【The Economist】让互联网重回正轨阅读//5b.cdn.sohucs.com/images/3781cda7ca8f6ad1571.jpeg
“网络是平的” ：网络平台上 “无限边疆观”的初衷早已湮灭，如今互联网“中心化”趋势愈演愈烈。互联网江湖谁主沉浮？国家政府？网络巨头？屈指可数的互联网巨头垄断网络服务、资源；中国政府雄心勃勃，打造互联网帝国。互联网“中心化”功过是非三七开，弊大于利——海量信息泄露，引战“喷子”气焰嚣张，网络黑客日益猖獗………。人们对互联网中心化热议纷纷，分化为三大阵营：杰斐逊主义派，汉密尔顿主义派，中间派。三派对此做何是非评判？应对之策？
翻译：Ailsa
校对：Jourdana/Sunny
Fixing the internet
让互联网重回正轨
The ins and outs
The internet was meant to make the world a less centralised place, but the opposite has happened. Ludwig Siegele explains why it matters, and what can be done about it
原本期许互联网令世界变得扁平化，如今却事与愿违。路德维希·西格勒道明互联网去中心化重要性原因以及应对之策
HAS THE INTERNET failed? Sitting in his office at Christ Church College, Oxford, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the world wide web, has his answer ready: “I wouldn’t say the internet has failed with a capital F, but it has failed to deliver the positive, constructive society many of us had hoped for.”
互联网如今已经江河日下？万维网创始人蒂姆·伯纳·李爵士坐在牛津基督教堂学院办公室，心中对此早有答案：“我不会说互联网已到末日穷途，但互联网确实未能如愿给社会带来正能量，带来红利。
Two decades ago he would have scoffed at the idea that the internet and the web would do anything but make this planet a better place. In his autobiography written in the late 1990s, “Weaving the Web”, he concluded: “The experience of seeing the web take off by the grassroots effort of thousands gives me tremendous hope thatwe can collectively make our world what we want.”
在二十年前，若是认为万维网绝不可能令世界更加美好，蒂姆·伯纳·李爵士可能对此嗤之以鼻。20世纪90年代后期，蒂姆在自传《编织万维网》中总结道：“见证了互联网由普罗大众共同努力编织而成，我内心因此充满希冀：只要我们齐心协力，就可以塑造梦想的世界。
Until a few years ago most users, asked what they thought of the internet, would have rattled off a list of the things they love about it—that it lets them stay in touch with friends, provides instant access to a huge range of information, sparks innovation, even helps undermine authoritarian regimes. And in some ways it has been a tremendous success. Just under a quarter of a century after the first web browser was released, around half the world’s population is online. But like Sir Tim, many people have recently become more critical of it, concerned that it creates online addicts, hoovers up everybody’s data and empowers malicious trolls and hackers.
直到几年前，倘若问道关于互联网看法，大多数用户会脱口而出一串耽爱互联网的理由：能与朋友们保持联系；获得海量实时信息；激发创新；甚至利于削弱专制政权。互联网在一些方面已大获成功：在网络浏览器问世不到25年的时间里，互联网用户数约占世界人口一半。但如今，许多人像蒂姆一样对互联网吹毛求疵，担心互联网会导致网瘾泛滥；海量个人信息泄露；“引战”喷子与网络黑客日益猖獗。
At the heart of their disenchantment, this special report will argue, is that the internet has become much more “centralised” (in the tech crowd’s terminology) than it was even ten years ago. Both in the West and in China,the activities this globalnetwork of networks makes possible are dominated by a few giants, from Facebook to Tencent. In his latest book, “The Square and the Tower”, Niall Ferguson, a historian, explains that this pattern—a disruptive new network being infiltrated by a new hierarchy—has many historical precedents. Examples range from the invention of the printing press to the Industrial Revolution.
这份特别报告指出，最为痛心的是幡然领悟到，相比十年前，互联网已经变得尤为“集中”（技术圈术语）。不论在西方还是中国，全球互联网（网络的网络）服务都是由诸如脸书、腾讯这样屈指可数的网络巨头执牛耳。历史学家尼尔·费格森在新作《广场与塔楼》中解释道：这种模式——一种新的等级制度正渗入一个混乱的新型互联网格局中——历史上不乏先例：从印刷术发明到工业革命，数不胜数。
At the same time the internet has become much more strictly controlled. When access to it was still mainly via desktop or laptop computers, users could stumble across amazing new services and try many things for themselves. These days the main way of getting online is via smartphones and tablets that confine users to carefully circumscribed spaces, or “walled gardens”, which are hardly more exciting than television channels. Makers of mobile operating systems can decide through their app stores which services smartphone owners have access to. Another control point is cloud computing, which by its nature puts outsiders in charge of applications and their associated data. Meanwhile governments, which long played no part in the internet, have established power over large parts of the network, often using big internet firms as willing enforcers, for instance by getting them to block unwelcome content.
与此同时，互联网已严重受控。在过去，用户大多利用台式电脑或笔记本连接到互联网，能在网上邂逅一些新奇美妙的服务，亲自体验许多网络新事物。而如今，用户主要用智能手机或平板电脑上网，受限于精心设计的有限空间，或者说受困于“围墙高筑的花园”，相比平淡无趣的电视频道，这一切好不到哪里去。手机操作系统设计者利用应用商店，决定用户使用哪些应用。互联网受控制例子无独有偶，诸如云计算。它本质上就是让外部人员负责应用程序及其相关数据。与此同时，政府过去从不涉足互联网领域，如今却常常让网络巨头出于自愿（政府意志）来控制互联网大部分领域，例如，利用互联网巨头封锁政府不待见的内容。
This is more or less the opposite of what the early cyber-gurus had intended. When the first message was sent over the internet nearly half a century ago, on October 29th 1969, the system was “biased in favour of decentralisation of power and freedom to act”, according to YochaiBenkler of Harvard University. Its technological roots played a large part in that. A child of the cold war, the internet was meant to connect disparate networks and computers so they could still communicate even if central links became unavailable, say in the event of a nuclear attack. “We wanted anything connected to the net to connect to anything else connected to the net,” explains Vint Cerf, one of the engineers who developed the communication protocols (he now works for Google).
互联网受限或多或少与互联网专家初衷背道而驰。近半个世纪前的日，当时互联网上第一条信息传输成功，哈佛大学的尤查·本科勒认为互联网“倾向于支持权力去中心化以及行事自由”。互联网底层技术举足轻重。冷战催生了互联网，设计互联网的初衷是连接异构网与计算机，如此一来，中心网路因遭受类似核武器毁灭式的攻击而瘫痪，计算机之间仍可保持通讯。开发互联网通信协议的温特·瑟夫（他现就职于谷歌）说到：“我们希望互联网中任何设备都能互联互通。”
To make this possible, Mr Cerf and his colleagues had to make the internet “permissionless”, in today’s lingo. Any network and any computer can join in as long as it follows the protocols. Packets of data are handed from one network to another, regardless of content. This loosely coupled architecture later inspired Sir Tim, who devised the protocols for the world wide web that work on top of the internet proper.
为了将这一切变为现实，用今天的行话来说，温特·瑟夫及其同事必须将互联网设计为“零准入”系统：任何网络以及计算机只要遵循一定的互联网协议就能实现全网联通；任何内容的数据包都可以在不同网络之间传输。互联网这种松散的组织架构启发了蒂姆，他利用互联网本体顶层的万维网设计了一系列协议。
Those protocols were complemented by a set of organisations that allowed the rules to evolve, along with the software that puts them into effect, and keep both from being captured by outside interests. Chief among them has been the Internet Engineering Task Force, whose philosophy was perfectly summed up by David Clark, one of its founders: “We reject: kings, presidents and voting. We believe in: rough consensus and running code.”
一些组织更新协议规则，迭代执行协议的软件，拦截黑客入侵，互联网协议因此不断完善，国际互联网工程任务组是这些组织中的领头羊，该组织创始人之一大卫·克莱克恰如其分地概括了该组织的信条：“我们抵制国王、总统、投票，我们信奉泛泛的共识、运行的代码。”
The combination of open technical rules and flexible governance set off a frenzy of creativity and innovation. Starting in the mid-1990s, millions of websites were set up and tens of thousands of startups launched. Even after the dotcom bubble collapsed in the early 2000s, this decentralised activity continued unabated, for instance in the form of blogs. Users actually did what Sir Tim had hoped they would: publish online and link to each other, creating a great virtual conversation.
技术规则开放，管理灵活，掀起了一股创新热潮。自1995年始，数以百万计的网站诞生，数千家初创公司兴起。即使是在2000年初，互联网泡沫破灭，但是互联网去中心化仍无减弱势头，博客风靡世界一例便能佐证。蒂姆对互联网为用户提供各种线上服务的愿景已成现实：互联网公开透明；彼此连接，美妙的虚拟对话。
Today the internet is a very different beast. The connections to transfer information still exist, as do the protocols, but the extensions the internet has spawned now greatly outweigh the original network: billions of smartphones and other devices, and cloud-computing factories the size of football fields, containing unimaginable quantities of data. The best way to picture all this is as a vast collection of data silos with big pipes between them, connected to all kinds of devices which both deliver services and collect more data.
如今互联网相较以前迥然不同。利用协议传输信息的互联功能依旧（发挥作用），但如今互联网拓展的功能远超诞生之初。数几十亿计的智能手机、其他设备、云计算创造出足球场般的广阔空间，信息量存储量超乎想象。不妨将这一切加以想象：许多集群的数据仓库之间连接着巨型通道，各式各样的设备连接着数据仓库，提供各式服务，收集海量数据。
The centralisation of the internet and the growing importance of data has given rise to what Frank Pasquale of the University of Maryland, in a recent paper published in American Affairs, calls a “Jeffersonian/Hamiltonian divide” among critics of big tech. One group stands in the tradition of Thomas Jefferson, one of America’s founding fathers, who favoured smaller government and less concentration in business. Its members want to rein in the tech titans through tougher antitrust policies, including break-ups. The other group follows the thinking of Alexander Hamilton, another founding father, who supported strong central institutions, both in politics and in the economy. Its adherents argue that to reap the benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) and distribute them fairly, online giants should be treated as utilities.
如今，互联网中心化，数据愈发重要，马里兰大学的弗兰克·帕斯夸莱受此趋势启发，最近在《美国事务》杂志上发表了一篇论文，文中将人们对互联网技术褒贬不一的争议冠之为“杰斐逊主义与汉密尔顿主义之争”。一派代表美国开国元勋托马斯·杰斐逊传统观念，他曾主张缩减政府权利，抑制商业发展。杰斐逊一派希望对网络巨头实施更为严苛的反垄断政策，比如，强行拆分垄断企业。另一派人秉承开国元勋亚历山大·汉密尔顿的思想，他主张加强中央政府权利，对经济政治实施强有力控制。汉密尔顿一派主张利用网络巨头企业，收割人工智能红利，全社会利益均沾。
Jefferson v Hamilton
杰斐逊与汉密尔顿之争
This framing also helps to understand the reactions to centralisation more generally. The Jeffersonian side worries that a centralised internet offers less scope for innovation. Although the online giants themselves are a source of much invention, they dampen it elsewhere, so that fewer new ideas are being tried. Venture capitalists now talk about “kill zones”, areas they will not invest in because one of the big players may squeeze the life out of startups or buy them up at a low price.
了解互联网组织结构有助全面理解人们对互联网中心化不同看法。杰斐逊一派担心互联网集中会遏制创新。尽管互联网巨头本身就是许多创新的源泉，但却抑制其他公司创新。如此一来，愈来愈少的创意想法诉诸实践。如今，巨头公司要么将初创公司踢出局，要么采取低价收购策略，风险投资人声称绝不涉足这样的“杀戮地带”。
The political consequences of the internet’s growing centralisation are even more troublesome, if less obvious. Walled gardens often limit free speech, as Facebook’s sometimes ham-fisted attempts to police its social network have shown. Having to hack the algorithms of only a few platforms makes it easier for Russian trolls and their Western counterparts to meddle in elections by spreading misinformation. The concentration of reams of personal data in one place makes serious leaks more likely. One example is the recent scandal at Cambridge Analytica, a political consultancy that acquired data on 87m Facebook users in underhand ways (and as a result went out of business). Dominant platforms are also handy for spooks, as shown by the revelations in 2013 by Edward Snowden, a former CIA employee who leaked vast amounts of classified information. Intelligence services had to tap into only a couple of computing clouds to find what they wanted. And online giants have plenty of cash to influence offline politics.
互联网日益中心化对政治的影响虽不明显，却很棘手。围墙高筑的花园通常限制言论自由，脸书不时对社交网络进行笨拙的监管行为便是一例。俄罗斯以及西方国家的“引战”喷子只需入侵少数互联网平台算法，便可散布虚假信息误导公众，干涉美国总统选举。海量个人信息汇集于一处，信息大量泄露更为容易。例如，最近的英国政治咨询机构Cambridge Analytica的丑闻：该机构秘密获取了8700万脸书用户个人数据（出于商业用途）。网络主要平台对于间谍而言触手可及，比如2013年的斯诺登事件：美国前中情局雇员斯诺登泄露海量机密信息。情报机构只需非法侵入几台云计算服务器，便可窃取机密信息。网络巨头财大气粗，贿赂政府，影响政策制定。
Yet among Jeffersonians a sense of a new beginning is also in the air. The buzz at technology conferences today is reminiscent of 1995, shortly after the birth of the world wide web, when a new piece of software called a browser took the web mainstream, and the internet with it. At today’s events startups are pushing ambitious plans, often based on blockchain technology (immutable distributed ledgers of the sort that underlie Bitcoin and other crypto-currencies), promising to “re-decentralise” the online world.
杰斐逊派关于互联网开辟新纪元想法也流行开来。如今技术会议上热闹非凡，让人想到了1995年万维网刚诞生不久之时，那时网络浏览器成为万维网主流，互联网也随之逐渐普及。如今初创公司雄心勃勃，制定战略计划，计划通常依赖区块链底层技术（承载比特币以及其他数字货币不可篡改伪造的布式账本技术），这有望将互联网“从新去中心化“。
Hamiltonians, on the other hand, argue that without the free services and easy-to-use interfaces offered by companies such as Google and Facebook, far fewer people would be using the internet. Without cloud computing, which lets firms crunch vast quantities of data, AI would be nowhere. Having a few powerful firms in control also helps curb the demons of decentralisation, such as cybercrime and hate speech. This kind of thinking, long used by online giants to make the case against regulation, has gained some traction on the left in the West. But it is mostly thriving in China, where the government wants tech titans to help it in its quest to turn the country into a cyber-superpower.
从另一方面，汉米尔顿派认为若是没有谷歌、脸书这样互联网公司，提供免费服务以及简易操作界面，互联网用户数会少之又少。若是没有帮准公司处理海量信息的云计算技术，人工智能只是空中楼阁。控制寥寥几个网络帝国利于减少互联网去中心化导致的诸多弊端，诸如，网络犯罪以及网络仇恨言论。互联网巨头公司长期秉持这种观点，抗议政府管制。这种想法观点在西方国家左派中有所抬头，但在中国已经大行其道，中国政府希望利用网络科技巨头把国家打造为网络强国。。
Tacking between the two sides is a growing group of academics who are trying to devise new ways to rein in big tech through regulation. Some of their proposals are more Jeffersonian, such as forcing firms to unwind recent mergers. Others are more Hamiltonian, including making companies share some of their data.
除杰斐逊派与汉密尔顿派之外，越来越多的学者成为中间派，这些学者试图改变管控方式控制互联网。有些人更倾向杰斐逊派，比如，政府驳回了网络巨头公司最近的几起并购申请。另一些人更倾向汉密尔顿派，比如，让公司共享一些数据 。
This special report will start by chronicling how the internet became centralised, then discuss all three strands in turn. While not hiding its sympathies with the Jeffersionan side, it will conclude that to re-decentralise the internet, ideas from all three camps are needed. There is no central solution.
这份特别的报告开篇记录了互联网怎样变得集中，接着依次讨论了三个派别对互联网中心化的观点。报告中直言无讳地表达对杰斐逊派支持：总而言之，互联网应去中心化。三个阵营的观点同样重要，三个阵营的决解方案不分轩轾。
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＞＞＞Today we can use the Internet for many things: shopping, bus..
Today we can use the Internet for many things: shopping, business, writing letters, talking to people, getting information and so on. In recent years, a new kind of English has grown on the Internet. There's no real word for it yet, so we call it e-talk.People don't like typing too much. To save time, they turn phrases into a few letters， acronyms(首字母缩略词). Acronyms are often used in chat rooms. Some are as follows:BRB (be right back), BTW (by the way), LOL (laughing out loud), IMO (in my opinion)People also use many abbreviations. They are shortened forms of words. Some common abbreviations include info (information), pic (picture), puter (computer), sec (second), etc.We usually don't see people when we communicate on the Net, so people have new ways to show feelings. Most people use their keyboards to draw "feelings", such as: :-)& (happy)&&&& ;-)& (joking)&&&&&& :-(& (sad)&&&&&&& :-O& (surprised)These days, many public discussions have picture feelings, for example:&&&&(happy)&&&&&&&&&& (sad)&&&&&&&&&&& (angry)&&&&&&&&&& ( (cool)There are even whole new words, like "newbies"(someone who is new on a chat board or forum). When you write something bad about someone else, it's called "burning" the person.It takes time for people to get used to e-talk. Also, different groups on the Net have their own special ways of communicating. Newbies sometimes have to ask other people what they mean. As the Internet grows, e-talk will continue to grow and change.小题1:Why do people type acronyms?A．To type them quickly.B．To make jokes. C．To make newbies puzzled.D．To show their feelings.小题2:What does the sentence “BTW, my puter is not working well. :-( ”mean?A．The person is happy about getting a new computer.B．The person has to go away from their computer.C．The person is sad that his computer is having problems.D．The person is angry at somebody.小题3:If someone is angry, what may he type?A.&& LOL&&&&& B. BRB.&&&&&&&&&&&&&& C. & D. 小题4:E-talk will probably____________.A．stay the sameB．keep changingC．be used by people on the telephoneD．be easy for newbies to understand小题5:The best title for this passage is________.A．E-talkB．Picture FeelingsC．How to Use AbbreviationsD．The Changing Internet
题型：阅读理解难度：中档来源：不详
小题1:A小题2:C小题3:D小题4:B小题5:A试题分析：这篇短文主要介绍了随着网络的发展最近几年里新兴了一种网络用语，e-talk。它有多种形式，首字母缩略形式，缩略词，表情符号，等。随着互联网的飞速发展,e-talk将继续增加和变化小题1:细节理解题。根据短文第二段People don't like typing too much. To save time, they turn phrases into a few letters， acronyms(首字母缩略词).描述，可知使用缩略词可以节约时间，打字就快了。故选A。小题2:归纳理解题。根据短文描述BTW,是by the way ，puter是computer :-(是sad，故选C。小题3:细节理解题。根据短文图片描述，可知生气的图片。故选D。小题4:细节理解题。根据短文最后一段As the Internet grows, e-talk will continue to grow and change.描述，可知e-talk将会发展变化。故选B。小题5:标题归纳题。根据短文的主旨大意可知主要讲了一种在网络上流行的语言，e-talk。故选A。
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“Today we can use the Internet for many things: shopping, bus..”主要考查你对&&社会现象类阅读&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
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社会现象类阅读
社会现象类阅读：这类文章通过写人记事来揭示文章的主题，显示其社会意义，一般采用顺序或倒叙来叙述。题目经常是一些细节问题。考查的方面可以是原因和其中引发的思考。阅读这类文章要理清思路。描述社会现象英语：安居工程 housing project for low-income families安居小区 a neighborhood for low-income families保障妇女就业权利to guarantee women’s right to employment补发拖欠的离退休人员统筹项目内的养老金 All back pension entitlements have been paid for the retired covered by the overall government plan.裁定保险赔偿 adjudication of benefits城镇居民最低生活保障 guarantee of subsistence allowances for urban residents城镇社会保障体系the social security system in urban areas城镇职工基本医疗保险制度the basic medical insurance system for urban employees大力推行个人助学信贷 Personal loans to finance education should be vigorously promoted.待业人员 job seekers待遇优厚的工作 a well-paid job单亲家庭 single parent family定向培训 training for specific posts独生子女 the only child对保障方案进行精算评估 Security programs should undergo actuarial review.对口扶贫 provide poverty alleviation aid to the designated sister regions福利分房 buy a benefit-oriented apartment from the organization one works with岗位培训 on-job training个人自愿计划 voluntary private plans工伤保险制度the on-job injury insurance system工资收入分配制度the wage and income distribution system关系国计民生的大事 matters vital to national well-being and the people’s livelihood关心和支持残疾人事业 Programs to help the physically and mentally challenged deserve our care and support.关心老龄人 care for senior citizens.国企下岗职工基本生活保障 guarantee of basic cost of living allowances for workers laid off from state-owned enterprises过温饱生活 live a life at a subsistent level合理调整就业结构to rationally readjust the employment structure后勤服务社会化 make logistic services independent in their operation基本养老金basic pensions计划生育责任制 responsibility system of family planning 加快住房分配货币化进程 capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation加强计划生育工作 further improve family planning加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion 家庭美德 family virtues 建立集体合同制度to establish a group contract system建立市场导向的就业机制to establish a market-oriented employment mechanism建立新型的劳动关系to establish a new type of labor relations教育程度 education received
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