404 - 未找到文档
您在寻找什么商品吗？
很抱歉。您输入的网址在我们的网站上无法正常显示网页Accessibility links
Web War II: What a future cyberwar will look like
By Michael Gallagher
BBC World Service
How might the blitzkrieg of the future arrive? By air strike? An invading army? In a terrorist's suitcase? In fact it could be coming down the line to a computer near you. Operation Locked Shields, an international military exercise held last month, was not exactly your usual game of soldiers. It involves no loud bangs or bullets, no tanks, aircraft or camouflage face-paint. Its troops rarely even left their control room, deep within a high security military base in Estonia. These people represent a new kind of combatant - the cyber warrior. One team of IT specialists taking part in Locked Shields, were detailed to attack nine other teams, located all over Europe. At their terminals in the Nato Co-operative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, they cooked up viruses, worms, Trojan Horses and other internet attacks, to hijack and extract data from the computers of their pretend enemies.
Botnet: Geographically-dispersed network of infected computers which can be controlled remotely without their owners' knowledge, and used to attack other computers or networks
Distributed Denial of Service attack (DDOS): A means of knocking websites offline by overwhelming them with bogus traffic
Trojan Horse: Malicious software masquerading as something legitimate. Some Trojans even appear to be anti-virus software
Virus: Malicious computer programme designed to make a computer or network malfunction
Worm: A type of virus that can replicate itself. Worms can multiply sufficiently to consume a computer's available memory or hard disk
The idea was to learn valuable lessons in how to forestall such attacks on military and commercial networks. The cyber threat is one that the Western alliance is taking seriously.
It's no coincidence that Nato established its defence centre in Estonia. In 2007, the country's banking, media and government websites were bombarded with Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attacks over a three week period, in what's since become known as Web War I. The culprits are thought to have been pro-Russian hacktivists, angered by the removal of a Soviet-era statue from the centre of the capital, Tallinn.
DDOS attacks are quite straightforward. Networks of thousands of infected computers, known as botnets, simultaneously access the target website, which is overwhelmed by the volume of traffic, and so temporarily disabled. However, DDOS attacks are a mere blunderbuss by comparison with the latest digital weapons. Today, the fear is that Web War II - if and when it comes - could inflict physical damage, leading to massive disruption and even death."Sophisticated cyber attackers could do things like derail trains across the country," says Richard A Clarke, an adviser on counter-terrorism and cyber-security to presidents Clinton and Bush.
"They could cause power blackouts - not just by shutting off the power but by permanently damaging generators that would take months to replace. They could do things like cause [oil or gas] pipelines to explode. They could ground aircraft." Clarke's worries are fuelled by the current tendency to put more of our lives online, and indeed, they appear to be borne out by experiments carried out in the United States.
A power station might have less anti-virus protection than the average laptop
At the heart of the problem are the interfaces between the digital and physical worlds known as Scada - or Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition - systems. Today, these computerised controllers have taken over a myriad jobs once performed manually. They do everything from opening the valves on pipelines to monitoring traffic signals.
Soon, they'll become commonplace in the home, controlling smart appliances like central heating.And crucially, they use cyberspace to communicate with their masters, taking commands on what to do next, and reporting any problems back. Hack into these networks, and in theory you have control of national electricity grids, water supplies, distribution systems for manufacturers or supermarkets, and other critical infrastructure. In 2007, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) demonstrated the potential vulnerability of Scada systems. Using malicious software to feed in the wrong commands, they attacked a large diesel generator. Film of the experiment shows the machine shaking violently before black smoke engulfs the screen.
o IP address: The unique numerical identification which every device online needs to have
o Scada: Computer system used to control physical processes such as in industry, and to collect diagnostic information such as machinery performance data
o Software errors: Glitches within the computer code of software which render it vulnerable to hacking. Undiscovered errors, known as Zero Day Exploits, are invisible to anti-virus programmes and therefore especially prized by hackers
o Software patch: Short programme published by a software producer to repair malfunctions or otherwise to improve existing software
Although this took place under laboratory conditions, with the attackers given free rein to do their worst, the fear is that, one day, a belligerent state, terrorists, or even recreational hackers, might do the same in the real world. "Over the past several months we've seen a variety of things," says Jenny Mena of the DHS. "There are now search engines that make it possible to find those devices that are vulnerable to an attack through the internet. In addition we've seen an increased interest in this area in the hacker and hacktivist community."One reason why Scada systems may be prone to hacking is that engineers, rather than specialist programmers, are often likely to have designed their software. They are expert in their field, says German security consultant Ralph Langner, but not in cyber defence. "At some point they learned how to develop software," he adds, "but you can't compare them to professional software developers who probably spent a decade learning." Moreover, critical infrastructure software can be surprisingly exposed. A power station, for example, might have less anti-virus protection than the average laptop. And when vulnerabilities are detected, it can be impossible to repair them immediately with a software patch. "It requires you to re-boot," Langner points out. "And a power plant has to run 24-7, with only a yearly power-down for maintenance." So until the power station has its annual stoppage, new software cannot be installed.
Image caption
The success of Stuxnet's attack on the Natanz facility may mean cyber weapons are here to stay
Langner is well-qualified to comment. In 2010 he, along with two employees, took it upon himself to investigate a mystery computer worm known as Stuxnet, that was puzzling the big anti-virus companies. What he discovered took his breath away.
Stuxnet appeared to target a specific type of Scada system doing a specific job, and it did little damage to any other applications it infected. It was clever enough to find its way from computer to computer, searching out its prey.
And, containing over 15,000 lines of computer code, it exploited no fewer than four previously undiscovered software errors in Microsoft Windows. Such errors are extremely rare, suggesting that Stuxnet's creators were highly expert and very well-resourced.
The attack vectors and exploits used by Stuxnet can be copied and re-used - the technology is out there on the internetRalph Langner, Security consultant
It took Langner some six months to probe just a quarter of the virus. "If I'd wanted to do all of it I might have gone bust!" he jokes. But his research had already drawn startling results.
Stuxnet's target, it turned out, was the system controlling uranium centrifuges at Iran's Natanz nuclear facility. There is now widespread speculation that the attack was the work of American or Israeli agents, or both. Whatever the truth, Langner estimates that it delayed Iran's nuclear project by around two years - no less than any air strike was expected to achieve - at a relatively small cost of around $10 million. This success, he says, means cyber weapons are here to stay. Optimists say Stuxnet does at least suggest a scrap of reassurance. Professor Peter Sommer, an international expert in cyber crime, points out that the amount of research and highly skilled programming it involved would put weapons of this calibre beyond anyone but an advanced nation state. And states, he point out, usually behave rationally, thus ruling out indiscriminate attacks on civilian targets. "You don't necessarily want to cause total disruption. Because the results are likely to be unforeseen and uncontrollable. In other words, although one can conceive of attacks that might bring down the world financial system or bring down the internet, why would one want to do that? You would end up with something not that different from a nuclear winter."
Danger in the Download is a three-part documentary presented by Ed Butler on the BBC World Service
The first episode will be broadcast on 1 May at 00:06GMT, and will be available afterwards on i-player
But even this crumb of comfort is denied by Langner, who argues that, having now infected computers worldwide, Stuxnet's code is available to anyone clever enough to adapt it, including terrorists. "The attack vectors and exploits used by Stuxnet - they can be copied and re-used reliably against completely different targets. Until a year ago no one was aware of such an aggressive and sophisticated threat. With Stuxnet that has changed. It is on the table. The technology is out there on the internet."One thing is for sure, he adds: If cyber weapons do become widespread, their targets will lie mostly in the west, rather than in countries like Iran, which have relatively little internet dependence. This means that the old rules of military deterrence which favoured powerful, technologically advanced countries like the United States do not apply: Responding in kind to a cyber attack could be effectively impossible. This asymmetry is likely to grow, as developed countries become ever more internet-dependent. So far, the Internet Protocol format allows only 4.3 billion IP addresses, most of which have now been used. But this year, a new version is rolling out, providing an inexhaustible supply of addresses and so allowing exponential growth in connectivity. Expect to see far more machines than people online in the future. In the home, fridges will automatically replenish themselves by talki ovens and heating systems will respond to commands from your smartphone. Cars may even drive themselves, sharing GPS data to find the best routes. For industry, commerce and infrastructure, there will be even more reliance on cyber networks that critics claim are
potentially vulnerable to intrusion.
"The US military ran headlong into the cyber age and we became very dependent on cyber devices without thinking it throughRichard Clarke, Former US security adviser
"There will be practically infinite number of IP addresses," says former hacker Jason Moon. "Everything can have an IP address. And everything will have one. Now, that's great. But think what that's going to do for the hacker!"
In fact, it has already become a challenge for even sensitive installations, let alone households, to remain offline. Although military and other critical networks are supposedly isolated from the public internet, attackers can target their contractors and suppliers, who plug into the "air-gapped" system at various times. Somewhere down the food chain, a vulnerable website or a rogue email will provide a way in. According to Richard Clarke, the mighty American armed forces themselves are not immune, since their command & control, supplies, and even some weapons systems, also rely on digital systems."The US military ran headlong into the cyber age," he says. "And we became very dependent on cyber devices without thinking it through. Without thinking that if someone got control of our software, what would we be able to do? Do we have backup systems? Can we go back to the old days?"The answer it seems is no. A new form of weapon appears to be emerging. And the world may have to learn to adapt.The first episode of the three part documentary series
presented by Ed Butler will be broadcast on
on Tuesday 1 May at 00:06GMT and will be available afterwards on i-player._________________________________________________________________________
Share this story
The BBC is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites
Top Stories查看: 17604|回复: 343
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限140UID1908342帖子狩魂0 在线时间4011 小时
UID1908342积分39288帖子精华0浮云35126 猥币392 汽油0
本帖最后由 crosssirius 于
18:18 编辑
本帖最后由 30124 于
14:56 编辑
TV动画「弹波战机（纸箱战机）」OP&ED-「1ドリームGreat Future War/僕の貯金箱」【320K+BK】OP「1ドリームGreat Future War」／Little Blue boX
14:23 上传
価格：\1,680 (税抜\1,600)発売日：メディア：AUDIO-CDJANコード：5品番：AVCD-48042内容：強力新人登場！　大人気アニメ/ゲーム「イナズマイレブン」制作陣が、新たに送り出す自信作「ダンボール戦機」のために生まれたバンド “Little Blue boX”の両A面デビューシングル！收录曲目：01. 1ドリーム02. Great Future War03. 1ドリーム （オリジナル?カラオケ）04. Great Future War （オリジナル?カラオケ）05. 1ドリーム （Instrumental）06. Great Future War （Instrumental） 下载地址：&
ED「僕の貯金箱」／前川紘毅
14:23 上传
価格：\1,050 (税抜\1,000)発売日：メディア：AUDIO-CDJANコード：8品番：YICD-70082内容：約1年ぶりとなるニューシングルは、大人気アニメ「イナズマイレブン」制作陣が新たに世に送り出す自信作アニメ「ダンボール戦機」EDテーマソング！ 收录曲目：01. 僕の貯金箱02. 僕の貯金箱 （テレビサイズ）03. 僕の貯金箱 （カラオケ）04. 僕の貯金箱 （テレビサイズカラオケ） 下载地址：&
祝天下考生考出好成绩
祝天下考生考出好成绩
总评分:&浮云 + 17&
猥币 + 20&
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限80UID5292544帖子狩魂0 在线时间2470 小时
无论如何都要如同流星一般闪耀
猥风八面 Lv.8, 积分 24167, 距离下一级还需 5833 积分
UID5292544积分24167帖子精华0浮云7717 猥币61756 汽油0
这都能被找到= =
交易诚信度3 最后登录注册时间阅读权限255UID5012873帖子狩魂0 在线时间8400 小时
滇王与汉使者言曰：汉孰与我大？
UID5012873积分166329帖子精华9浮云29533 猥币557057 汽油10
不错，辛苦了
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限120UID5699295帖子狩魂0 在线时间2735 小时
麒麟大♂法保平安！
UID5699295积分45009帖子精华1浮云9071 猥币145212 汽油60
我动画还没补呢
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限60UID4844818帖子狩魂0 在线时间849 小时
猥人师表 Lv.6, 积分 2941, 距离下一级还需 2059 积分
UID4844818积分2941帖子精华0浮云45 猥币11284 汽油0
不错可以的啊！
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限5UID7655406帖子狩魂0 在线时间89 小时
猥不足道 Lv.2, 积分 146, 距离下一级还需 54 积分
UID7655406积分146帖子精华0浮云1 猥币345 汽油0
thxxxxxxxxxxxxx
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限70UID9624598帖子狩魂0 在线时间1710 小时
WANTED—500，000，000-
猥然不动 Lv.7, 积分 8641, 距离下一级还需 1359 积分
UID9624598积分8641帖子精华0浮云5252 猥币918 汽油7
话说我已经听了15遍了（大家懂得）
psn（日服） ： lingwocao
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限40UID47265帖子狩魂0 在线时间46 小时
猥服出巡 Lv.4, 积分 514, 距离下一级还需 486 积分
UID47265积分514帖子精华0浮云5 猥币3767 汽油0
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限60UID5700469帖子狩魂0 在线时间713 小时
猥人师表 Lv.6, 积分 4799, 距离下一级还需 201 积分
UID5700469积分4799帖子精华0浮云47 猥币21244 汽油0
本帖隐藏的内容需要回复才可以浏览
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限60UID6028帖子狩魂0 在线时间2077 小时
猥人师表 Lv.6, 积分 3222, 距离下一级还需 1778 积分
UID6028积分3222帖子精华0浮云55 猥币10381 汽油0
两年了...如今动画都十五话了...
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限80UID136923帖子狩魂0 在线时间5644 小时
猥风八面 Lv.8, 积分 14593, 距离下一级还需 15407 积分
UID136923积分14593帖子精华0浮云131 猥币54692 汽油0
不错，辛苦了
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限50UID帖子狩魂0 在线时间616 小时
猥言大义 Lv.5, 积分 1698, 距离下一级还需 302 积分
UID积分1698帖子精华0浮云13 猥币6365 汽油0
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限1UID帖子狩魂0 在线时间1 小时
猥时尚早 Lv.1, 积分 18, 距离下一级还需 -3 积分
UID积分18帖子精华0浮云0 猥币85 汽油0
我期待ED很久的了
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限30UID9733351帖子狩魂0 在线时间139 小时
猥乎其微 Lv.3, 积分 384, 距离下一级还需 116 积分
UID9733351积分384帖子精华0浮云1 猥币1204 汽油0
交易诚信度0 最后登录注册时间阅读权限0UID5082帖子狩魂0 在线时间1349 小时
头像被屏蔽
UID5082积分4614帖子精华0浮云56 猥币15264 汽油0
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
论坛贵宾【光辉事迹】
曾为论坛做出过杰出贡献的版主、会员所持有的徽章。象征丰硕成果的华美之证。(获得“论坛贵宾”头衔)
管理团队【光辉事迹】
猥皮大本营管理团队特有的红色令牌。象征权力与责任的契约之证。(担任过论坛各级版主)
花开并蒂【稀有成就】
找到了另一半的Ta……(在社交插件“幸福之家”中登记结婚)
水元素【普通成就】
水、H2O、みず、water，额...总之怎么叫都行了
(累计发帖1000即可解锁)
水精灵【稀有成就】
我很喜欢水，因为这就是我存在的意义...(累计发帖10000即可解锁)
浮云爱好者【普通成就】
一朵，两朵，三朵，呵呵呵… (累计获得1000朵浮云)
浮云收藏家【稀有成就】
已经收藏到这么多浮云了吗，不错嘛！(累计获得5000朵浮云)
S·P·Y【稀有成就】
呵呵想揭下我的面具看看我的真实身份吗？知道的人都死光了哦……(同时列名于3个以上用户组)
菁英组长【稀有成就】
特殊用户组组长所持有的黑色令牌。象征着团队协作的光辉之证。(担任过特殊用户组组长/负责人)
常客【普通成就】
《我的业余生活》从前有一个论坛叫TGBUS…(在线时间超过1000小时)
成就猎人Rank.D【普通成就】
你已经踏上了成就收集的不归路，5个成就怎么可能满足你的需求，继续努力吧！ (获得累计超过5个成就--不包括负面成就)
运营团队【光辉事迹】
论坛管理员、猥皮编辑所持有的印信。象征着守护的英勇之证。(担任过论坛管理员/猥皮编辑)
我的朋友很多【普通成就】
朋友不只是踏脚石,偶尔也可以当坐垫的哦(好友数超过100名)
浮云鉴定砖家【光辉事迹】
浮云对你来说，已经没有秘密了！(累计获得10000朵浮云)
略疼【稀有成就】
（续《我的业余生活》2）我在那里…消磨了大量的… (在线时间超过5000小时)
精英手环【普通成就】
维护世界和平，拯救BUS精华区的重任就交给你了，好吗(累计发表1篇精华帖子)
勇者之证【稀有成就】
我个人觉得，勇者一词根本不足以形容你的英勇……(累计发表5篇精华帖子)
Lucky☆Star【稀有成就】
什么！你在发完申请贴截图的时候没被人撒云？实在是太幸运了，让我抱抱你的大腿吧！(规则改为：总积分正好=或777777)
Powered by视频: 【WOTA.光棒艺】Great Future War【训练师嗷君×LV99夜瞑】
分享给好友
【WOTA.光棒艺】Great Future War【训练师嗷君×LV99夜瞑】
下载至电脑
用或微信扫一扫，在手机上继续观看
分享给站外好友
把视频贴到Blog或BBS
flash地址:
<input type="text" class="form_input form_input_s" id="link3" value=''>
<input id="link4" type="text" class="form_input form_input_s" value=''>
万万表情系列（VIP会员专享）
泡芙表情系列（VIP会员专享）
暴漫表情系列（VIP会员专享）
节目制作经营许可证京字670号
京公网安备号
药品服务许可证(京)-经营-Great Future War_土豆_高清视频在线观看