike will be repaired by my brother.　　7)You must clean your watch once a year.　　Your watch must be cleaned once a year.　　8)I didn’t tell you Xiao Wang could do the job.　　You were not told (that) the job could be done by Xiao Wang.　　9)I cannot find my dictionary. Someone has taken it.　　My dictionary cannot be found. It has been taken by someone.　　10)She cannot find her bag. Someone must have taken it.　　Her bag cannot be found. It must have been taken by someone.　　11)The pupils asked the teacher to tell a story.　　The teacher was asked by the pupils to tell a story.　　12)The Association asked Mr. Green to make a speech.　　Mr. Green was asked by the Association to make a speech.　　13)The government is sending him abroad.　　He is being sent abroad by the government.　　14)He told me to wait here for him.　　I was told to wait here for him.　　15)Mr. Hopkins has found his wallet.　　Mr. Hopkins’ wallet has been found.　　16)The workers themselves invented the new machine.　　The new machine was invented by the workers themselves.　　17)They set up this hospital in 1950.　　This hospital was set up in 1950.　　18)Tom broke the window.　　The window was broken by Tom.　　19)Did you write the letter?　　Was the letter written by you?　　20)They do not make this kind of watches in Beijing.　　This kind of watches are not made in Beijing.　　21)People call him Little Old Man.　　He is called Little Old Man.　　22)John answered all the questions.　　All the questions were answered by John.　　23)The farmer was ploughing the field.　　The field was being ploughed by the farmer.　　24)People speak English in almost all the countries of the world.　　English is spoken in almost all the countries of the world.　　25)The wind blew the clouds away.　　The clouds were blown away by the wind.　　26)We shall paint the room.　　The room will be painted.　　27)Must I do all the exercises on my own?　　Must all the exercises be done?　　28)I am going to ring Tom up.　　Tom is going to be rung up.　　29)Everyone expects that he will win.　　It is expected that he will win.　　He is expected to win.　　30)Did you finish your composition in class?　　Was your composition finished in class?　　31)Do you wash your clothes very often?　　Are your clothes washed very often?　　32)Have they paid you the money?　　Have you been paid the money?　　Has the money been paid to you?　　33)Mr. Wang gave us an English lesson.　　We were given an English lesson by Mr. Wang.　　An English lesson was given to us by Mr. Wang.　　34)He told his brother the news.　　His brother was told the news.　　2、将下列句子变成主动语态：　　1)What were you told to do?　　What did they tell you to do?　　2)They were made to learn the poem by heart.　　The professor made them learn the poem by heart.　　3)The house was being cleaned while the dinner was being cooked.　　He was cleaning the house while she was cooking the dinner.　　4)It must have been done by an artist.　　An artist must have done it.　　5)The business has been taken over by his competitors.　　His competitors have taken over the business.　　6)Such customs should be done away with.　　We should do away with such customs.　　7)Why haven't the letters been written?　　Why haven't you written the letters?　　8)It must be done at once.　　You must do it at once.　　9)I ought to have been told sooner.　　You ought to have told me sooner.　　10)I wasn't told that he had been dismissed.　　They didn't tell me that they had dismissed him.　　3、用被动语态翻译以下句子(做翻译时，首先要看用什么句型和结构，再看用什么谓语动词，然后看用什么时态。这些是汉译英的关键。)　　1)没有人强迫你去做那项工作。　　You are not forced/compelled to do the work.　　2)这个班由布朗先生教英语。　　The class is taught English by Mr. Brown.　　3)那棵大树被风刮倒了。　　That big tree was blown down by the wind.　　4)这间教室靠两个火炉取暖。　　This classroom is heated by two stoves.　　5)这篇文章是汤姆写的吗?　　Was the article written by Tom?　　6)你会得到老师们的帮助。　　You will be helped by the teachers.　　7)恐怕你要挨批评了。　　I am afraid you will be criticized.　　8)那封信已由王林写好。　　The letter has been written by Wang Lin.　　9)电影放映之前，票已全部售出。　　All the tickets had been sold out before the film began.　　10)试卷上所有的题目都必须做吗?　　Must all the questions on the paper be answered?　　11)我们学校正在修建一个新的化学实验室。　　A new chemistry lab is being built in our school.　　12)电视机关上了。　　The television has been turned off.　　13)在生产中可以很好地利用原子能。　　Atomic/Nuclear energy can be made good use of in production.　　14)大家知道，物质是在不断运动和变化的。　　It is well known that matter is in constant motion and constant change.　　15)有人看见他和李红在一起。　　He was seen with Li Hong.　　16)据报道，一两天内有大雨。　　It is reported that there will be a heavy rain in a day or two.　　17)林肯在竞选参议员失败后两年，当选为美国总统。　　Two years after he was defeated in the Senate race, Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States.　　18)他父亲被派到南京出差去了。　　His father has been sent to Nanjing on business.　　19)-新方案实行了吗?　　-没有，还在计划中。听说还在提出各种建议。　　-新方案完成时就要采取下一个步骤了。　　-Has the new program been started yet?　　-No, it is still being planned. It is said that suggestions are still being made.　　-The next step will be taken when the new program is worked out.　　20)-那个电话是什么时候打的?　　-我想是昨天晚上打的。　　-When was the telephone call made?　　-I think it was made last night.　　六.虚拟语气　　多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是：虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望，是假设的，虚构的，与事实相反的，或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的，但并不全面。在英语中，虚拟语气是个广义的概念，包括好几种句型和结构。假设，意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。　　英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异：　　而在英语中，虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位，又一次证明要学好英语语法，就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的，因此，掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键，这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语语法的一个难点。　　学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构，各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。　　(一)虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句，状语从句相当于汉语的“假如…” “要是…”等。　　请看一个句子：　　If she invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我就去。　　这是个带条件从句的主从复合句，是直接的陈述语气，主句谓语动词用将来时，从句谓语动词用现在时代替将来时，表示能实现的动作。这句话说明说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只要她邀请我”，“去”这一动作就能实现。　　请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较：　　1) If she invited me, I should go to the party. 假如她邀请我参加聚会，我就去。(说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。)　　这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，其含义是：　　She will probably not invite me, so I shall not go to the party. 她很可能不会邀请我参加聚会，所以我不会去。　　2) If she had invited me yesterday, I should have gone to the party. 假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会，我就去了。　　这句话主句谓语动词用“should + have + 过去分词”形式，从句用过去完成时，对过去发生的事情进行虚拟假设，表示与过去事实相反的情况，其含义是：　　She didn’t invite me yesterday, so I didn’t go to the party. 她昨天没有邀请我参加聚会，因此我没有去。　　3) If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我会去的。　　这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词也用过去将来时，表示的意思是，“邀请我”的可能性较小，对将来要发生的情况表示怀疑。其含义是：　　It is unlikely that she will invite me tomorrow, so I shall not go to the party. 明天她不可能会邀请我，因此我不会去。　　从以上例句可以看出：虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑，和直陈语气条件句的谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词过去式、过去完成式、过去将来式等只表示不同的虚拟语气，与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时等毫无关系，在学习时应注意加以区别，不要混淆。　　现将虚拟语气在条件句中的各种具体形式和用法分述如下：　　1、对现在的虚拟，表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were.而主句中的谓语动词用would (should, could, might) + 动词原形。见下表：条件状语从句的动词形式主句的动词形式If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式were.在口语等非正式场合中，I，he，she，it等后面也可用was.但在If I were you中，一定要用were，不能用was.I (we)should+动词原形主语+would (might,could)十动词原形　　1、例句：　　If I were you, I should study English.　　(fact: I am not you, so I shall not study English.)　　If he had time, he would attend the meeting.　　(fact: He does not have time, so he will not attend the meeting.)　　If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.　　(fact: They take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)　　If you went to bed earlier, you would not be so sleepy in the morning.　　(fact: You often go to bed late, so you are always sleepy in the morning.)　　If this were the case, it would be very awkward.　　(fact: This is not the case, so it is not awkward.)　　Now let’s do some translation:　　要是没有虚拟语气，英语就会容易多了。　　If there were no subjunctive mood, English would be much easier.　　如果我是你，我就在房屋周围种些树。　　If I were you, I would (should) plant some trees around the house.　　如果我把头发染成蓝色，人人都会笑话我。　　If I dyed my hair blue, everybody would laugh at me. Or: I would (should) be laughed at by everybody.　　要不是她这么忙，她就会出席今天下午的会议了。　　If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.　　2、对过去的虚拟，表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时,主句的谓语动词用would (should, could, might)+过去分词。见下表：条件状语从司的动词形式主句的动词形式If+主语+had+过去分词i(we)should+have+过去分词主语+could (might,could)+have＋过去分词　　例句：　　If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the examination.　　(fact: You did not take my advice, so you have failed in the examination.)　　I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.　　(fact: I did not have more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again.)　　He would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in time. (fact: He didn’t see the doctor in time, so he has not recovered from his illness.)　　If we had known that she was to arrive yesterday, we could have met her at the station.　　(fact: We didn’t know that she was to arrive yesterday, so we could not meet her at the station.)　　You didn’t let me drive. If we had driven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired.　　(fact: We didn’t drive in turn, so you have got so tired.)　　Now let’s do some translation:　　要是有人警告过他，他就不会吃那个食物了。　　If he had been warned, he would not have taken that food.　　如果你服从命令的话，灾难就不会发生了。　　If you had obeyed the order, the disaster could not have happened.　　假如你早接受了那个有的老工人的意见，你的试验就不会失败了。　　If you had taken the old experienced worker’s advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the experiment.　　如果我知道你要来的话，我就去机场接你了。　　If I had known that you were to arrive, I would have met you at the airport.　　如果我的律师上周六在这里，他就会阻止我去了。　　If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.　　要是她工作更努力些，她本是成功的。　　If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　　会上我没有见到你妹妹。如果她来了，她就见到我哥哥了。　　I didn’t see your younger sister at the meeting. If she had come, she would have met my elder brother.　　3、表示与将来事实相反的假设，对将来表示怀疑，或将来的动作不太可能实现时，条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式：(见表)条件状语从句的动词形式(三种)主句的动词形式(1)if十主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were)，通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用.(2)If+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形(3)if+主语(任何人称和数)+were to+动词原形I(we)should+动词原形主语+would (might, could)+动词原形　　请看以下句子：　　1)If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off. (说明：The weather has been very changeable these days.) 条件状语从句的谓语动词用现在时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性很大。　　2)If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (说明：The weather has been very good these days.) 条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性不大。　　3)If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (万一明天下雨，我们的野餐就推迟)。条件状语从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形，说明下雨的可能性很小或没有可能，如果下雨，那将是出乎意料的。　　4)If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.这句话与上一句意思几乎一模一样。　　If I saw him tomorrow, I would pass your note to him.　　If she were to miss the train tomorrow, she might come back and start off again the day after tomorrow.　　万一你失败了，你准备怎么办?　　If you should fail, what would you do?　　要是我明天真的见到她，我就把真相告诉她。　　If I were to see her tomorrow, I would tell her the truth.　　万一明天下雨，会议就推迟。　　If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.　　我打赌巴西会赢得世界杯。要是巴西输了，我就请你搓一顿。　　I bet Brazil will win the World Cup. If it should lose, I would treat you a meal.　　4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。这与以上三种情况不同，虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。　　For example:　　If you had worked hard, you would be very tired. (从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在。)　　If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now.　　If I were you, I would have gone home.　　Now let’s do some translation:　　如果她过去没有刻苦训练的话，就不会跑得这么快。(从句动作指的是过去，主句指的是现在的情况)(Fact: She has trained very hard, so she is able to run very fast now.)　　If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be able to run so fast.　　如果你当初每天都练习说英语的话，你的英语就会说得很好。(从句动作指的是过去，主句指的是现在的情况) (fact: You didn’t practice speaking English very hard every day, so you can’t speak English very well )　　If you had practiced speaking English every day, you would speak English well enough.　　5. 以上句型可以转换成以下形式：　　1)条件状语从句省略if：在书面语中，如果条件状语从句的谓语中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 并将were, had 或should 放到句首，谓语主语之前，用 “Were/Had/Should + 主语”的形式。这种虚拟语气在意义上与带if 的条件状语从句相同。当然，如果从句没有were, had, 或should,就不能省略if.　　Now let’s look at some examples:　　If I were to do it, I’d do it some other way. →Were I to do it, I’d do it some other way.　　If you should fail, try again. →Should you fail, try again.　　If you had been here earlier, you would have seen him. →Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.　　但是，If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.这句话if 就不能省略。　　而且，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略了if的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可以说：　　Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy.　　但不能说：Weren’t it for the expense, I would go to Italy.　　Please do not use “if”：　　如果我是你，我每天早上就早起床。　　Were I you, I would get up early every morning.　　假如你昨天早十分钟到达火车站，你就赶上火车了。　　Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday, you could have caught the train.　　要是明天有会议，我就会来。　　Should there be a meeting, I would come.　　2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。(可以改为条件状语从句)。例如：　　Without air, there would be no living things.　　But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.　　Without electricity human life would be quite different today.　　Now let’s do some translation. 请用介词短语代替条件状语从句。　　要不是你的帮助，我就失败了。　　But for (except, without) your help, I would have failed.　　如果没有恰当的控制手段，核反应堆就会爆炸。　　Without proper means of control, a nuclear reactor would explode.　　3)用其他方式代替条件状语从句(可以改写为条件状语从句。)例如：　　It would produce bad results to do that. 用动词不定式 =If you did that/should do that, it would produce bad results.　　She would have come, but she wasn’t informed, nor invited. (用but.)=She would have come, if she had been informed or invited.　　A more responsible person would not have left the work half done. 一个更负责的人是不会把工作做到一半就不管的。(用比较级) =If you (he, she) were more responsible, you (he, she) would not have left the work half done.　　Now let’s do some translation:　　聪明一点的人是不会干出这等蠢事的。　　A wiser man would not have done such a foolish thing.　　我应该早点写完这封信，但我一直很忙。　　I should have written the letter earlier. But I have been very busy.　　要能登上珠穆朗玛峰，那经历该多棒!　　It would be a fantastic experience to climb up to Mount Everest.　　6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句　　表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略，而省略部分的含义仍有所体现。　　1)省略条件从句，如：　　It would be very nice.　　You could have done it yourself. (省略If you had wanted to.上下文可以看出You didn’t want to.) (Fact: You didn’t do the work yourself because you didn’t want to.)　　I wouldn’t smoke. (省略If I were you.) (表面上说我，实际上说你。这是一种委婉的表达法。(Fact: You smoke very often. I advise you not to smoke any more.)　　2)省略主句：在强调条件从句时，常省略主句，这种句子常表示一种“已不能实现”的愿望，主要用于If only 引导的感叹句中。　　For example:　　If only he were here!　　If only I knew more!　　If only he had stayed with us!　　Now let’s do some translation:　　要是我听了他的建议就好了!　　If only I had taken his advice!　　我如果是一只鸟就好了!　　If only I were a bird.　　快用If only 造三个句子，表达你的愿望!　　If only I could live in a big apartment!　　If only I were a billionaire!　　If only I could marry her/him!　　(二)虚拟语气的其他句型和用法　　1、用在“wish+宾语从句”中，表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望，可以翻译为“但愿…”, “悔不该…”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来的愿望，从句的谓语动词用“would (could)+动词原形”;对过去的事情表示愿望，从句的谓语动词用 “had+过去分词” 或“could + have + 过去分词”。Wish 后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气，不管这个愿望是否能实现。如：　　I wish it were Spring all the year round.　　I wish you could go with us.　　We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.　　Now let’s do some translation using “wish”:　　我要是Jane 就好了。　　I wish I were Jane.　　他真希望自己生活在中世纪。　　He really wishes that he were living in the Middle Ages.　　但愿北京整年是秋天。　　I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year round.　　要是你能同我们一起过寒假就好了。　　We wish you would spend the winter vacation with us.　　我要是没有买这辆车就好了。　　I wish I had not bought this car.　　Now, it’s time for you to make three wishes about your present, future, and past..　　I wish I were twenty years younger.　　I wish I could work for an NGO.　　I wish I had studied law in college.　　注意：wish 与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。Wish表示很难或不大可能实现的愿望，宾语