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耶鲁大学公开课程 心理学导论，每节课的主要内容是什么？
请问谁能告诉我耶鲁大学公开课程 心理学导论，每节课的主要内容是什么?第一节到第七节课的。
不要视频,主要说一下第一至第七课讲什么内容我需要中文的详细一点的主要内容，要文字内容。还有哲学死亡的一至七集的详细主要内容
Emotion, Emotion: Love (Guest Lecture by Professor Peter Salovey)10. A Person in the World of People. A Person in the World of People. A Person in the World of People, Part I12. What Motivates Us, Emotion. Evolution: Self and O Vision and Memory8, Part I19, Emotion: Mental Illness. Evolution, Mouth and the Hands71. How Do We Communicate. Evolution. The Good L Conscious of the Past: This is Your Brain3. Foundations. What Happens When Things Go Wrong, Part II18: Differences14: The Development of Thought6. What Is It Like to Be a Baby: Self and Other, and Reason. Foundations, Part I17, Part II13: Morality16: Freud4, and Reason: Sex15. What Happens When Things Go Wrong, and Reason, Part II20: Evolution and Rationality11: Language in the Brain: Emotions.): Emotions: Skinner5; Conscious of the Past?, and Reason: Vision and Memory (cont. Conscious of the Present. Evolution.)9: Mental Illness: Language (cont. Conscious of the Present. Introduction2. Why Are People Different. Foundations?
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com/special/introductiontopsychology/这个 视频://v.163，有中文字幕.163://v
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耶鲁大学公开课-心理学导论?第3课?中文课件 上堂课我们探讨了大脑及其功能,接下来我们将进一步学习一些基础理论,所以在今天和星期一,我们将学习两大心理理论,其代表人物分别是,西格蒙特?弗洛伊德和,伯尔赫斯?弗雷德里克?斯金纳,这两个理论便是精神分析理论,和行为主义理论,今天我们先来讲讲精神分析理论,下周再谈行为主义理论,这些理论广阔的适用范围,则是它们能够吸引大家关注的原因之一.　　本课程中所学习的大部分理论,大部分学术观点,它们的应用范围都是狭隘的.我们会谈到某人所提出的,关于种族偏见的理论,但它却并不是语言获得的理论,我们会讲到关于精神分裂症的理论,但它们却并不能用来解释性吸引,大多数理论的适用范围都是有所限定的,但这两个理论则是大理论,它们试图对世间的一切做出解释,包括了日常生活,儿童发展心理疾病,宗教 战争及爱情,弗洛伊德和斯金纳的理论解释了上述一切.当然这里并不是历史课堂,给你们介绍这两位心理学泰斗,并不只是想让大家了解心理学史,我想要向你们讲述的是他们的理论,因为它们是众多理论的基石,更重要的是,其中的很多观点对于我们如何理解当下,具有决定性的影响.　　就是这张,无论如何,弗洛伊德都深深的影响着我们的生活,如果我让大家选出一位,不是说出一位著名心理学家的名字,你们大家多数人会回答.弗洛伊德.　　他是史上最著名的心理学家,对20世纪与21世纪,的心理学界都有着深远的影响.据其传记记载,他生于19世纪50年代,他的大半生都是居住在奥地利的维也纳,却在伦敦去世,二战伊始随着纳粹侵占其家乡,他被迫背井离乡,后来逃到伦敦 在那里终其余生,他也是史上最著名的学者之一,但他不是因为某一项发现而名扬四海,相反他却
正在加载中，请稍后...[转载]《耶鲁大学开放课程：心理学导论》听课笔记（二）
《耶鲁大学开放课程：心理学导论》听课笔记（一）
Lesson 11&
11. Evolution, Emotion, and
Reason: Emotions, Part I
Keywords：Emotion；Smile；Fear；社交性情感；亲属性利他行为
情感，它们为什么存在，存在的目的是什么，how do they function?
，他是一个工头，1848
之间的很多有趣的现象。人们微笑不纯粹是因为他们高兴，两者之间并没有必然联系，微笑是因为他们想传达高兴的情感。比如说，奥运会金牌获得者在领奖时并不是一直都在笑的，而是当他登上领奖台面对观众的时候他会给一个大大的微笑。再比如，做爱是一项令人愉快的体育活动，你可以研究一下做爱的时候人们是不是一直在笑。
。比如泛美微笑（Pan Am
smile（Duchenne
高特曼研究了新婚夫妇的微笑。他以此来预测这份婚姻是不是长久。他发现，婚姻的丧钟不在于你是否对对方大叫，不在于你们是否吵架，而在于蔑视。
Student：非人类的灵长类动物的微笑和人类一样吗？
：I don’t know。
Student：有些人的微笑为什么比其他人的微笑好看呢？
Teacher：一个无趣的跟心理学无关的答案是有些人人天生就长得好看。更深层次的答案是，有
Fear is a kind of basic emotion，universal。
The basic question is: what are we afraid
蜘蛛、蛇、高度、风暴、大型动物、黑暗、血、陌生。
寄生在老鼠身体里，老鼠被猫吃掉后它则留在猫的粪便里，从而传播回给老鼠。如果你是一只老鼠并且感染了弓形虫的话，你会非常的健康除了一件事，弓形虫重新设计了你的大脑，使你不再那么怕猫了，这是一种弓形虫适应环境的手段。&&&&&&&&
How do we deal with babies?
cry of baby is subtle，它既要使人感到厌烦而促使父母起身来关注婴儿。另一方面又不能音调无关，而是因为你的大脑就是这么被设计的。&& The
reason why we feel baby is cute，
。有个古老的理论，是斯金纳提出的橱柜理论，他认为婴儿对父母的依赖是因为父母提供食物。&&&&
”只提供食物，而“布妈”提供温暖和舒适。
Lesson 12&
Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Emotions, Part II
Keywords：the emotional relationship between parents and
kids ；与非亲属；互惠利他；搭便车者；囚徒困境；最后通牒游戏；荣誉文化
At the beginning of this class，I’d like to answer the question raised by a
student last class first. That is,
非人类的灵长类动物也像人类一样有这么多种微笑吗？&& The
answer is no，非人类的灵长类动物不会用微笑来打招呼
对舐犊之情的最好例证是帝企鹅(emperor
penguin)。它们对子女的抚养可以说非常精细甚至冒着巨大风险。
does the brain of babies form the emotional rely on that
斯金纳提出了“橱柜理论”。鲍白则认为是因为母亲给予婴儿温暖和舒适
亨利哈洛did an experiment，证明猩猩更倾向于“布妈妈”
What’s the difference between children raised by
parents and those sent to orphanage as a child?
knows exactly the answer，but at least there is no big
difference。
哈洛做了这样一个实验，将猴子隔离在只有“铁丝妈妈”的环境中，发现这些猴子长大后都疯了，它们孤僻，不懂得交流，不会当母亲，一只猴子甚至把人工受精生下来的小猴子摔死。
这证明早期关系和依赖对于灵长类动物的成长非常重要。
在人类社会中我们不能做这样的实验，但是却有现实例证。在严苛的抚养院中长大的孩子相对而言会变得更加冷漠和孤僻。
不过，如果在早期重新给予这些孩子关怀，他们会逐渐改善。
Student：孤儿院的孩子互相安抚吗？
Student：中间情况怎么样？ 如果父母只给予很少的安抚会怎样？
Teacher：Such a situation does
exist，这些孩子会相对更加孤僻，but we
don’t have conclusive evidence
从进化论角度理解亲属之间的关系并不难，令人困惑的是动物（包括人类）与非亲属也有微妙复杂的关系，事实上，动物对非亲属也挺友好的。动物们向同伴发出危险警告；动物们互相照顾彼此的孩子；动物们分享食物，比如说一只吸血蝙蝠吸饱了血并不自己留着，而是飞回洞穴给同伴一些，即互利惠他主义。&&&
但总是存在骗子或搭便车者，即那些只受益而不付出的人。从短期来看，骗子的确比其他人占了更多便宜，但是长此以往他并不能得到更多。吸血蝙蝠会辨认并记住那些只接收而不付出的蝙蝠，这说明只有当整个群体共同惩治骗子，互惠共利的机制才能运作下去。
报答在社会行为的演化中影响很大，经典例证就是“囚徒困境”。
“囚徒困境”的特点在于对你而言做出那个选择是最好的，但是如果双方都做出这个选择，则双方的境遇都会变糟。
【“囚徒困境”很有名，这里就不费硬盘了，自己问百度大神去】
比如说军备竞赛、毒品交易
罗伯特艾斯克罗德，曾让选手带着他们的程序参加“囚徒困境”，有些选手的程序非常强大。而胜出者是阿纳托尔拉波波特，有趣的是他的程序是最简单的，即投桃报李法则。第一次选择合作，从友善开始，接下里的回合根据上回合的情况而做出不同的选择。如果对方欺骗，则惩罚，如果对方改善，则原谅。这是个很简单却是很重要的道理。
最后通牒游戏
A和B分享10美元，A有权开价，在1—10中任选一个数字，而B所做的只是接受或拒绝。如果B拒绝，则两人都得不到这10美元。实验结果发现，大多数人开出4、5的价格，很少有人开出1美元，因为这很可能激怒对方，使得两人都得不到一分钱。虽然理性人会选择接受1美元因为有总比没有好，但非理性人则往往不会，所以对方会迫于你的非理性而做出妥协。
这个游戏证明了一个听起来荒谬的观点——理性人容易被利用，理性人通常不在乎对方的挑衅。而非理性人有时会有优势，因为对方会屈从于你的非理性。非理性人有时会选择宁为玉碎不为瓦全。
instance，当你在选择终身伴侣的时候，A进行了理性的分析，考虑了长久的未来，认为你们之间是合适的；而B则不那么理性，他只是为爱疯狂。或许有时候B更可爱一点。
再比如，人们通常不会去招惹那些不理性的、脾气暴躁的人，因为他们火起来什么事都干得出来。而一个理性人被骚扰的时候，通常被误以为他是可以被骚扰的。这就是为什么暴力能力有时候是男子气概的一种标志，而忍让则被视作是愚蠢和懦弱。
荣誉文化差异，在法律所鞭长莫及的地方，比如说美国南部的牧场，牛仔建立暴力复仇声誉变得很重要。美国南方人比北方人对有关荣誉的挑衅更加敏感。
Are People Different? &&&Differences
Keywords：性格和智力；可信度和有效性；大五人格；韦克斯勒测试；贝尔曲线；基因和环境；弗林效应；父母和孩子之间的相关性
1、人们有何不同，用不同的心理学理论分析你如何不同于他人
2、why people are different?
人们的性别和欲望
Happiness，what makes people feel happy, and what not?
人们之间的快乐有何不同？
你生活中的成功和失败
人类差异的根源，two main
elements。一个是性格，一个是智力。
可信度，如果在不同时间测试出同样的结果，经得起时间考验，那就说明有可信度。
有效性，测试能够测出我们想要测量的东西。比如说根据生日测验智商就不能得到有效的结果。
罗夏墨点测试，一开始它是用来检测精神病的，后来它被广泛使用。虽然人们很喜欢用它，但它其实极其无用。&
因为它没有可信度和有效性。
大五人格&&
·外倾性（extraversion）：好交际对不好交际，爱娱乐对严肃，感情丰富对含蓄;表现出热情、社交、果断、活跃、冒险、乐观等特点。
　　神经质或情绪稳定性（neuroticism）:烦恼对平静，不安全感对安全感，自怜对自我满意，包括焦虑、敌对、压抑、自我意识、冲动、脆弱等特质。
　　·开放性（openness）: 富于想象对务实，寻求变化对遵守惯例，自主对顺从。具有想象、审美、丰富、求异、创造、智慧等特征。
　　·随和性(agreeableness)：热心对无情，信赖对怀疑，乐于助人对不合作。包括信任、利他、直率、谦虚、移情等品质。
　　·尽责性(conscientiousness)：有序对无序，谨慎细心对粗心大意，自律对意志薄弱。包括胜任、公正、条理、尽职、成就、自律、谨慎、克制等特点。
智力Intelligence
抽象的推理能力、解决问题的能力、获取知识的能力，这是聪明的核心象征。还有Memory、心理速度、language、mathematics，knowledge and creativity。
斯皮尔曼。
He thinks there are two types
of intelligence
“S”是在特定测试中的智力，如数学测试、空间测试中的结果
“G”是指总体的智力水平。
韦克斯勒测试，平均分为100，68%的人的智力介于85—115之间,95%的人的智力介于70—130之间。0.13%的人的智力在145以上，
人们的IQ与他们的日常生活关系密切。
：现代人做多了性格测试，出题者如何避免答题人猜到题目背后的意图？
Teacher：出题者会出一些看起来很奇怪的题目。不过实践是检验真理的唯一标准，一项测试是否有效，还要看它是否在长时间内对很多人都有效。
Student：How about 情商
(EQ: emotional
Teacher：我在之后会提到。但是“情商”测试还没有得到像“IQ”测试一样强有力的证据。
Student：how do you judge a test is good or
Teacher：这里包括了很多细节，如果泛泛而谈需要包括可信度和有效性。如果测验能符合现实情况那它就是一个好的测试。我们怎么知道SAT有用，那是因为它总体上反映了学生的水平。
学生：when we are talking about personality,
我们说它具有时间上的稳定性，但我们如何知道它随时间而稳定？，它能改变吗？
Teacher：是的，很多个性会随着时间而改变。
are different?
reasons：Gene and environment
&&即本性和教育、遗传和经历
【关键问题在于两者对人影响的方面和程度】
非共享环境和共享环境
同卵双胞胎分享完全相同的基因
行为遗传学发现，分开成长的同卵双胞胎之间具有很大的相似性。对他们的大脑进行扫描，很难分辨两者之间的区别，即使他们的成长环境不同。
很多事情都具有高度遗传性，包括你是否快乐，政治立场，宗教信仰等等。
组内差异与组间差异是不同的。
弗林效应。个体的智商逐年增加的现象，也就是说下一代的智商比上一代要高。而智力测试则掩盖了这一现象，因为它总是取平均数。孩子得了120分，父亲在他那个年纪得了122分，但事实上孩子的那套题比父亲当年做的那套题更难。【但是我并不认为这是进化的结果，而是教育的结果，下一代人当然比上一代人接受了更多新的知识】
shocking viewpoint: the effect of environment on intelligence or
personality is very small
For example, the IQ of two children without blood relationship has
little relationship even though they live in one family.
如果以上观点是正确的，那么父母对我们有何影响？他们对我们是有极大影响的，但只发生在受精的那一瞬间，自此以后，他们的影响就微乎其微了。&&&&&
朱迪斯·哈里斯
当然，父母和孩子之间有着绝对的相关性。但是这个相关性需要从不同的角度进行解释。人们认为是父母的行为影响了孩子，还有一种解释是父母和孩子之间有着相似的基因才导致了这种相关性。&
比如说，父母喜欢读书会使得孩子也成为一个书虫，但也有可能是因为父母和孩子都带有爱看书的基因。&&&
有人认为家长经常打孩子会导致孩子产生暴力倾向，但说不定是因为那个孩子本来就是个麻烦制造者所以父母才打他。【原因和结果颠倒】
What Motivates Us: Sex
Keywords：sex differences；sex attractiveness；the origin of sex preference
The average time American people spent on sex
everyday is 4 minutes 3 second. Actually, we don’t spent much time
on sex, but it doesn’t mean sex is not important.
为什么大多数动物都具有两性仍是一个迷。达尔文认为两性在进化论的角度来说是奇怪的，因为后代只能继承一个个体的一半基因，而不是全部。
但这不是我们今天要思考的问题
我们要思考的问题是
First，we should discuss the
difference between male and female.
匿名性接触、社交智力、攻击性、同情心、科学和数学能力的差异
Second, we shall talk about sex attractiveness.
&&&&&&&&&&
相同：beauty&&&
At last, we would talk about the origin of sex preference
基础性教育：性的道德性和必然性& 【不太懂】
性的道德性：
性不仅是我们生活中亲密的一部分，还涉及道德问题。我必须开始处理一些道德后果和道德含义。所有的生物学家都对性行为有争议，性行为是一种生物适应来传播我们的基因，但是无生殖的性，包括同性性行为，没有为生殖的目标服务，也许在某种意义上，是反常的。
平克——《心智探奇》： 自然并不指示我们应该接受什么，或者我们应该如何过我们的生活，在我适合生育的时候，我自愿不要孩子，把我的生物资源浪费在阅读写作、做研究、帮助朋友和学生，还有绕圈慢跑上，忽略了传播我的基因的严肃要求，根据进化论者的标准，我是一个可怕的错误，一个可怜的失败者，但我很开心于这种方式，如果我的基因不喜欢这种方式，他们可以去跳湖。
的确，有时候我们做的事情是服务于自然的指令的，但这并不代表非自然的事情就是错误的。自然进化出我们的大脑，是为了让我们的大脑自己来决定我们的命运。
道德并不一定由生物事实所产生。
性的必然性：【没听懂】
某物产生的原因与能推翻他的原因，在逻辑上是分离的。
基因决定的东西并不一定是必然的
文化决定的东西并不一定是很容易改变的
一、What’s the difference between male and
penis和阴道，many animals have neither one.
1. Why the sex cell of male is small but they are big in
question disturbs scientists a long time, but now we have
conclusion
罗伯特·特里弗斯——“亲本投资”：任何提高后代存活率的投资，通过耗费父母的精力投资其他后代。
example，如果一种动物眨眨眼睛就可以产出一个后代，那么它的亲本投资是很小的；而如果另一种动物需要十年的时间才能产出一个后代，并且在这十年内它不能再拥有另一个后代，那么它的亲本投资则很大。
雄性动物的生殖细胞小，它们的亲本投资也小；而雌性动物的生殖细胞较大，从而它们的亲本投资也大。由此，雄性动物可以让多个雌性受精，迫使雄性的数量相对于雌性更少【不然就会有很多雄性打光棍了，就像中国……】，并且引起雄性之间的竞争。
对于雌性，雌性总能找到雄性，所以单纯的数量不重要，雌性之间的竞争是与优质的雄性进行交配。所以，雄性为了得到生殖权利，就进化出了优质的大体型和一些特别的器官。
logical goes like this：leads to
typical difference of 亲本投资，which lead to 各种心理和生理机能的进化差异。
course, sometimes the position of male and female reverse, such
as 尖嘴鱼，male is responsible for bring up
offspring，therefore, the
size of female is bigger.《帝企鹅日记》，male and female bring up their offspring
together，它们付出的亲本投资是相等的，so are equal in size.
about human beings.
男性的体型比女性大百分之十五
about sex choice?
男性和女性在赞同匿名性行为的比例上是否有差异？
按照进化论的观点，男性应该更能接受匿名性行为，因为这可能产生一个后代，这对男性来说是有利的，而且男性不需要承受女性所受的那样的伤害。而女性则会很挑剔。
卖淫和色情文学在人类中是普遍现象，甚至在灵长类动物中也存在。&&&
4. 对性种类的偏好是什么呢？
库里奇效应，is based on the story of American president
卡尔文·柯立芝and his
每个人都知道男性喜欢和女性进行匿名性行为。
匿名调查：下个月你想要多少个性伴侣？
你会和认识的一个合意伴侣进行性行为吗？
5. What about sex behavior?
fact，我们很难仅仅从人们做爱的平均次数来区分出人们想要什么，男性和女性的差异。可以更清楚地反映出这种差异的方法是在同性恋人群中。有数据调查说，lesbian 比。曾有艾滋病调查发现，男同的性关系非常混乱。对于这些男同，如果他们是异性恋的话，他们会倾向于找更多的女性进行性行为。
有一些性别差异是普遍的
但有一些性别差异的来源人们并不知道来自哪里
社会因素：男孩女孩从小就被区别对待
性别自我隔离& 持续多久取决于文化，增强了性别差异
《本质差异》&
其中一个差异是同情心
科学和数学能力的差异。&
哈佛大学前校长认为，女性在此方面的建树比不上男性。
但他提出的论点不在于女性在平均水平上落后，他认为男性女性在平均技能能力上是一致的，但是男性中的变异更大，也就是说，在男性中有一些是白痴，有一些是天才。&
这是一个很有争议的论点。
二、What about sex attractiveness？
have great research date about cross-cultural
Questionnaire：你想和什么样的人在一起？
靠谱，，at
least they say so.
there are still some differences，women pay more attention to power and
status，and。 而这个男性的年龄有多大并不太重要，granted，男性的精子数量随着年龄的增长而下降，but it’s not very important。
concern slightly different,他们关注女性的生育能力，所以年龄的差异非常重要，因为年龄大的女性不能生育。
Back to another similarity ——Everyone likes Beauty ——and what is beauty?
means young
also means healthy
Generally，we think a face balanced is more
preference to balance is not caused by culture, inherent to some
三、The origin of sex preferences
98%的女人对男性来说is attractive
96%的男人is attractive&&
—— the data is not necessarily
有些人是异性恋，有些是双性恋，有些难以被归类，只有一小部分人是纯粹的同性恋，真正让人难以理解的是这一部分
当我们说同性恋的时候，我们并不是在说行为，有些人与同性发生性行为可能只是因为无聊。问题不在于为什么男人会和男人做爱，而在于为什么男人不愿意与女人做爱
preference并不是自己有意选择的，有一些同性恋者连自己都认为同性恋is immoral，但是自己无力改变
是否与青春期的经历有关？Possibly
同性恋和异性恋是天生的还是后天的？&
多多少少是有基因的，但并不全部
纯粹同性恋是进化上的一个谜，大迷。完全无关道德问题，只是它不符合进化的规律。从进化适应的角度来说，这种基因应该早就灭绝了。
Q：在其他的动物中，是否有同样的数据呢，在性别偏好方面
A：很多动物都存在同性恋行为，但我不知道纯粹的同性恋现象。
Person in the World of People: Morality
We are going to deal with three facets of
morality：
Moral feelings, moral judgments, and then moral
particularly focus on why good people do bad
things，which lead us to review and discuss the
Milgram study (米尔格拉姆研究)
Now, moral feelings is what we’ll start off with
question is ‘How could moral feelings evolve?’
Moral feelings we could view as feelings of condemnation,
shame, pride, righteous anger, but also simple affection, caring
for other people, wanting to do well by them.
You might think that the existence of these
feelings is a mystery from an evolutionary point of view.
在适者生存的残酷背景下，how could animal evolve moral
are two answers to this:
answer is kin selection
(亲缘选择)： evolution works at the level of genes, and because
of that it could give rise to animals that are themselves
altruistic(利他主义的)。 And they are
altruistic because they act to preserve other animals that share
the same genes.
The most altruistic behavior of all, giving your live to
help another, can be explained in cold-blooded evolutionary terms.
&&&Animals
that are altruistic even to the point of dying to help another,
those genes will, under some circumstance, be preserved over the
genes of people who are less caring. And that is one force to
second force towards kindness is cooperation. &Even if animals are
unrelated, they are nice to one another. A our
minds have evolved, to enter sort of cooperative situations with
other people to surmount deception and cheating.
But what do we know as psychologists about the emergence in
nature of moral feelings in individuals?
case studies:
Empathy (同理心)：empathy can be viewed as a feeling that your pain
matters to me. If you are hurt, in some sense, painful for
曾有心理学家做过一个实验，当然现在这种实验是违法的。
心理学家在两个房间里各放了一只黑猩猩，中间是一道玻璃墙，可以互见彼此，但两只黑猩猩既没有亲属关系，也没见过对方。
一只黑猩猩若要得到食物，就要不断地拍打杠杆，而每一次它拍打杠杆，另一只黑猩猩就会被电击一次。
心理学家发现，黑猩猩不会让自己饿死，但它会极力减少拍打杠杆的次数，以使对方不受太多的痛苦，自己也不会陪他一同承受。
但这似乎只发生在同类之间，若对面是一只兔子，那黑猩猩就会不停地拍打拍打，看着兔子被电得不亦乐乎。
Now we’ve know for a long time that empathetic feeling is
not logically linked to morality. This is a point made by
Aristotle(亚里士多德).
see you writhing in pain. That could cause me pain. But that
doesn’t mean I’m going to be nice to you. I could run away from you
or I could blame you for causing me this misery.
this sort of empathy does lead to moral concern and
Empathetic feeling, like any other human capacity, differs
across people.
There is some reason to believe that in the
population known as ‘Psychopaths’, this sort of instinctive empathy
is broken and the pain of others just doesn’t bother them very
The second case study of moral feelings is ‘In-group’ and
‘Out-group’
a lot more about my children than I do about my friends and I care
more about my friends than I care about strangers. We also favor
our groups over others.
Robber’s cave study &罗宾斯山洞研究
bring together all the warring countries and religion of this
planet is an alien attack. By the logic of the Sherif it will bring
us all together as a group.
psychologist Tajfel after World War Ⅱ, was interested in the question of what could
make a group.&
In one experiment he showed people pictures of
modern art, and based on their responses he described them as Klee
lovers or Kandinsky lovers. Now, this is all made up. They were
just random assignments. But the Klee lovers viewed themselves as
more similar to other Klee lovers. They thought the Klee lover
tended to be smarter than the Kandinsky lovers and the Klee lover
would devote more resources to themselves than to
There are three hallmarks for moral judgments
it carry a sense of obligation?
it carry a notion of sanctions?
say you don’t believe in morality. I believe in Nietzsche
don’t believe you if you were to say that.
Some sort of moral judgment happens all the time, often
unconsciously.
we know that there are some universals. There are some aspects of
moral reasoning that show up everywhere on earth.
the anthropologist Richard Shweder gives a list here of human
differences.
theory of psychology has to explain how these differences
Shweder argues there are three styles of
An ethics of autonomy, an ethics of community, an ethics of
但即使是在同一个道德观模式中，道德判断还是很不同的
这是弗吉尼亚大学
强纳森·海德特教授的研究：
大多数人认为，双方自愿的，不伤害其他人的性行为是被允许的。
但现在假设，一对兄妹在大学放假期间去法国游玩，在海滩宿营的那个晚上他们发现两个人做爱会很有趣，于是两个人做好了安全措施发生了性行为，有多少人认为这是被允许的？
调查发现，大多数人觉得这是不可接受的，但是为什么？他们可能给不出强有力的理由，只是说，反正这就是不对的。&
强纳森把这称为“Moral dumbfounding 道德错愕”
The motivation for Milgram’s work was the
Holocaust大屠杀
Two forces for evil：
Deindividuation of self（去个性化）：one reason why people are so bad in groups I
because you could diffuse your responsibility. Other ways of
diminishing responsibility include coerce,
anonymity.
使对象不再成一个个体：如把人当做货物，take away their names，see them as disgusting，to dehumanize people, all these make people matter
less，and make them
easier to kill.
Force for good：
Contact and interdependence联系和相互依赖:
this can be viewed as an extend version of selfish gene theory,
that is you care about them more for purely selfish
Robert Wright 罗伯特·赖特 presented this in a very blunt way, but I
think his quote is quite moving: one of the many reasons I don’t
want to bomb the Japanese is that they built my
Interdependence gives rise to a moral
connection.
Thomas Friedman 托马斯·弗里德曼
proposed the “Golden Arches
Theory of Human Conflict”(金色拱门防止冲突理论)，which said no two countries which each have
McDonald’s will ever go to war, because McDonald’s& forces global
interdependence.
generally, there’s what’s been called “The Contact
Hypothesis”接触假说，
maybe more interesting is
simple contact with other people. Particularly if you are of equal
status, you have common goal, and you have social support make you
like people more.
military is a superb example.
The final force for good from a moral
perspective:
take another person’s perspective, you’ll care more about
肯尼迪, when making the plea for equal rights, didn’t
produce an abstract philosophical argument but rather try to invite
his listeners who were white to engage in a perspective
taking.站在黑人的角度上，他们愿不愿意仅仅因为肤色的原因而受到歧视，他们愿不愿意与黑人对换位置。
can also use the power of metaphor:
I want to cause you to feel moral concern for a fetus, I will do
well to describe it as a pre-born child.
If I wanna to think about all of you and establish
more connection with you, I would not describe you as unrelated
strangers. Rather, you are my brother and sisters, just as most
politician did.
Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part
Keyword: social psychology
I get into the theory of social psychology, I wanna talk about an
individual difference. I have talked about individual differences,
but I want to talk a little bit more an individual difference in
our social natures.
Milgram: The game of Six Degrees of Separation
good reason for going to Yale is you develop powerful
1. Spotlight effect:
Gilovich have found that you believe that people are
noticing you all the time but they aren’t. They are busing noticing
themselves.
2. The Transparency effect:
are actually good at lying.
is that we believe that we’re more transparent than we
second social psychological phenomenon is you think you’re
terrific. People will view themselves better than average. This has
been called the “Lake Wobegon effect”.
self-serving bias: when thing go well, we will credit ourselves
while things go bad, we tend to blame the situation or
misfortune.
you do make sense.
4. Cognitive dissonance theory:
read the information which already exists in your mind.
general, when people devote a lot of energy or money or expense to
something, they are extraordinarily resistant to having it proven
wrong.& So
in love, when the couple gets separated, the one who devote a lot
would feel more painful than the one who devote little.
5. Attributions:
tend to give too much weight to the person or his personality and
not enough weight to the situation. _____the fundamental
attribution error.
Summarize:
the enhancement of self
the simplification of others.
6. Why we like other people?
Proximity.& &The mere exposure
Similarity.
people like good-looking people
Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part
Impression formation:
First impression matters a lot.
We form impressions very fast, very
Pygmalion effect: If I think you have a
characteristic, then it turns out that as if you do have the
characteristic. &How our expectations
really matters.
Stereotypes
generalizations is essential to our ability to live.
Positive aspects: stereotypes are often accurate
Negative aspects: they are sometimes
inaccurate.&&
For the reasons below:
preoccupation
Your data may be misleading.
is a moral principle: some people insist that even though some
stereotypes are correct, it is still immoral to apply them in day
to day life. &&But
the problem is there are some stereotypes we do need to apply in
daily life.
Stereotype threat:
stereotypes
Private stereotypes: what you really think, but you don’t
tell people
Unconscious stereotypes
stages：transition period
REM sleep (rapid eye movement sleep)
kinds of sleep:
&&&Slow-wave
sleep or quiet sleep: hard to be awakened
sleep: your brain is active as you awake. Men get erections. Lots
of dreams.
Are we living in the real world or that it is just
a big dream?
We do all sorts of things in dream, are they
A: You can’t usually be immoral in a dream.
Distinction between real dream and sleep
Everybody dreams, 3 to 4 times one night, but dreams fade
away quickly.
do people dream?&
people dream about bad dreams, but not nightmares.
chased ranked top of all dreams.
are dreams for?
Why we laugh?
It is a universal trait of humankind.
Laughter is social and communicative. we laugh
loud. To laugh loud is to communicate with other people.
Laughter is contagious.
Laughter is associated with mock
Tragedy is I cut off my finger. Comedy is when you
fall in an open sewer and die.
To sum up, ingredients of humor is there has to be
a target who experiences some harm. It could enemy, it could be
friends, and it could yourself.
But the harm shouldn’t be so serious.
Laughter comes in some level of
What Happens When Things Go Wrong: Mental Illness, Part
first and the most fundamental question in clinical psychology is
“what is abnormality”? &Where do we draw the
line between normal, healthy, typical behavior?
Social norm
Certain characteristic of the target
person.& For
instance, gender. Crying means quite differently towards male and
distress（痛苦）, dysfunction（功能失常）, and deviance(异常)
many as one in four women will have an episode of serious
depression at some time in her life and about 13% of men will have
an episode of serious depression in their life. So, these are
extremely common kinds of problems that people experience,
particularly at your age.
Depression:
The individual has to either show sadness or a
diminished interest or pleasure in their usual
activities.
Weight and appetite change
Sleep disturbances ____insomnia
Psychomotor retardation or agitation
（精神运动迟缓或激越）
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive
Diminished ability to concentrate or
indecisiveness.
people who got depression stay in this stage for a very long time,
but the minimum criterion in the DSM is at least two
两极性异常
他们可以通过非凡的才华将狂躁症转化为非常有用的东西。有一些成功的CEO被认为患有长期的轻微的狂躁症，他们可以连续几天只睡几个小时，他们明显自尊心膨胀、自信。
但大多数情况下，狂躁症非常危险。他们会有大量的性滥交、滥用药物，他们绝对可以害自己和家人破产。
躁郁症：狂躁症停止时，抑郁症发作。&
这比抑郁症要少见得多，躁郁症的发病率只占人口的1%
严重抑郁症的年龄分布：
24岁这个年龄有15%的人，是最高的，随后开始下降。但在35—44这个年龄段，会随着年龄增大而升高。老年人的发病率其实很低。
抑郁症will influence your physical
health：心血管疾病、stroke、immune
system disease.
difference in depression:
13, boys and girls have relatively similar levels of
depression.
但在青春期开始后，女生的抑郁症发病率明显上升，男生持平或者下降。当他们长到18或者20岁时，女孩和男孩的发病率几乎达到2:1。
认知行为理论和疗法，人际关系理论和疗法
基因：很明显情绪和基因有关
大脑区域——前额皮质层
后面的没听懂。。。。。
What Happens When Things Go Wrong: Mental Illness, Part
the line between normal and abnormal?
we label somebody as mentally ill this is not a medical decision.
It’s rather a social decision designed to ostracize people who
deviate from society’s norms.
some serious sense, mentally illness is as much a disease as cancer
and it should be thought of in the same way. It would damage your
disable your function such as creativity, productivity and so
1% of the world’s population suffers from schizophrenia(精神分裂症), and this is the most common reason for being in
a mental hospital and the reason for that is because of how
terrible an illness it is.&
people think schizophrenia refers to having multiple personalities
which is incorrect. A multiple personality disorder is an entirely
different disorder. What people with schizophrenia have is a
problem with relating to reality.
are five main symptoms of
schizophrenia. Four of them are the positive symptoms, meaning
things that you do, one symptom that you don’t have.
Hallucination（幻觉）. The most typical hallucinations are
Delusion(错觉): it’s a belief that you should have. What can be
defined as hallucination and what can be defined as delusion is
quite controversial.& They often tend to
believe they are famous people. One theme of delusion is what’s
called “ideas of reference”(牵连观念). An idea of reference is you think that there are all
sorts of things happening that revolve around you. You hear people
whispering and you think they are talking about
There is disorganized speech.
And sometimes there is disorganized behavior
Absence of normal thought or emotion. They may not
care about anything.
are five different subtypes of
schizophrenia, but I’m going to focus on the three major
Paranoid schizophrenia 偏执型精神分裂症患者. They believe others are spying and
plotting against them. They often believe that other people are
jealous of them.
The catatonic schizophrenia 紧张型精神分裂症患者are unresponsive to their
surroundings.
The disorganized schizophrenia 瓦解型精神分裂症患者 are maybe what you most think of when you
think of somebody who is insane.
hard to pin down what exactly the root of
these diseases. But a very general summary is that there is
a problem, an inability to put together your thoughts and
perceptions, to sequence them and coordinate them, to impose a
logical structure and a reasonable realistic temporal sequence on
your experience.
Genetic again
play a very important role in schizophrenia, but whether or not you
become schizophrenia depends on what happens in your environment.
There’s some recent research that ties schizophrenia to the
possibility of toxoplasmosis（弓形虫）, which is a disorder carried by cat feces.
different sort of trigger is stressful family
environments.
industrialized countries have a better rate of recovery from
schizophrenia than industrialized countries and nobody knows
Anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorders.& 广泛性焦虑症 It does seem to have its possible roots in
some sort of childhood trauma(童年创伤). Because you are
hyper-vigilant.
phobias 恐惧症.&
compulsive disorder强迫症. &Checking and washing.
develop compulsive disorder, you might find yourself being cured
simply with medicines.
disorders are “comorbid” 并存疾病. So, if you have a severe depression for instance, you may
also have an anxiety disorder.
people with schizophrenia dangerous?
a rule statistically, it tends to be not the case. They tend to be
more likely victims than harmful. They tend to be fairly
Dissociative disorders 解离症
people mean by that is literally a dissociation of
are three different types:
dissociative amnesia 解离性失忆症:
dissociative fugue 解离性漫游症:
dissociative identity disorder 解离性人格障碍: so people, from the philosopher Dan
Dennett to the psychologist Judith Harris have pointed out that
we’re different selves in different situations. We can consciously
play act the different selves but we could just shift personalities
depending on whether we are with our friends or our family or with
strangers. The claim is that dissociative identity disorder however
dramatic it looks might merely be an extended version of this where
people as well are to some extent play acting to make their
therapist and doctors happy.
Narcissistic personality disorder 自恋型人格障碍
Avoidant personality disorder 逃避型人格障碍
Dependent 依赖型
Histrionic 表演型
Borderline 边缘型
Paranoid personality disorder 偏执型人格障碍 you’re just & to a greater extent than
normal. You think other people are against you and plotting against
Antisocial personality disorder. 反社会人格。
successful ones, are the ones that run the world that excel in
every field because they are successful enough that they don’t look
like psychopaths精神变态者. They have no conscience, no compassion, love,
loyalty. They are cold-blooded and ambitious but they don’t go
around making this so obvious.
Does therapy work?
Good Life: Happiness
Therapy by and
large works. We can not cure these diseases, but we can often make
them better.
安慰剂效应：即使药物无效，光是服用药物这种行为，就可能有助于减轻症状
Happiness:
psychology focuses on misery.
Positive Psychology
Marty Seligman 马丁 塞里格曼is the pioneer of positive psychology.
He’s written an excellent book called 《Authentic Happiness》.
Jonathan Haidt&
《Nettle》&
Dan Gilbert’s 《Stumbling on Happiness》
How happy you are?
turns out that most people think they are happier than the
There’s the Lake Wobegon effect (the tendency of taking
everything above the average) with happiness.
Happiness vary in different people
Happiness doesn’t
change as much as you think. Your happiness is not sensitive
to what happens in your environment as you might think it
There are some genetic
determination, not entirely but some, in how happy you
We think these things would have profound effects
on our happiness but they need not and they often
“Affective
forecasting”幸福感预测
The reason lie in we
adapt, we get used to it. But there are exceptions: the effects of cosmetic
surgery整形手术. It makes people happier and stays in happier.
And one of the explanations of this is how we look is very
important to us.
How do you deal with the fact that everything you aspire
to, once you get it you’ll be used to it and it will lose its
One answer is possession is not the key to happiness. From there,
you have two alternatives, one is endless novelty. Then there is
the old guy alternative ____give up chasing the whole happiness
thing and then seek out more substantial goods like friends and
family and long-term projects.
Happiness is relative.&
Your happiness depends on your relative circumstance as long as you
are not desperately poor. Your role in a hierarchy plays a
significant effect on your level of happiness.&
Ending really
matters. It turns out that if you want to give people a good
memory, or a less bad memory, of a horrible event, topping them off
with some mild pain will do the trick.
want to close this course by emphasize two themes.
There are some very basic questions about the mind
that nobody knows the answer to yet. We know the brain is the
source of mental life but we don’t have any understanding at all
about how exactly this happens, about how a physical object, a lump
of meat, can give rise to conscious experience. We know that about
half of the variants in personality, about half the differences
between people are due to genetic factors. 但我们不知道如何解释另一半。应该是由于经历不同，但我们不能很好解释是何种经历，让一个人很爱冒险，而另一个很保守，一个很刻薄，一个很知足，我们十分了解社交影响，它能使一个人对其他人做出可怕的举动，但我们无法回答更难的问题。为什么有些人能不受它影响。为什么有人做好事，甚至是英雄举动，无论他们身陷何种处境。所以还要做很多研究，这是一个令人激动的领域。因为我们需要了解的东西还有很多。
我们最终会运用各种手段，解答这些问题和更多问题，我们这学期讨论过，可以用系统的科学理论，演变的、神经病学的、发展的、计算的，然后通过实验和观察法来验证，也就是说最终我们最重要最私密的部分，我们的信仰、情绪、决断能力，甚至连是非观都能通过系统的以及可验证的科学假设来解释。
说实话，有人觉得那很恐怖，有些人认为，对思想的科学研究会抹杀掉人的特殊性，在某种程度上削弱了我们。
我不同意。
如果说，我在这门课上想说服你们什么的话，就是你越是研究思想，研究它科学的运作模式，你就越会欣赏它的复杂、独特和美丽。
课堂笔记后记：
从最开始贴出《《耶鲁大学开放课程：心理学导论》听课笔记（一）》
做完笔记的最大感受是——我好像没做过笔记。
不记得那谁谁谁说的来着，一遍等于没有。 我不能再同意了。
一份笔记的作用——如果有的话——无非是重复地再现你所学过的东西，而重复，是所有人成就伟大的关键之一。不管有空没空，只要还对心理学有些兴趣，就该常回来看看。
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点，不代表新浪网的观点或立场。