Intel CPU漏洞已酝酿成全球危机 21世纪手机电脑无一幸免 | 爱活网 Evolife.cn
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Intel CPU漏洞已酝酿成全球危机 21世纪手机电脑无一幸免
Intel CPU漏洞已酝酿成全球危机 21世纪手机电脑无一幸免
经过一整天的发酵和喧嚣过后，发现本次Intel CPU漏洞的安全团队终于站出来公布了官方消息以正视听——漏洞不止一个，昨天在网上疯传的那个叫Meltdown（熔断），还有另一个更加隐蔽更加难以利用，也更难修补的叫Spectre（幽魂）。在安全团队为它们开设的官网（，如果对自己的英语有自信）上把涉及这次漏洞的一批关键信息进行了比较详细的披露和答疑，笔者现在根据网络上已经被正式公布的官方声明，对大家比较关心内容进行组织和整理，方便各位阅读，以下正片：
1、我的系统是不是受这两个漏洞影响？有没有修复补丁？
A：几乎可以肯定，所有PC系统和智能手机都受到漏洞影响。目前针对Meltdown，Linux、Windows和macOS都已经采取了补丁措施，对应最新OS版本的补丁都已经到位；但对于Spectre，暂时还没有明确的解决办法和防护措施。
2、哪些厂商的硬件存在这两个漏洞？
A：Meltdown漏洞——除IA-64架构的安腾以及部分老Atom处理器，Intel自1995年起发布的CPU几乎全受影响（x86），暂不能确定AMD和ARM处理器是否受到波及；
Spectre漏洞——因为该漏洞基于指令预测执行，Intel、AMD、ARM处理器无一幸免。
3、这俩漏洞有啥区别？
A：Meltdown漏洞直接打破核心内存的保护机制，允许恶意代码直接访问这块敏感内存；Spectre漏洞则通过篡改其他应用程序的内存，欺骗它们去访问核心内存的地址。它们的目的都是通过边路获取核心内存里储存的敏感内容，只是实现的手段稍有差别。
4、打Meltdown补丁性能直接倒退一代是真的？
A：虽然发现该问题的其中一组安全团队研究员称他无法给出确切结论，但Intel的官方声明里确认会产生性能损失，幅度暂时不能确定，不过在较老的CPU上，性能倒退会更加明显。视工作负载的种类不同，这个幅度可能能忽略不计，也可能会严重到直接减半。
5、我装了杀毒软件，能不能免受这两个漏洞的困扰？
A：杀毒软件抵御这两个底层硬件级漏洞的威胁只存在理论可能，实际环境中基本上没有作用，除非借助这两个漏洞进行攻击的恶意代码都已经辨明，杀软可以通过特征代码来进行查杀，否则也是干瞪眼。
6、那现在这两个漏洞是否已经产生了实际损失？
A：目前未知。安全团队也没收到任何与此漏洞关联的攻击报告，他们的研究全部基于本地代码模拟，不是真实世界生产环境。
所以整体上看，这是一场波及21世纪以来所有计算设备的超级大灾难，但因为它的发现和应对都在可控制的环境内发生，所以尚无社会的攻击损失报告出现，可以视其为安全人员的一次胜利。对一般用户而言，只要紧跟操作系统开发商的安全更新补丁，就能避免自己遭受与这两个漏洞相关联的攻击。
但是Intel CPU会发生性能损失已经成为实锤，AMD去年才发布的Ryzen CPU又几乎没受到Meltdown的影响，我们还是可以说Intel和它产品的用户已成为这场灾难最大的受害者。
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版权 (C) 2017 爱活网 Evolife.cn 科技进化生活American ethnicity map shows melting pot of ethnicities that make up the USA today | Daily Mail Online
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The map that shows where America came from: Fascinating illustration shows the ancestry of EVERY county in the US
Census data shows heritage of 317 million modern AmericansClusters show where immigrants from different nations chose to settleLargest ancestry grouping in the nation are of German descent with almost 50 million people African American or Black is the second largest grouping with just over 40 million peopleAlmost 20 million people claim to have 'American' ancestry for political reasons and because they are unsure of their family's genealogy By
00:15 BST, 2 September 2013
18:33 BST, 2 September 2013
A truly captivating map that shows the ancestry of everyone of the 317 million people who call the melting pot of America home can now be seen on a U.S. Census Bureau map.For decades, the United States opened its doors and welcomed with open arms millions of immigrants who all arrived through New York's Ellis Island in the hope of a better life in America.Indeed, the inscription on the Statue of Liberty in New York's harbor reads 'Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to be free' and the fascinating map identifies the truly diverse nature of the United States in the 21st century.Although the 2010 census left out questions about ethnicity, this map shows how it looked in 2000, according to .
Melting pot: This map shows the ethnic heritage of Americans
49,206,934 Germans By far the largest ancestral group, stretching from coast to coast across 21st century America is German, with 49,206,934 people. The peak immigration for Germans was in the mid-19th century as thousands were driven from their homes by unemployment and unrest. The majority of German-Americans can now be found in the the center of the nation, with the majority living in Maricopa County, Arizona and according to Business Insider, famous German-Americans include, Ben Affleck, Tom Cruise, Walt Disney, Henry J. Heinz and Oscar Mayer.Indeed, despite having no successful New World colonies, the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the United States in the 1670s and settled in New York and Pennsylvania.Germans were attracted to America for familiar reasons, open tracts of land and religious freedom and their contributions to the nation included establishing the first kindergartens, Christmas trees and hot dogs and hamburgers.41,284,752 Black or African AmericansThe census map also identifies, Black or
African-American as a term for citizens of the United States who have
ancestry in Sub-Saharan Africa.The
majority of African Americans are descended from slaves from West and
Central Africa and of course have become an integral part of the story
of the United States, gaining the right to vote with the 15th amendment
in 1870, but struggling with their civil rights for at least another
century.Predominantly living in the south of the nation where they were brought to work on the cotton plantations and as slaves in the late 18th to mid-19th centuries, Black or African Americans also have sizable communities in the Chicago area of Illinois and Detroit, Michigan.
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35,523,082 IrishAnother group who joined the great story of the United States were the Irish and the great famine of the 1840s sparked mass migration from Ireland.It is estimated that between 1820 and
million Irish moved to the United States and settled in the large cities like New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago and San Francisco.Currently, almost 12 percent of the total population of the United States claim Irish ancestry - compared with a total population of six and a half million for the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland today.Irish residents of note include John F. Kennedy, Derek Jeter and Neil Armstrong and 35,523,082 people call themselves Irish.31,789,483 MexicanAnd from 1990 to 2000, the number of people who claimed Mexican ancestry almost doubled in size to 31,789,483 people. Those with Mexican ancestry are most common along the Southwestern border of the United States and is largest ancestry in Los Angeles, Houston, Phoenix, San Diego, Dallas and San Antonio.26,923,091 English The next largest grouping of people in the United States by ancestry are those who claim to be English-American.Predominantly found in the Northwest and West, the number of people directly claiming to be English-American has dropped by 20 million since the 1980 U.S. Census because more citizens have started to identify themselves as American.They are based predominantly in the northeast of the country in New England and in Utah, where the majority of Mormon immigrants moved in the middle 19th century.Notable American people with English ancestry are Orson Welles and Bill Gates and 26,923,091 people claim to come from the land of the original Pilgrims.19,911,467 AmericansThe surprising number of people across
the nation claiming to have American ancestry is due to them making a
political statement, or because they are simply uncertain about their
direct descendants. Indeed, this is a particularly common feature in the
south of the nation, where political tensions between those who
consider themselves original settlers and those who are more recent
Historic Moment: A painting of Plymouth, Massachusetts, USA depicting the Landing of Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock
Nebraska, USA --- A family poses with the covered wagon in which they live and travel daily during their pursuit of a homestead.
Loup Valley, Nebraska. 188617,558,598 ItalianOne of the most influential nationalities to migrate in large numbers to the United States were the Italians.Between 1880 and 1920, more than 4 million Italian immigrants arrived in the United States forming 'Little Italies' wherever they went.Bringing their food, culture and entertainment to the nation, another large wave of Italian immigrants arrived in the country following WWII, bringing the total number today to 17,558,598 people.9,739,653 PolishThe largest of the Slavic groups to live in the United States, Polish Americans were some of the earliest Eastern European colonists to the New World.Up to 2.5 million Polies came to the United States between the mid-19th century and World War 1 and flocked to the largest industrial cities of New York, Buffalo, Cleveland, Milwaukee and Chicago.In many states, the Hispanic population doubled between the 2000 and 2010 census. In New Mexico, Hispanics outstripped whites for the first time, reaching 46 per cent compared to 40 per cent.9,136,092 French Historically, along with the English, the French colonized North America first and successfully in the North East in the border areas alongside Quebec and in the south around New Orleans and Louisiana.
Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty National Monument, New Jersey, New York City, USA --- A portrait of Polish and Slavic immigrant women wearing I.D. tags at the turn of the 20th century The figures reveal the changing face of
the U.S., with the number of Hispanics up by 15 million by the 2010
census, from these figures in 2000.Hispanic
children now account for one in four American youngsters as a portrait
emerges of a country with an aging white population and rapid minority
growth.While Hispanic communities cover a
swath of states from California to Texas, American Indians are more
dispersed, with pockets of populations in states including Arizona, New
Mexico, Montana and the Dakotas, with a higher concentration in Alaska. The map also reveals a concentration of people stating American as their ethnic heritage, mostly in the South. Many
may have stated American on the census form as a political statement,
or because they have a mixed or unknown heritage, according to While the United States has its roots in being a welcoming place for
immigrants, that hasn't always been the case. As a wave of new arrivals
flooded U.S. shores in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but a
movement to restrict who was allowed into the country took hold as well.In
1882, Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act, the first major
federal law to put immigration limits in place and the only one in
American history aimed at a specific nationality. It came into being in
response to fears, primarily on the West Coast, that an influx of
Chinese immigrants was weakening economic conditions and lowering wages.
It was extended in 1902.Other laws followed, like the
Immigration Act of 1917, which created an "Asiatic Barred Zone" to
restrict immigration from that part of the world, and the Emergency
Quota Act of 1921, which limited the number of immigrants from any
country to 3 percent of those people from that country who had been
living in the United States as of 1910.The 1924 Immigration Act
capped the number of immigrants from a particular country at 2 percent
of the population of that country already living in the United States in
1890. That favored immigrants from northern and western European
countries like Great Britain over immigrants from southern and eastern
European countries like Italy.
Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty National Monument, New Jersey, New York City, USA --- Immigrants stand with members of the New York Bible Society
Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty National Monument, New Jersey, New York City, USA: Immigrants on line leaving Ellis Island waiting for ferry to N.YIt also prevented any immigrant
ineligible for citizenship from coming to America. Since laws already on
the books prohibited people of any Asian origin from becoming citizens,
they were barred entry. The law was revised in 1952, but kept the quota
system based on country of origin in the U.S. population and only
allowed low quotas to Asian nations.The American children of
Italian and other European immigrants saw that law "as a slur against
their own status" and fought for the system to be changed, said Mae
Ngai, professor of history and Asian American studies at Columbia
University. In fighting for change, they looked to the civil rights
movement.The political leaders who agreed with them saw it in the
same terms, as a change needed for equality's sake, as well as to be
responsive to shifting relationships with nations around the world.Speaking
to the American Committee on Italian Migration in June 1963, President
John F. Kennedy cited the "nearly intolerable" plight of those who had
family members in other countries who wanted to come to the U.S. and
could be useful citizens, but were being blocked by "the inequity and
maldistribution of the quota numbers."Two years later, in signing
into law a replacement system that established a uniform number of
people allowed entry to the United States despite national origin,
President Lyndon B. Johnson said it would correct "a cruel and enduring
wrong in the conduct of the American nation."Stephen Klineberg,
sociology professor at Rice University in Houston, said the civil rights
movement "was the main force that made that viciously racist law come
to be perceived as intolerable," precisely because it raised questions
about fairness and equality.
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