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＞＞＞When _____ his view about his job as a teacher, Mike said he..
When _____ his view about his job as a teacher, Mike said he found it very interesting and rewarding.A．askingB．askedC．having askedD．to be asked
题型：单选题难度：中档来源：不详
B试题分析：句意:当马克被问做教师这个职业时的看法。他说他发现这个工作是非常有趣和值得的。这里when引导的省略句，完整的是when he was asked his view about his job as a teacher，这里当从句中的主语与主句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语动词有be时，这时从句的主语与be同时省略，故选B。点评：本题难度适中。为了使话说得简明扼要，英语句子中某个单词、短语甚至从句或主句都可以省去。这种省去句子某些成分而保持句子意思不变的现象，称为省略。它是高中阶段的重要的语法项目，需要考生仔细分析句子结构，来确定省略的内容。这里考生容易误选A。即学即练:He is rather difficult to make friends with, but his friendship，______ is more true than& any other.A.once gained&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B.when to gainC.after gaining&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D.while& gaining解析：A。考查省略句。once gained =" once" it is gained。当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致且从句中含有be动词时，可省略从句中的主语和谓语部分。
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“When _____ his view about his job as a teacher, Mike said he..”主要考查你对&&全部倒装，部分倒装，省略句&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
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全部倒装部分倒装省略句
全部倒装的概念：
倒装英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前，这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于修辞或某种特殊的语法结构的需要，需要将谓语动词放在主语之前，这种语序则叫倒装语序。主语和谓语完全倒置叫完全倒装。完全倒装完全倒装的基本形式是“谓语+主语”，主要见于以下情况：
1、here和there位于句首时的倒装：表示地点的here和there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come,go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词： 如：Here's Tom. 汤姆在这里。 &&&&&&& There's Jim. 吉姆在那儿。 &&&&&&& Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。&&&&&&&&&There goes the bell. 铃响了。 &&&&&&& There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。注：（1）以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态，即不能说：Here is coming the bus.&&&&&&& &&&&&&& （2）若主语为代词，则不倒装：如：Here I am. 我在这儿。/ 我来了。 &&&&&&& Here it comes.它来了。&&&&&&& （3）其中的动词有时也可能是stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词（表示存在）： 如：There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。 &&&&&&& Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 从前有个人名叫比夫。 2、away和down等位于句首时的倒装：地点副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词： 如：Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。 &&&&&&& Round and round flew the plane. 飞机盘旋着。 &&&&&&& The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了，史密斯先生进了来。 &&&&&&& Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，伞都撑起来了。注：若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装： 如：Away he went. 他跑远了。 &&&&&&& Down it came. 它掉了下来。 3、某些状语或表语位于句首时的倒装：为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装： 如：Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。&&&&&&& By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。注：在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较：In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。 &&&&&&&&&&& In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。 4、现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首的倒装：有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装： 如：Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。 &&&&&&& Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。 &&&&&&& To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。部分倒装的概念：
倒装英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前，这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于修辞或某种特殊的语法结构的需要，需要将谓语动词放在主语之前，这种语序则叫倒装语序。主语和助动词倒置叫部分倒装。部分倒装：1、含有否定意义的副词位于句首时的倒装：在正式文体中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装： 如：I shall never forgive him./ Never shall I forgive him. 我永远不会宽恕他。 &&&&&&& He seldom goes out for dinner./Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃饭。 &&&&&&& She hardly has time to listen to music./Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 他几乎没时间听音乐。 &&&&&&& He little realize show important this meetingis./Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。&&& &&&&&&& We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off./No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。注：(1)对于not…until句型，当not until…位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序： 如：He didn't leave the room until the rain stopped./Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。 &&&&&&& (2)某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装： 如：On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。 &&&&&&& In[Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him. 无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。但是，in no time(立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序： 如：In no time he worked out the problem. 他马上就算出了那道题。 2、“only+状语”位于句首时的倒装：当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序： 如：Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。 &&&&&&& Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。 &&&&&&& Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时,才知道出了什么事。3、“so+形容词或副词”位于句首时的倒装：副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后用部分倒装： 如：So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。 &&&&&&& So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法像它的速度。 &&&&&&& So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。 4、“So+助动词+主语”倒装：当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构： 如：You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。 &&&&&&& She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。 &&&&&&& If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。注：(1)若前面提出某一否定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的so改为neither或nor： 如：You aren't young and neither am I. 你不年轻，我也不年轻。 &&&&&&& She hasn't read it and nor have I. 她没有读它，我也没有读。 &&&&&&& (2)注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别： 如："It was cold yesterday." "So it was."“昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”&&&&&& &"Father, you promised." "Well, so I did."“爸爸，你答应过的。”“嗯，是答应过。” 5、由not only…but also引出的倒装：当not only…but also位于句首引出句子时，not only后的句子通常用部分倒装形式： 如：Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。 &&&&&&& Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。 6、虚拟条件句省略if后构成的倒装：当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时，如将if省略，则要将had, were, should等移到主语前，构成倒装句： 如：Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him. 若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。 &&&&&&& Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以给我打电话。 &&&&&&& Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你帮助，我会仍然无家可归。注：省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词： 如：Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有钱，我就会买它。 省略句的概念：
在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。简单句中的省略：
1、省略主语： 1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：(You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门。 2）其它省略主语多限于现成的说法。如：（I）Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。&&&&&&&& （It）Doesn't matter. 没关系。 2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分：如：（There is）No smoking. 禁止抽烟 &&&&&&& （Is there）anything else? 还有其他事吗？ &&&&&&& （You come）This way please. 请这边走。 &&&&&&& （Will you）Have a smoke? 抽烟吗？ 3、省略宾语：如：—Do you know Mr. Li? 你认识李先生吗？&&&&&&& —I don't know (him.) 我不认识他 4、省略表语：如：—Are you thirsty? 你30岁了吗？　&&&&&&& —Yes, I am (thirsty). 是的，我是。 5、同时省略几个成分：如：—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗？&&&&&&& —(I am feeling) Much better (now) 好多了。 &&&&&& (I wish)Good luck(to you). 祝你好运/祝你顺利。省略句在复合句中的应用：
一、并列复合句中的省略：并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy) handed it to a policeman.&&&&&&&& 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。 &&&&&&& Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry. 你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。 &&&&&&& Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been) doing her homework. &&&&&&& 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。 &&&&&&& Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born) in 1963. 高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。 二、主从复合句中的省略： 1、状语从句中的省略：一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：1）由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句；2）由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句；3）由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；4）由as,than等引导的比较状语从句；5）由as,asif,asthough等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则： 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：连词（as,as if, once）+名词；连词（though, whether, when）+形容词；连词(whether, as if, while)+介词短语；连词(when, while, though)+现在分词；连词(when, if, even if, unless, once, until, than, as)+过去分词；连词(as if,as though)+不定式。如：Once(he was) a worker, Pang Long now becomes a famous singer. &&&&&&& 庞龙曾经是个工人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。& &&&&&&& Work hard when(you are) young, or you'll regret. 趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。&&&&&&&&&He looked everywhere as if(he was) in search of something. 他到处看似乎在找什么东西。&注意： ①当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略。如：Her father told her to be careful when(she was) crossing the street. 当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。 ②当从句的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词（if, unless, when, whenever）+形容词的结构。如：Unless(it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary. 如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。 2、定语从句中的省略：1）一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom可以省略；如：Is this reason(that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? 这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词which, whom不可以省略。比较：Tom(whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)&& 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。 &&&&&&&&&&& Tom, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill. (whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。 2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when, where,和why经常用that来代替，甚至还可省略。如：This is the first time(when/that) he had trouble with the boss. 这是他第一次麻烦老板。 &&&&&&& He wants to find a good place(where/that) we can have a picnic during the"golden week"holiday. 他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。 &&&&&&& Could you tell us the reason(why/that) he&was so unhappy? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？ 3）当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句不能用how来引导，应该用that或in which，或将它们全部省略。如：I don't like the way(that/in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。 3、宾语从句中的省略：1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：I think(that) the reform of the renminbi's exchangerate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。 &&&&&& He said(that) the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order. 他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。 2）由which, when, where, how, 和why引导的宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：I know that NBA star YaoMing will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city). 我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。 &&&&&& He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad) 他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。 4、在与suggest, request, order, advise等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原形”，should可以省略：如：Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should) last long in various forms. 法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。 5、主句省略多用于句首：如：(It is a) Pity that I didn't go to Mary's birthday party yesterday. 很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。 6、在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：—Why were you absent from school last Friday?&&&&&&& —(I was absent from school) Because my mother was ill.&&&&&&& —上周五你为什么没有上学？&&&&&&& —因为我妈妈病了。 动词不定式省略：
1、保留to的场合： （1）不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige, advise, persuade, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, try, manage等。如：—You should have thanked her before you left.&&&&&&& —I meant to, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.&&& &&&&&&& —你本该在离开前谢谢她。&&&&&&& —我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。&&&&&& You can do it this way if you like to. 如果你想做，你可以这么做。 （2）不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit, forbid, expect, order, warn 等。如：The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。&&&&&&& She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to(come).　她想来，可是她父母不让。 （3）不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready 等。如：—I will be away on a business trip. Could you mind looking after my cat?　&&&&&&& —Not at all. I would be happy to (look after your cat).　&&&&&&& —我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？&&&&&&& —没关系，我很愿意。 （4）不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to 等。如：He doesn't like fish but he used to. 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。 2、省略to的场合： （1）主语部分有to do，系动词is或was时，作表语的不定式通常省去to。&&&&&&&&& 如：The only thing you have to do is press the button. 你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。 （2）作介词but, expect, besides的宾语，前面又有实意动词do时，不定式通常省去to。&&&&&&&&& 如：He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-"independence"timetable. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。 （3）主语部分暗含todo，表语中的不定式通常省去to。&&&&&&&&& 如：All I want(to do) is go to school and study hard. 我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学习。（4）当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。&&&&&&&&& 如：It is easier to say than to do. 说起来容易，做起来难。 （5）在would rather...than...等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略。&&&&&&&&& 如：I would rather stay at home than go to see a film. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。 （6）在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, observe等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why(not)do结构中，不定式不带to。&&&&&&&&& 如：I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间。　&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Why not join us? 为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？
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330697419276448528433667245976444288We Offer a Challenging and Rewarding Job
(兼职实习，发布于)
标 &题: We Offer a Challenging and Rewarding Job \发信站: 五色土 (Thu May 10 22:12:05 2007), 本站() \ \ We Offer a Challenging and Rewarding Job \
\We are a Western export and sourcing company with 2 main product-areas: \
\· &&&&&&Exporting innovative and creative gift solutions we partly design ourselves to clients in Europe
\· &&&&&&Exporting merchandise-articles for European Music Groups \
\In order to strengthen our team in Beijing, we are looking for a Sourcing Support on a part-time basis to participate in the expansion of our activities. \
\You will be assigned a broad range of tasks: \
\· &&&&&&computer-based – like internet research, establishing price-lists and data-bases, work with excel and content-management systems \
\· &&&&&&people-related: communicate with clients and manufacturers, work on projects with our team and help decide on strategies \
\Requirements: \
\· &&&&&&Open-minded, self-confident with creative problem-solving abilities \· &&&&&&Strong team-player with high sense of responsibility and independent at the same time \· &&&&&&Multi-tasking, fast-learner, challenge-driven \· &&&&&&Fluent in both written and oral English and/or German \
\Our office is near Guomao. Work location can be discussed since some of the job could be done from home.
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＞＞＞ When ________ for his views about his teaching job, Philip ..
When ________ for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.A．askingB．having askedC．askedD．to be asked
题型：单选题难度：中档来源：不详
C考查非谓语动词用法。Philip与ask之间构成被动关系，故使用过去分词表示被动。D选项的不定式表示将来，故C正确。
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“ When ________ for his views about his teaching job, Philip ..”主要考查你对&&现在分词的被动式，现在分词，不定式的被动式，过去分词&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
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现在分词的被动式现在分词不定式的被动式过去分词
现在分词的被动式概念：
现在分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是现在分词动作的承受者。两种现在分词的被动式：
现在分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是现在分词动作的承受者。根据现在分词动作发生的时间，现在分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。&&&&&&& Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。注意：在need, want, require, beworth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的现在分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：Your shoes need cleaning.=Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。 &&&&&&&& This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。现在分词被动式的用法：
当要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式： （1）现在分词一般式的被动式。主要表示现在正在进行的动作，也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作： 如：Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?&&&&&&&&&I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。 【注】有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因，且多为状态动词)： 如：Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车，她感到行动很困难。 （2）现在分词完成式的被动式。主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作： 如：The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。 &&&&&&& Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。 比较：Being soill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重，她不能去上学。 &&&&&&&&&&& Having been ill for a long time he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间，他需要一段恢复的时间。现在分词的概念：
现在分词（PresentParticiple）(又称-ing形式)，是分词的一种，是非限定动词，即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语，但能充当其它的一些成分（定语，表语，补语和状语）。一般式：doing；一般被动式：being done；完成式：having done；完成被动式：having been done。所有否定式都是在－ing前面加not。现在分词的用法：
1）做表语： 如：He was very amusing. &&&&&&& That book was rather boring. 很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling. 2）作定语： 上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词： 如：That must have been a terrifying experience. &&&&&&& I found him a charming person. 现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词,相当于一个定语从句： 如：There are a few boys swimming in the river. &&&&&&& There is a car waiting outside. 3）作状语： 现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作： 如：Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.&&&&&&&& Opening the drawer, he took out a box. &&&&&&& Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. 现在分词短语还可以表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句： 如：Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her. &&&&&&& Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money. 现在分词短语还可以表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句： 如：Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. &&&&&&& Returning home, he began to do his homework.&&&&&&&&&Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis. &&&&&&& Be careful when crossing the road. &&&&&&& Having found a hotel, we looked for some where to have dinner. &&&&&&& Having finished her work, she went home. 4）作宾补： 现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语： 例如：see, hear, catch, find, keep, have等。如：I see him passing my house every day. &&&&&&& I caught him stealing things in that shop. &&&&&&& I smelt something burning. &&&&&&& She kept him working all day.现在分词其他用法解析：
1、现在分词一般式的用法：现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生： 如：When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。 &&&&&&&& Living in the 示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔： 如：Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave a note. 发现没有在家，他决定留个字条。&&&&&&&&& He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家，发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时，现在分词通常位于句末。2、现在分词完成式的用法：现在分词的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作： 如：Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去过那儿一次，她对那地方很熟悉。 &&&&&&& Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已经失败了两次，不想再试了。注：（1）现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作，但有区别：现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔，而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔： 如：Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后，他就出去了。 &&&&&&& Having invited him here to speak, we'd better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来作报告，我们最好去听一下。有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生，但如果要强调分词动作的完成性，也应用现在分词的完成式： 如：Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就走进剧场。 （2）现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语：误：Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗？误：I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以（因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作，而不能先于谓语动作而发生）：误：I want to talk to the person breaking the window. 3、现在分词被动式的用法：当要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式： （1）现在分词一般式的被动式：主要表示现在正在进行的动作，也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作： 如：Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁? &&&&&&&& I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。注：有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前（此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因，且多为状态动词）： 如：Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车，她感到行动很困难。 （2）现在分词完成式的被动式：主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作。如：The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。 &&&&&&& Having been written inhaste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。比较：Being so ill, she can't go to school. 由于病得那么严重，她不能去上学。 &&&&&&&&&&& Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间，他需要一段恢复的时间。 不定式的被动式的概念：
如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式。如：The next thing to be done is to get our classroom pained. 不定式被动式的用法：
一、基本形式： 不定式被动式的基本形式为to be done；若表示动作先于另一动作之前，则用完成式，即to have been done。 二、用法归纳：不定式被动式在句中可以用作： 1、主语：如：It's a great honour to be invited to the banquet. 承蒙邀请赴宴，甚是荣幸。 &&&&&&& To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good tiring. 被敌人反对是好事，不是坏事。 &&&&&&& It's a pity to be kept in the house in fine weather. 好天气时被留在家里是很遗憾的。 2、表语：如：All this is to be sold. 所有这些都是出售的。 &&&&&&& Water must be pure if it is to be drunk. 水如供饮用必须净化。 &&&&&&& The switchboard is to be manned at all times. 任何时候电话总机那儿都应有专人在岗负责。 3、宾语：如：She doesn't want to be separated from him. 她不愿和他分开。 &&&&&&& He begged to be allowed to return to Brazil. 他恳求允许他返回巴西。 &&&&&&& I don't wish to be disturbed in my work. 在工作时我不愿意被人打扰。 &&&&&&& They demanded to be shown the authentic documents. 他们要求出示真实可靠的文件。 4、定语：如：I made notes of the things to be mended. 我记下了需要修补的东西。 &&&&&& The Blacks are the first to be fired and the last to be hired. 黑人是最先被解雇，最后被雇用。 5、状语：如：He asked to be kept in formed about developments. 他要求随时向他报告发展情况。 &&&&&&& As she waited to be served, she became very impatient. 她在等候侍者送饭时，很不耐烦。 &&&&&&& She got there only to be told that they had gone on holiday. 她到达那里，被告知他们度假去了。 6、宾语补足语：如：He did not like his intention to be laughed at. 他不喜欢自己的意图受到嘲笑。 &&&&&&& He ordered the goods to be sent by air. 他命令把货物空运7、主语补足语：如：The court was ordered to be cleared. 有命令要关闭法庭。 &&&&&&& The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 不许将书携出室外。 8、用在“for+名(代)词+不定式”结构中。如：It's an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话。 &&&&&&& It is essential for him to be prepared for this. 有必要让他对此有所准备。 &&&&&&& It's impossible for the job to be finished in time. 这项任务要按时完成是不可能的。 &&&&&&& The note was a simple request for a porter to be sent to room201. 这个字条就是请指派一个搬运工到201室去。 &&&&&&& Can you arrange for the gold to be delivered on Monday? 你能不能安排一下周一把金子送到?动词不定式的被动式之注意点：
&一、注意形式与功用：不定式的被动式为“to be＋过去分词”，表示其逻辑主语是动作的承受者，具有被动含义。在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。如：It was impossible for lost time to be made up. 要弥补已失去的时光是不可能的。 &&&&&&& I hope to be invited to the party. 我希望有人请我去参加晚会。 &&&&&&& Have you got ready for the meeting to be held? 你为即将举行的会议准备好了吗？&&&&&&&&&In order to be chosen, he sent each of them a present.为 了被选中，他给他们每人都送了礼物。 &&&&&&& The problem seems to be solved soon. 问题好像快要解决了。二、与不定式的主动式的比较：1、表示义务的概念，句子的主语是要做的动作或接受动作的人或物时，要用不定式的被动式。如：These sheets are to be washed. 这些床单要洗一洗。 &&&&&&& The cleaning is to be finished by mid day. 要在中午前打扫完毕。2、不定式作定语与被修饰词是主谓、动宾、同位等逻辑关系时，多用其主动式。如：Where is the boy to speak at tomorrow's meeting?(=who will speak at tomorrow's meeting主谓关系) 明天要在会上发言的那个男孩在哪里？&&&&&&&&&I have got a letter to write.(=that I will write动宾关系，尤其谓语动词为have, give, bring等时) 我有封信要写。 &&&&&& Give me a pen to write with.(=that I can write with不及物动词加上相应的介词)给我一枝笔写。 注意：如果动作的执行者在主语或宾语中没有出现，应用不定式的被动式。如：I'm going to the post office. Do you have any letters to be posted? 我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗？（动作执行者不是you） 3、在there be结构中，用不定式的主动式和被动式意义一般差别不大，但有些还是有差别的。如：There's a lot to be said (或to say) about this book. 关于这本书大有可说。 &&&&&&& There is nothing to see. 没有什么可看的了。 &&&&&&& There is nothing to be seen. 看不见有什么。(即“什么也没看见”) 4、修饰作表语或宾补的形容词的不定式，常用主动式表示被动含义。如：I don't think English hard to learn. 我认为英语不太难学。三、双重被动结构有些被动结构后接不定式作宾语、宾语补足语等时，仍然含有被动含义，就得用双重被动结构：如：The work is thought to be finished soon. 大家认为工作很快就完成了。四、动作发生的时间不定式多表示未来动作或情况，其被动式也不例外，上述各例皆有体现，尤其是改为定语从句时多为将来时的被动语态。另外我们还要注意以下两点： 1、表示被动关系时，当不定式的动作先于谓语时，可用不定式的被动式的完成时：to have been done；与谓语同时进行时，要用不定式的被动式的进行时：to be being done。如：The dead woman is said to have been badly treated. 据说死去的妇女受虐待。 &&&&&&& Rain forests are reported to be being cut down rapidly. 据报道雨林正被迅速地砍伐。 2、不定式的主动式作含序数词的被修饰词语的定语时，可表示已完成的动作。如：He was the first man to taste the tomato. 他是第一位品尝西红柿的人。 &&&&&&& They were the last to leave the countryside.他们是最后一批离开农村的。 过去分词的概念：
过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作，只有一种形式。即：动词原形加-ed构成。如：fallen leaves 落叶&&&&&&&&&boiled water 开水 &&&&&&& I heard the door closed. 我听见门被关上了。 过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别：
两者均可表示被动，其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同，但有时它们也可表示相同的意思。 如：Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。&&&&&&&&&Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。&&&&&&&&&Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同，但有细微区别： 如：Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后，我们就离开了。过去分词的句法功能：
1、作定语： 如：I don't like the book written by Martin. &&&&&& Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。& 注意：当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2、过去分词作表语： 如：They were very excited at the news. 听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 &&&&&&& The window is broken. 窗户破了。 &&&&&&& They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。 注意：be+过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window is broken.（系表） &&&&&&&&&&& The window was broken by the boy.（被动） 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界） 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 3、过去分词作宾语补足语： 如：I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。 有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语： 如：With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。 4、过去分词作状语： 如：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. &受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因） &&&&&&& Onceseen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间） &&&&&&& Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）&&&&&&&&&Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.& 虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）&&&&&&&&&Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。 5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格： 如：All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。 &&&&&&& The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他开始撒种子。 现在分词与过去分词的区别：
1、分词作表语：分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is in terestedi n...，若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting。这类词常见的有：interesting 使人感到高兴—interested感到高兴的&exciting令人激动的—excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的—delighted感到高兴的&disappointing令人失望的—disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的—encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的—pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的—puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的—satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的—surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的—worried感到担心的 如：Travelling is interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 &&&&&&& The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。&&&&&&&&&The game is exciting. (现在分词作表语) &&&&&&& We were excited at the news. (过去分词作表语) 2、分词作定语：分词作定语时有下面几个特点： 1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。 2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 如：He rushed into the burning house. 他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。 &&&&&&& The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 &&&&&&& The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房间是我们的教室。 &&&&&&& He is an advanced teacher. 他是个先进教师。 3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired,& returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come 3、分词作状语：现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 如：He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。 &&&&&&& Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。 &&&&&&& Smiling, they came in. 2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 如：Cleaned, the room looks nice. &&&&&&& Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.& 如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 &&&&&&& Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
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