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我们会通过消息、邮箱等方式尽快将举报结果通知您。What Is a High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound? (with pictures)
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What Is a High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound?
Some doctors in Europe have had luck reducing cancerous tumors using high-intensity focused ultrasound in conjunction with MRI.
High-intensity focused ultrasound has been used to treat non-cancerous tumors such as uterine fibroids.
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High-intensity focused
(HIFU or HIFUS) is a cancer treatment which uses sound waves at high frequency. A focused beam of sound waves is directed at
in order to heat them and destroy them. In the short term, high-intensity focused ultrasound seems to have fewer side effects than other cancer treatments. As it is a relatively recent and experimental method, the long-term effects are unknown. Prostate, kidney and bladder cancer may all be treated using HIFU, and the technique has also been used to treat non-cancerous tumors such as uterine .
HIFU is most effective for single tumors. In cases where cancers have spread through the body, other treatment methods are usually used. A tumor's location could also make the technique unsuitable. As well as kidney, bladder and prostate cancers, high-intensity focused ultrasound may be used to treat tumors of the pancreas and liver. It is also used, in combination with magnetic resonance imaging () to remove fibroids from the womb.
In the treatment of fibroids, magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MR-guided FUS) involves using an MRI scanner to view the tumor location precisely. The patient is awake and lies face down inside the scanner, with a button to alert staff in case any discomfort is felt during the process. MRI scans enable a three-dimensional view of the inside of the body in real time. This allows a beam of sound waves to be focused on a small area of the fibroid.
Pulses of sound energy heat up the tissue until the cells are killed, and this takes place without harming any of the surrounding tissues. Dead tissue, which has been heated and destroyed by the high intensity sound waves, is reabsorbed by the body. Further sound wave pulses are used to destroy all of the tumor, with the MRI images showing which areas have been treated and which have not.
Although MRI-guided FUS is expensive due to the cost of the technology involved, the advantages include reduced side effects and shorter hospital stays. There is also the benefit, when compared with surgery, that a general anesthetic is not required for this type of procedure. While it is known to be effective in treating benign and cancerous tumors, ongoing trials may prove the usefulness of high-intensity focused ultrasound in treating other conditions, such as pain from bone metastases. Bone metastases are cancerous growths which have spread to bone from the original tumor.
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Conjecture Corporationhigh-frequency ultrasound m-mode imaging for identifying lesion and bubble activity during high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation
high-frequency ultrasound m-mode imaging for identifying lesion and bubble activity during high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation
请问是哪个版本的eviews有这个季度数据转换成月度数据的功能...方法是:1.打开原始季度数据序列(假设名称为GDP),单击properties/Datas&FrequConversion2.在lowtohighfrequencyconversionmethod中选择自己合适的转频方法,点...求一篇关于建筑工程管理或者是建筑工程管理的英文文献contentsofspecialfunctionregisters.P2IcheckintheFLASHprogrammingandhigh-e...thispinforinputpulseprogramming.Inpeacetime,ALEclienttochangethefrequhigh-frequencyultrasoundm-modeimagingforidentifyinglesionandbubbleactivityduringhigh-intensityfocusedultrasoundablation(图2)high-frequencyultrasoundm-modeimagingforidentifyinglesionandbubbleactivityduringhigh-intensityfocusedultrasoundablation(图4)high-frequencyultrasoundm-modeimagingforidentifyinglesionandbubbleactivityduringhigh-intensityfocusedultrasoundablation(图6)high-frequencyultrasoundm-modeimagingforidentifyinglesionandbubbleactivityduringhigh-intensityfocusedultrasoundablation(图8)high-frequencyultrasoundm-modeimagingforidentifyinglesionandbubbleactivityduringhigh-intensityfocusedultrasoundablation(图10)high-frequencyultrasoundm-modeimagingforidentifyinglesionandbubbleactivityduringhigh-intensityfocusedultrasoundablation(图12)high-high中文是什么意思答：high-high_有道翻译翻译结果：高了high_有道词典high英[haɪ]美[haɪ]n.高水平；天空；由麻醉品引起的快感；高压地带adj防抓取，学路网提供内容。====以下对应文字版，可能会出现乱码，文字仅供参考，请以上面图片内容为主====high-end-什么意思？答：高档ADJ（尤指电子产品）最高档的，高端的，最昂贵的High-endproducts,especiallyelectronicproducts,arethemostex防抓取，学路网提供内容。High-FrequencyUltrasound M-mode Imaging IdentifyingLesion BubbleActivity during High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation BiomedicalEngineering, University Michigan,2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA Abstract Effective real-time monitoring high-intensityfocused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation HIFUtechnology interventionalelectrophysiology. studyinvestigated rapid, high-frequency M-mode ultrasound imaging monitoringspatiotemporal changes during HIFU application. HIFU (4.33 MHz, kHzPRF, 50% duty cycle, 6100W/cm ex-vivoporcine cardiac tissue specimens perpendicularlyaligned high-frequency imaging system (Visualsonics Vevo 770, 55 MHz center frequency). Radiofrequency (RF) data from M-mode imaging kHzPRF, acquiredbefore, during, afterHIFU treatment 12).Among several strategies, temporalmaximum integrated backscatter +12dB change showed bestresults identifyingfinal lesion width (receiver-operating characteristic curve area 0.91 0.04,accuracy 85 macroscopicimages criterionbased line-to-linedecorrelation coefficient transientgas bodies. Keywords Cardiac A High-Intensity Focused U Spectrum A Echo-D Tissue C High-Frequency Ultrasound INTRODUCTION High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation emergingtherapeutic modality hasbeen applied clinicalcontexts (Crouzet et al. 2010; Illing et al. 2005; Kennedy 2005; ter Haar 2007; ter Haar 2008; Vaezy Zderic2007; Wu et al. 2005), including ablation cardiactissue cardiacarrhythmia (Groh et al. 2008; Groh et al. 2007; Klinkenberg et al. 2009; Mitnovetski et al. 2009; Natale et al. 2000; Ninet et al. 2005; Saliba et al. 2002; Schopka et al. 2010). While other methods, radiofrequency(RF) electrical ablation, cryoablation, laserablation, have been employed clinically (Lall Damiano2007), methodseither directly contact tissue 2012World Federation Biology.Published ElsevierInc. All rights reserved. Correspondingauthor: Cheri Deng,Department BiomedicalEngineering, University Michigan,2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI , USA. Tel: +1 734-936-2855; Fax: +1 734-936-1905. cxdeng@umich.edu Currentaddress: Department Physics,Kettering University, 1700 University Ave., Flint, Michigan , USA Publisher's Disclaimer: PDFfile uneditedmanuscript hasbeen accepted ourcustomers we earlyversion undergocopyediting, typesetting, resultingproof before itsfinal citable form. Please note productionprocess errors may discoveredwhich could affect alllegal disclaimers journalpertain. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Ultrasound Med Biol. A available PMC2013 April 01. Published finaledited form UltrasoundMed Biol. 2012 April 38(4):626C641. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.. havelimited penetration depth thusablate mainly thermalconduction. resultingeffect highlydependent distancefrom thermalsource. HIFUover methodsinclude its minimally- non-contactnature, adjustable focal depth, rapid heating within focallyconfined volume without affecting surroundingtissue, providerepeated treatment fewside effects (Kennedy 2005; Lall Damiano2007). tissuenecrosis generated spatiotemporaldistribution temperatureincrease induced HIFUexposure (Damianou Hynynen1994; Sapareto Dewey1984). initialtissue changes induced oftenprimarily thermal nature,arising from thermoviscous absorption HIFUenergy. heatingcan cause protein denaturation coagulativenecrosis (Bailey et al. 2003; Vaezy et al. 2001), which may induce changes acousticalproperties including sound speed, attenuation, ultrasoundbackscatter. HIFUexposure does generategas bodies tissuedamage primarilythermal, lesionstypically take elliptical“cigar” shape centered about HIFUbeam (Watkin et al. 1996). However, acousticcavitation, tissue degassing, boiling, vaporizationoccur during HIFU application (Bailey et al. 2003), inducedgas bodies scatter,reflect, HIFUbeam irregularlyshaped lesions oftenconsequently generated (Chen et al. 2003). One challenge widespreadclinical adoption HIFUtherapy has been effectivemethods real-timetreatment monitoring (Bailey et al. 2003; Fleury et al. 2006). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used clinically HIFUtreatment (Hynynen 2010) providesgood spatial resolution (mm-sized) delineatingtissue types mappingtemperature increases (few resolution)during HIFU exposures. However, besides being expensive alwaysconveniently available, MRI typicallylimited thusunable providefull real-time monitoring tissueheating HIFU,which can induce temperatures fewseconds. Diagnostic ultrasound (US) B-mode imaging can achieve imaging framerates sufficient real-timemonitoring, real-timeimaging has proved difficult without gaseousbodies (McLaughlan et al. 2010; ter Haar 2007). gasbodies, which appear easilyobservable hyperechoic regions B-modeimage, strongly scatter US candistort HIFUbeam, resulting inefficientablation distaltissue elements lesionlocation, shape, sizefrom intendedvolume (Bailey et al. 2001; Chavrier et al. 2000). Although gasbubbles could potentially enhanceheating beyond thermoviscous absorption alone (Farny et al. 2010), applicationrequires precise monitoring achievedesirable controlledoutcome. parametersderived from ultrasound imaging signals beyond conventionalgrayscale representation logarithmically-compressedenvelope signal have been proposed improvingimaging lesion formation. example,calibrated spectral parameters harmonicfrequencies (Lizzi et al. 1997; Silverman et al. 2006), attenuation ultrasoundbackscatter (Anand Kaczkowski2004; Ribault et al. 1998; Zhang et al. 2009; Zhong et al. 2007), temperature (Amini et al. 2005; Arthur et al. 2010; Liu Ebbini2010; Miller et al. 2002; Seip Ebbini1995; Straube Arthur1994), thermal diffusivity (Anand Kaczkowski2008), strain stiffness(Eyerly et al. 2010; Fahey et al. 2005; Kallel et al. 1999; Lizzi et al. 2003; Maleke Konofagou2008; Shi et al. 1999; Souchon et al. 2005; Zhang et al. 2008), echo-decorrelation(Mast et al. 2008), have been exploited. However, methodscan artifactsfrom tissue movement, problematic over largerange temperaturevariations HIFUablation, cavityformation (Miller et al. 2002; Zheng Vaezy2010). Also, Kumonet al. Page UltrasoundMed Biol. A available PMC2013 April 01. conventionaldiagnostic ultrasound employed lessthan 12 MHz study,we employed M-mode imaging achieverapid imaging dynamicchanges over focalspatial regime during treatment characterizelesion formation assessgaseous body formation. opticalmethods real-timemonitoring laserthermal therapy (Vakoc et al. 2007). obtainhigh spatial resolution, we used ultrasound imaging frequencyband 20C75MHz. ourexperiments, ex-vivo porcine cardiac tissue HIFU exposures were applied high-frequencyM-mode imaging kHzline rate. High- resolution B-mode imaging alsoperformed after HIFU application lesion.We computedfrom RFimaging data integratedbackscatter echo-decorrelation parameters (using Mastet al. 2008) calibratedspectral parameters (Lizzi et al. 1983). We hypothesized cumulativetime history parameterswould better reflect extenttissue necrosis than individualparameters alone. While other studies have used quantifychanges backscatterresulting from ablation, bothhigh frequencies linerate than previous studies. resultingparametric images were compared against photographs correspondingspecimens macroscopictissue lesionidentification. Based results,we also propose newlycreated movinggas bodies based line-to-lineecho decorrelation. MATERIALS METHODSHIFU ultrasoundimaging system Figure schematicdiagram experimentalsetup. HIFUsystem consists signalgenerator (33220A, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA), power amplifier (75A250, Amplifier Research, Souderton, PA, USA) spherically-focusedHIFU transducer (4.33 MHz center frequency, 40 mm diameter, 42 mm focal length). ultrasoundimaging system (Vevo 770, Visualsonics, Toronto, high-frequencyscanhead (RMV 708, 55 MHz center frequency, 20C75 MHz bandwidth, 4.5 mm focal distance, 1.5 mm depth dB],30 axialresolution, 70 lateralresolution) realtime monitoring HIFUapplication. HIFUtransducer scanheadwere positioned perpendicularly eachother commonplane (imaging plane) samefocus. HIFUtransducer imagingprobe were con-focally aligned scatteringsignals from silverwire (250 outerdiameter, Dagan Corp., Minneapolis, MN, USA). rawradiofrequency (RF) backscattered signals (imaging data) were acquired digitizingoscilloscope (54830B, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA, 8-bitdynamic range, 500 Ms/s) from RFoutput Vevosystem. Freshly-excised porcine ventricular cardiac tissue specimens were used. HIFU exposures (50% duty cycle, kHzpulse repetition frequency [PRF], totalduration) were applied acousticintensities 6100W/cm 12specimens. RF data from M-mode imaging kHzPRF, mmdepth) were acquired from Vevosystem covering 0.2 afterHIFU treatment totalimaging duration HIFUfocus prior tissueinsertion. preventinterference between HIFUpulses Vevoimaging pulses, HIFUpulses were initiated 100 RF“line trigger” output from Vevosystem via custom-designed timing circuit. HIFUtransducer calibratedusing followingprocedure (Hill et al. 1994; Shaw Hodnett2008). First, ultrasoundpower meter (UPM-DT-10, Ohmic Instruments, Kumon et al. Page UltrasoundMed Biol. A available PMC2013 April 01. Easton,MD, USA) totalpower output variousdrive voltages. Second, focalbeam pressure profile dBradial width 1.2mm dBaxial focal depth 3.8mm) were measured needlehydrophone (0.635 mm diameter active element, NP10.1, Dapco NDT, Ridgefield, CT, USA) through acousticfield. spatialpeak intensity beamprofile totalpower. All acoustic intensities free-field,spatial-peak temporal-average values, estimateduncertainty 20%(95% confidence interval). overalluncertainty includes Type uncertaintiesfrom radiationforce balance beamwidth uncertaintiesfrom calibrationaccuracy radiationforce balance, resolution radiationforce balance, finite-amplitude effects, accuracy positioningsystem, hydrophone(Ziskin 2003). B-mode images (series 10mm 11mm 0.032mm intervals thirddimension) were also acquired from Vevosystem before aftereach experiment planesparallel imagingplane during HIFU application off-lineanalysis. After each experiment, cutapproximately imagingplane using scalpel(estimated uncertainty 0.5mm, Type photographswere taken lesioncross- section. Image dataanalysis RFdata were imported ourcustom-developed, MATLAB-based analysis software imagereconstruction dataprocessing. B-modeimage acquired Vevosystem markedlocation M-modeline manuallyregistered macroscopicsections commonfeatures (e.g., tissue boundaries). M-modedata corresponding lesionwere analyzedusing variousmethods described next generateHIFU-monitoring parameters. Only M-modedata within analysis(0.75 mm about focus).Grayscale integratedbackscatter―Let real-valuedM-line signal ct′/2,where soundspeed echoarrival time. Each line complex-valuedanalytic signal logarithmically-compressedgrayscale signal decibel(dB) scale spatialaveraging function spatialwindow employed, 1Dspatial convolution. spatialaveraging Diracdelta function.) integratedbackscatter (IBS) relative initialIBS Kumonet al. Page UltrasoundMed Biol. A available PMC2013 April 01. zero-lagauto-correlation. Here subsequentsub-section, Gaussianwindow smoothingwindow lengthscale which arbitrarilychosen so windowwidth effectively100 standarddeviations). Echo decorrelation―In rapidlychanging signal, line-to-line temporal decorrelation function may usefulmethod quantitativelyidentify areas rapidchange. Several decorrelation metrics were evaluated following previousapproach (Mast et al. 2008). temporaldecorrelation function between two lines timedelay complexconjugate normalized,line-to-line, absolute decorrelation parameter, similar “flowturbulence” (Kasai et al. 1985), spatialmean value (seeMast et al. (2008) detailsabout normalization).We also define normalized,initial-line-to-current-line, absolute decorrelation parameter rapidchanges (e.g., bubble initiation,什么是High-low_method?答：高低点法（High-lowMethod）高低点法指在若干连续时期中，选择最高业务量和最低业务量两个时点的半变动成本进行对比，求得变动成本和固定成本的一种分解半变动成本的方法。防抓取，学路网提供内容。英文作文介绍地球卫星的工作TheseorbitsaremuchclosertotheEarth,requiringsatellitestotravelataveryhighspe...canbetailoredtoincludebeamswithdifferentfrequenciesandpowerlevels.Frequ谁有通用继电器的检测方法?functionofsuccessivedataacquisitionandwavesrecord.With40KHzsamplingfreque...inuseofthefeaturesofVI'sfunction-user-defined,future-function-reamed,highm...
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