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The Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Act (or CLASS Act) was a U.S. federal law, enacted as Title VIII of the . The CLASS Act would have created a voluntary and public
option for employees, but in October 2011 the Obama administration announced it was unworkable and would be dropped. The CLASS Act was repealed January 1, 2013.
Under the Act the
was to set the terms prior to implementation, but determined the program was not viable and could not go into effect.
The CLASS Act had been "a key priority" of the late .
Most of the terms were to be developed by the
over several years. However, certain terms were set in statute:
Enrollees would have paid a monthly premium, through payroll deduction
Enrollees would have been covered on a guaranteed-issue basis
Enrollees would have been eligible for benefits after paying premiums for five years and having worked at least three of those years
Enrollees would have received a lifetime cash benefit after meeting benefit eligibility criteria, based on the degree of impairment
June 21, 2010: Required the Secretary to establish a Personal Care Attendants Workforce Academy Advisory Panel for the purpose of examining and advising the Secretary and Congress on workforce issues related to personal care attendants
By January 1, 2011: Established the CLASS Program, as specified
By January 1, 2011: Addressed infrastructure for personal care attendant workers
By January 1, 2011: Required information on supplemental coverage from the CLASS program in the National Clearinghouse for Long-Term Care Information
By January 1, 2012: Would have required the Secretary to (1) establish an Eligibility Assessment System (2) enter into agreements with the Protection and Advocacy S and (3) enter into agreements with public and private entities to provide advice and assistance counseling.
By October 1, 2012: Would have required the Secretary to designate a benefit plan as the CLASS Independence Benefit Plan and publish such designation, along with details of the plan and the reasons for the Secretary’s selection, in a final rule to allow for a public comment period.
Beginning January 1, 2014: Would have required the Secretary to submit an annual report to Congress on the CLASS program, as specified.
According to Barbara Manard, a health economist with , the act would have created "a national insurance trust" with a potential "daily cash benefit on the order of about $50 to $75 a day, depending on your level of disability."
estimated the program would have resulted in $2 Billion in
savings in the first ten years because of individuals receiving benefits under the CLASS Act that they could have received under .
Premium rates were to be determined by the
with subsidies for low-income individuals and students. Premium rates would have varied by issue age. The CLASS program contained an implicit redistribution tax to subsidize lower income and full-time student participants.
The legislation did not set specific benefits. The Secretary of Health and Human Services was tasked with developing actuarially sound premiums and benefits.
Many organizations, including the Congressional Budget Office, developed estimates of potential premiums and benefits:
Average Daily Benefit
Estimated Monthly Premium
$140/month
(June 25, 2009)
$65/month for initial decade, rising to $100/$110 for subsequent cohorts
(July 6, 2009)
$65/mont after 2019, benefits dropped to $50/day and premiums for new enrollees raised to $85/month
$125/month
About $75/day [2-3 ADLs = $50/ 4+ ADLs= $100/day]
$61/month to $123/month, depending on participation rate and disability trends
$107/month to $117/month
Benefits would have varied by severity of functional limitation, with the average being at least $50 per day. The benefit schedule could have been adjusted in future years by the Secretary.
Employers would have auto-enrolled employees through payroll deduction, a negative election similar to some 401(k) plans.
Tax treatment would have been the same as for tax-qualified
plans (i.e., benefits would not have been taxable and premiums might have been eligible for medical expense deduction).
Participation would have been limited to employees actively at work, and required a five-year vesting period (including three working years) prior to benefit eligibility.
The CLASS program did not extend coverage to an employee’s family members. It was not clear how non-working spouses could enroll in the program or receive benefits due to the requirement that the beneficiary must have had sufficient earnings to be credited with income quarters under the .
The statute says, "No taxpayer funds shall be used for payment of benefits under a CLASS Independent Benefit Plan... the term ‘taxpayer funds’ means any Federal funds from a source other than premiums.... and any associated interest earnings."
Administrative expenses, including advocacy and assistance counseling, were to be limited to three percent of premiums.
On April 4, 2011 senators
introduced the Repeal the CLASS Entitlement Act citing the potential of it becoming a new entitlement program. It was predicted that enrollees requiring large medical payouts would be attracted to the plan, leading to the inability of the collected premiums to cover all costs.
On July 19, 2011 the Senate so-called , a bipartisan group of senators proposed to repeal the CLASS act as part of a proposal for a balanced budget legislation.
On October 14, 2011, HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius announced that the Obama Administration would not attempt to implement the C.L.A.S.S. Act stating “I do not see a viable path forward for Class implementation at this time.”
On January 1, 2013, the CLASS Act was officially repealed as part of the , known as the Fiscal Cliff Bill. This law contains a provision that repeals the Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Act.
opponents of the plan called it "a financial gimmick" to manipulate the
deficit projections for the PPACA, while
called it a "," because (a) projected premiums during the vesting period were counted as revenue during the first decade but promised spending would have begun in the second decade, so the CBO's 10-year estimates included the revenue but not the spending, and (b) benefits would cost more than premiums.
Timothy Carney of the
wrote that the Act would have encouraged
behavior, calling the Act "an 'unsustainable'
to companies whose former executives helped write it, and which are now hiring the congressional staff that helped write it."
PriceWaterHouseCoopers. “The CLASS Act.” HRS Insight: Human Resource Services. . Web.
Carney, Timothy () ,
. CNN. October 17, 2011.
. LifeHealthPro. January 2, 2013.
“Health Care Reform and LTC: CLASS Provisions.” LTC Newslink : 1-5. Print.
. CNN. October 17, 2011.
(Press release). . 14 October 2011. Archived from
2013. O'Connor, Meghan (16 October 2011). . National Law Review. von Briesen & Roper, S.C 2011.
. . December 17, .
Janemarie Mulvey and Kirsten J. Colello. “Community Living Assistance Services and Supports (CLASS) Provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA).” Congressional Research Service. 2010: 14. Print.
. kaiserhealthnews.org. June 23, .
, American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging (AAHSA)
, American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging (AAHSA)
, section 3208(b).
, section 3208(a).
. thune.senate.gov. April 4, .
Trese, H. (July 22, 2011). . benefitspro 2013.
Wayne, A Armstrong, Drew (October 14, 2011). . Bloomberg.
. Forbes. January 1, 2013.
LIST OF IMAGES
It began during the last two weeks of the George W. Bush administration, with the remainder spanning the first two years of Barack Obama's presidency. It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 2000 U.S. Census. A new delegate seat was created for the Northern Mariana Islands. Roland Burris was appointed to the seat on December 31, 2008 but his credentials were not accepted until January 12, 2009. Franken's admission gave the Senate Democratic caucus sixty votes, enough to defeat a filibuster in a party-line vote. January 8, 2009: Joint session counted the Electoral College votes of the 2008 presidential election. January 20, 2009: Inauguration of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden. February 24, 2009: President's speech to Joint Session April 28, 2009: Senator Arlen Specter switched from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party. September 9, 2009: President Obama addressed a joint session of Congress to promote health care reform, which Representative Joe Wilson interrupted by shouting at the President. January 25,
State of the Union Address February 4, 2010: Republican Scott Brown's election to the Senate ended the Democratic supermajority. January 29, 2009: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, Pub.L. 111–2 February 4, 2009: Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act, Pub.L. 111–3 February 17, 2009: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Pub.L. 111–5 March 11, 2009: Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009, Pub.L.
111th United States Congress
United States Capitol (2007)
111th United States Congress
Inauguration of Barack Obama at the U.S. Capitol, January 20, 2009.
111th United States Congress
President Obama signing the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 into law, January 29, 2009.
111th United States Congress
Sonia Sotomayor testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee on her appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court, July 13, 2009.
Charles Bernard &Charlie& Rangel is the U.S. Representative for New York's 13th congressional district. A member of the Democratic Party, he is the second-longest currently serving continuously since 1971. As its most senior member, he is also the Dean of New York's congressional delegation. Rangel was the first African-American Chair of the influential House Ways and Means Committee. He is also a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus. Rangel lives there to this day. Rangel graduated in 1960. He then worked during the early-mid-1960s. There, Rangel rose rapidly in the Democratic ranks, combining solidly liberal views with a pragmatic approach towards finding political and legislative compromises. As one of Harlem's &Gang of Four&, he also became a leader in New York City and State politics. Beginning in 2008, Rangel faced a series of allegations of failures to comply with tax laws. In March 2010, Rangel stepped aside as Ways and Means Chair. Rangel has prevailed. He has stated that his current term will be his last.
Charles B. Rangel
Charles B. Rangel
Charles B. Rangel
Rangel (second from left, top) with fellow founding members of the Congressional Black Caucus in 1971
Charles B. Rangel
Early official congressional portrait of Rangel
Charles B. Rangel
Rangel (far left) looks on as President Ronald Reagan signs the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on the White House South Lawn.
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats' dominant worldview was once classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, populism was its leading characteristic. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business and southern conservative-populist anti-business wings. The New Deal Coalition of
attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal of the 1930s the business wing withered outside the South. After the racial turmoil of the 1960s most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after 1970. White evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964. After 2000, professional women moved toward the party as well. The Northeast and West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there. Overall the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, with a smaller minority of conservative Democrats. The party's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy.
Democratic Party (United States)
Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic President of the United States
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
The three leaders of the Democratic party during the first half of the 20th century: President Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and '16) Sec. of State William J. Bryan (nominated in
and 1908), Josephus Daniels, Breckinridge Long, William Phillips, and Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for VP in 1920 and for president in 1932, 36,'40 and 44)
Democratic Party (United States)
John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States ()
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, seventh-most densely populated U.S. state. New York is Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont to the east. The New York City Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State. Nearly 40 % lives on Long Island. Both New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, future King James II of England. The next four most populous cities in the state are Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography. Western New York straddles Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, tourist destination. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward for trade and proselytizing. The British annexed the colony in 1664. The Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state. New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, its ideals of freedom, democracy, opportunity.
New York (state)
British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
New York (state)
1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
The Erie Canal at Lockport, New York in 1839
The Committee on Ways and Means is the chief tax-writing committee of the United States House of Representatives. Constitution requires that all bills regarding taxation must originate in the House of Representatives. Recent chairs have included Bill Thomas, Charlie Rangel, Dave Camp. On November 2015 Representative Kevin Brady of Texas was chosen to succeed Representative Paul Ryan as chairman. The Committee was first established in 1789. Upon its original creation, it held power over spending, until the spending power was given to the new Appropriations Committee in 1865. During the Civil War the key policy-maker in Congress was Thaddeus Stevens, as chairman of Republican floor leader. Stevens obtained a House vote of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson. His leading biographer, concludes that Stevens &was one of the most influential representatives ever to serve in Congress. The House with his wit, knowledge of parliamentary law, sheer willpower, though he was often unable to prevail.& Three future presidents - James Polk, William McKinley - served as Committee Chairman. Before the official roles of leader came about in the late 19th century, the Chairman of Ways and Means was considered the Majority Leader. The Chairman is one of very few Representatives to have space within the Capitol building itself. Because of its wide jurisdiction, Ways and Means has always been one of the most important committees with respect to impact on policy. Although it lacks the prospects for help that comes with the Appropriations Committee, it is seen as a valuable post for two reasons.
United States House Committee on Ways and Means
&Ways and Means Committee& redirects here. For the defunct UK committee, see Ways and Means committee.
Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician and the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to be elected to that office and the first president born outside the contiguous United States. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He then defeated Republican nominee John McCain in the general election, was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months after his inauguration, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Obama was re-elected president in November 2012, defeating Republican nominee Mitt Romney, was sworn in for a second term on January 20, 2013. His mother, Ann Dunham, born in Wichita, Kansas, was of mostly English ancestry. His father, Barack Obama Sr. was a Luo from Nyang'oma Kogelo, Kenya. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship. There he earned an M.A. in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964. Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964 he visited Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971. He was killed in an automobile accident in 1982 when his son was 21 years old.
Barack Obama
Barack Obama
Barack Obama
Obama with his half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Honolulu, Hawaii
Barack Obama
Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998
Barack Obama
Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate
It introduced mechanisms including mandates, subsidies and insurance exchanges. The law requires insurers to charge the same rates regardless of pre-existing conditions or sex. In 2011, the Congressional Budget Office projected that the ACA would lower future deficits and Medicare spending. Its implementation faced challenges from some state governments, conservative advocacy groups, labor unions, small business organizations. The law has caused a significant reduction in the percentage of people without insurance. The CDC reported that the percentage of people without insurance fell to 8.9 % during the January -- June 2016 period. According to the Kaiser Foundation, cost increases in the employer market continued to moderate. As implementation began, first opponents and then most others adopted the term &Obamacare& to refer to the ACA. The ACA includes provisions to take effect between 2020, although most took effect on January 2014. The complexity of changes was unprecedented in the US health system. Not all provisions took full effect. Others were discarded before implementation. Guaranteed issue prohibits insurers from denying coverage to individuals due to pre-existing conditions. States were required to ensure the availability of insurance for individual children who did not have coverage via their families. The law provides a 5 % &disregard&, making the effective income limit for Medicaid 138 % of the poverty level.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
The President and White House Staff react to the House of Representatives passing the bill on March 21, 2010.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
John Chafee
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Mitt Romney's Massachusetts went from 90% of its residents insured to 98%, the highest rate in the nation.
Its motto is &Improving the health, safety, well-being of America&. Before the separate federal Department of Education was created in 1979, it was called the Department of Health, Education, Welfare. The Federal Security Agency was established on July 1, 1939, under the Reorganization Act of 1939, P.L. 76-19. The objective was to bring together in one agency all federal programs in the fields of health, education, social security. The first Federal Security Administrator was Paul V. McNutt. These components, however, are traceable to the early days of the Republic. On July 16, 1798, President John Adams signed an act creating the Marine Hospital Service to furnish treatment to sick and disabled American merchant seamen. On April 29, 1878, the first Federal Quarantine Act enlarged the Service's responsibilities to include prevention of epidemics from abroad. On August 14, 1912, the name was changed to the Public Health Service. On May 26, 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory of the Service was redesignated the National Institutes of Health. PHS was transferred from the Treasury Department to the FSA in 1939. Even then, only half of the States had an efficient public school system. In 1867, Congress established the Department of Education to promote the cause of education and collect and disseminate facts and statistics about education. Until it was transferred to the FSA, the Office of Education and its predecessor organization had been part of the Department of the Interior. The Civilian Conservation Corps was born during the Great Depression to provide employment for American youth and advance conservation of the Nation's natural resources.
Department of Health and Human Services
Headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Department of Health and Human Services
Seal of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Health and Human Services
The HHS headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Department of Health and Human Services
&HEW& redirects here. For the Hanford Engineer Works, see Hanford site.
Edward Moore &Ted& Kennedy was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. Kennedy entered the Senate in a November 1962 special election to fill the seat once held by John. He was reelected seven more times. The Chappaquiddick incident on July 1969, resulted in the death of his automobile passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy pleaded guilty to a charge of leaving the
its aftermath hindered his chances of ever becoming President. His one attempt, in the 1980 presidential election, resulted to incumbent President Jimmy Carter. Kennedy was known for his oratorical skills. His 1968 eulogy for his 1980 rallying cry for modern American liberalism were among his best-known speeches. He became recognized through his long tenure and influence. More than 300 bills that his staff wrote were enacted into law. During the 2000s, he led unsuccessful immigration reform efforts. In May 2008, Kennedy was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor, which limited his appearances in the Senate. He died at his Hyannis Port, Massachusetts home. By the later years of his life, he had come to be viewed as a major spokesman for American progressivism. Edward Moore Kennedy was born at St. Margaret's Hospital in the Dorchester section of Boston, Massachusetts.
Ted Kennedy
Ted Kennedy
Ted Kennedy
John, Robert, and Ted Kennedy, July 1960, during JFK's presidential campaign
Ted Kennedy
First Senate campaign, 1962
Ted Kennedy
Ted Kennedy in 1967
The Congressional Budget Office is a federal agency within the legislative branch of the United States government that provides budget and economic information to Congress. Official operations began with Alice Rivlin as director. This includes projections on the effect on national cost estimates for legislation. This is currently done by preparation of an annual Economic and Budget Outlook plus a mid-year update. These three series are available for purchase from the Government Publishing Office. CBO also provides testimony often in response to requests of the various Congressional Committees. It also issues letters responding to queries made by members of Congress. The Congressional Budget Office is divided into eight divisions. The term of office is four years, with no limit on the number of terms a Director may serve. Either House of Congress, however, may remove the Director by resolution. At the expiration of a term of office, the person serving as Director may continue until his or her successor is appointed. The directors of the CBO are: rising debt would have serious negative consequences for the nation. When interest rates returned to more typical, federal spending on interest payments would increase substantially. Lawmakers would have less flexibility than otherwise to use spending policies to respond to unexpected challenges. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2000.
Congressional Budget Office
Ford House Office Building
Congressional Budget Office
Congressional Budget Office
Medicaid in the United States is a social health care program for families and individuals with limited resources. Medicaid is the largest source of funding for people with low income in the United States. States are not required to participate in the program, although all have since 1982. Medicaid recipients may include low-income adults, their children, people with certain disabilities. Poverty alone does not necessarily qualify someone for Medicaid. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act significantly expanded federal funding of Medicaid. Beginning in the 1980s, many states received waivers from the federal government to create Medicaid managed care programs. Under managed care, Medicaid recipients are enrolled in a private plan, which receives a fixed monthly premium from the state. The plan is then responsible for providing for all or most of the recipient's healthcare needs. All but a few states use managed care to provide coverage to a significant proportion of Medicaid enrollees. As of 2014, 26 states have contracts with managed care organizations to deliver long-term care for the elderly and individuals with disabilities. The states pay a capitulated rate per member to the MCOs that provide comprehensive care and accept the risk of managing total costs. Nationwide, roughly 80% of enrollees are enrolled in managed care plans. The annual cost of care will vary state depending on state approved Medicaid benefits, as well as the state specific care costs. A state by state listing was provided.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (Medicaid administrator) logo
Established in 1965, the Academy serves as the profession’s voice on public policy and professionalism issues. The American Academy of Actuaries' stated mission is to serve the United States actuarial profession. The Academy, in 1988, created the Actuarial Standards Board as an independent entity, supported by AAA staff. The ASB serves as the single board promulgating standards of practice for the actuarial profession in the United States. The ASB was given sole authority to develop, obtain comment upon, adopt standards of practice for the actuarial profession. In order to sign statements of actuarial opinion, an American actuary must be American Academy of Actuaries. The Academy membership requirements are: Membership in one of the following societies: Associate or Fellow of the Casualty Actuarial Society. Associate or Fellow of the Society of Actuaries. M.S.P.A. or F.S.P.A. in the American Society of Pension Professionals and Actuaries. Conference of Consulting Actuaries. Enrolled Actuary status under Title 3, Section C of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Fellowship in the Canadian Institute of Actuaries. Fellowship in the Faculty of Actuaries in Scotland. Fellowship in the Institute of Actuaries in Great Britain. Membership in the Colegio Nacional de Actuarios in Mexico.
American Academy of Actuaries
Logo of the American Academy of Actuaries
The Society of Actuaries is a professional organization for actuaries based in North America. It is a full organization of the International Actuarial Association. The Society's vision is for actuaries to be recognized as the leading professionals in the management of financial risk and contingent events. The SOA represents American actuaries from all major areas of practice except property and insurance, which are represented by the Casualty Actuarial Society. In 2013, the SOA began qualification examinations covering general insurance. The SOA, along with its public relations firm GolinHarris, won the PR Week Corporate Branding Campaign of the award for 2008. The award was given for the Society's efforts to revitalize the actuarial profession's brand including the slogan &Risk is Opportunity.& The American Institute of Actuaries was founded in 1909. Based in Chicago, it attracted members in the midwestern and southern United States. The SOA has seen continued growth since then, now recognizing over 20,000 professional actuaries as active members. The SOA is headed by a board of directors consisting of a president, president-elect, eighteen other board members. In addition, the two most recent past presidents are members of the board. The board positions are filled by election. Vice presidents are elected for terms of two years. The president-elect is elected for a term of one year, after which she becomes the president for a term of one year.
Society of Actuaries
Society of Actuaries logo
Society of Actuaries
Shot of an old diploma issued by the AIA.
This article is about a type of health and social care service. For specific information on providers of such services, see for Geriatric care management. It is common for long-term care to provide non-skilled care, such as assisting with normal daily tasks like dressing, feeding, using the bathroom. Long-term care can be provided at home, in the community, in nursing homes. Long-term care may be needed by people of any age, although it is a more common need for senior citizens. Long-term care can be provided informally. These facilities are operated by different providers. These services are usually ordered by other professional. Long-term home care is care and support provided by family members, friends and other unpaid volunteers. An example is the variety of supportive services. The term is also common with aging groups, such as the American Association of Retired Persons, which annually surveys the US states on services for elders. Life expectancy is going up in most countries, entering an age when they may need care. Meanwhile, birth rates are generally falling. Globally, 70 percent of all older people now live in middle-income countries. Countries and care systems need to find innovative and sustainable ways to cope with the demographic shift.
Long-term care
Elderly man at a nursing home in Norway.
Long-term care
Nurse at a nursing home in Norway
The Social Security Act, Pub.L. 74–271, 49 Stat. 620, enacted August 1935, now codified as 42 U.S.C. ch. 7, was a social welfare legislative act which created the Social Security system in the United States. Although the program has been altered since its signing, the original purpose was to provide federal assistance to those unable to work. The act laid the groundwork with its primary focus to provide aid for the elderly, the unemployed, children. The urbanization that followed created many new social problems, transformed ideas of how society and the government should function together because of them. As industry expanded, cities grew quickly to keep up with demand for labor. Tenement houses were built poorly, cramming new migrants from farms and Southern and Eastern European immigrants into tight and unhealthy spaces. Work spaces were even more unsafe. In 1890, wrote that “the quick change of economic conditions in the city…often out paces all plans of relief.” In the 1930s, the Supreme Court struck down many pieces including the Railroad Retirement Act. The Court threw out a centerpiece of the New Deal, the National Industrial Recovery Act, New York State's minimum-wage law. President Roosevelt responded with an attempt to pack the court of 1937. The debate on this proposal lasted over six months.
Social Security Act
President Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act, at approximately 3:30 pm EDT on August 14, 1935. Standing with Roosevelt are Rep. Robert Doughton (D - NC); unkn Sen. Robert Wagner (D- NY); Rep. John Dingell (D- MI); Rep. Joshua Twing Brooks (D- Pennsylvania); the Secretary of Labor, Frances P Sen. Pat Harrison (D- MS); and Rep. David Lewis (D- MD).
John Randolph Thune is a politician and senior United States Senator from South Dakota, a member of the Republican Party. He previously served for South Dakota's at-large congressional district. He became South Dakota's senior senator in 2015. He has worked since completing his MBA graduate degree. Thune was born in the South Dakota capital of Pierre, South Dakota, the son of Yvonne Patricia and Harold Richard Thune. Thune's mother was born in Saskatchewan. Thune has a brother named Richard Thune, an English teacher at Rowland High School. Thune was active in basketball, track, football. Thune graduated in 1979. He played college basketball at Biola University in California, where he graduated in 1983 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business. Thune received the degree of Master of Business Administration from the University of South Dakota in 1984. Thune frequently competes in running events. A 2012 feature by Runner's World Magazine noted that Thune has &been the fastest man in Congress since 2009.& After completing his MBA, Thune became involved in politics. He worked as a legislative aide for U.S.
John Thune
John Thune
Born in South Carolina, he graduated from the University of South Carolina in 1977. Graham received his Juris Doctor in 1981. Graham then served in the United States House of Representatives, representing South Carolina's congressional district from 1995 to 2003. Graham was elected to four terms, receiving each time. In 2002, he ran for the U.S. Senate after eight-term Republican incumbent Strom Thurmond announced his retirement. He defeated Democratic opponent Alex Sanders in the general election. He was re-elected to a second term in 2008, defeating Bob Conley. Graham won a third term in 2014, defeating Independent Thomas Ravenel. Graham is also a critic of the Tea Party movement, arguing for a more inclusive Republican Party. On December 2015, he ended his campaign for the presidency. He later endorsed Jeb Bush for President. After Bush suspended his campaign on February 20, he subsequently endorsed Ted Cruz. When it seemed certain that Donald Trump would become the Republican Presidential candidate in early May 2016, he announced he would not vote for Trump. Lindsey Olin Graham was born in Central, South Carolina, where Millie and Florence James &F.J.& Graham, ran a restaurant-bar-pool hall-liquor store, the &Sanitary Cafe&. After graduating from D. W. Daniel High School, he joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps.
Lindsey Graham
Lindsey Graham
Lindsey Graham
Lt. Gen. Jack L. Rives pins the Meritorious Service Medal on Col. Lindsey Graham.
Lindsey Graham
Graham (far right) at the signing of the Fair Sentencing Act in 2010
Lindsey Graham
John McCain and Lindsey Graham, Al-Faw Palace, Iraq, 2007
The Act also addressed the activation of the budget sequestration provisions of the Budget Control Act of 2011. The Act also establishes caps on tax deductions and credits for those at upper income levels. It does not tackle federal spending levels to a great extent, rather leaving that for further negotiations and legislation. This was an increase from the
rate of 35%. This was an increase from the
rate of 15%. This was an increase from the
rate of 15%. A phase-out of tax credits for incomes over $300,000 for couples was reinstated. These limits on deductions had existed before the Bush tax cuts, had disappeared in 2010. The two-year-old cut to payroll taxes was not extended. The rate had been reduced from 6.2% to 4.2% for 2011 and 2012. Some tax credits for poorer families were extended for five years, including ones for college tuition and an expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit. The new rates for income, the alternative minimum tax would be made permanent. The sequestration created by the Budget Control Act of 2011 was delayed by two months, to give time for further negotiations on reduction. The sequestration caps for 2014 were lowered to offset the two-month delay in 2013. For 2013 only, certain &security& funding such as homeland security and international affairs were cut in order to lessen the cuts to defense.
American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012
American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012
The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution. Businessman Donald Trump of New York, will become the Republican president on January 20, 2017. The Republican Party's current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats' modern liberalism. The Republican Party's platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, restrictions on labor unions. In addition to economic themes there are important traditional values, usually with a ethical foundation. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures. Specifically, 68 out of 98 partisan state legislative chambers have Republican majorities. According to CBS news, &The Republican National Committee says the acronym &GOP& dates back to 1875, at which time it meant'Gallant Old Party'.& The main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil. The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party. The official convention was held on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan. The Republicans' initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest. With the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states.
Republican Party (United States)
Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President ().
Republican Party (United States)
Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States ()
Republican Party (United States)
Dwight Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States ()
Republican Party (United States)
Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States ()
Gaylord Kent Conrad is a former United States Senator from North Dakota. Conrad is the North Dakota affiliate of the Democratic Party. First elected in 1986, Conrad served as chairman or Ranking Member of the Senate Budget Committee for twelve years. On January 2011, he announced that he would not run for re-election in 2012, but would instead retire. Fellow Democrat Heidi Heitkamp was elected to replace him. He currently co-chairs the Bipartisan Policy Center's Commission on Personal Savings. He is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One. He was born in Bismarck, North Dakota, Gaylord E. Conrad. Conrad lived much of his early life in Bismarck. Orphaned at a young age, Conrad was raised by his grandparents. Conrad spent several years at Wheelus Air Base high school in Tripoli, Libya. Conrad received an M.B.A. from The George Washington University. He has been married twice. Pam, is the sister of former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture and former North Dakota Governor Ed Schafer. They had Jessamyn.
Kent Conrad
Kent Conrad
Ponzi schemes occasionally begin as legitimate businesses, until the business fails to achieve the returns expected. The business becomes a Ponzi scheme if it then continues under fraudulent terms. Whatever the initial situation, the perpetuation of the high returns requires an ever-increasing flow of money from new investors to sustain the scheme. The scheme is named after Charles Ponzi, who became notorious for using the technique in 1920. Ponzi schemes sometimes commence operations as legitimate investment vehicles, such as hedge funds. A wide variety of investment vehicles or strategies, typically legitimate, have become the basis of Ponzi schemes. For instance, Allen Stanford used bank certificates of deposit to defraud tens of thousands of people. Certificates of deposit are usually low-risk and insured instruments, but the Stanford CDs were fraudulent. Initially the promoter will pay out high returns to attract more investors, to lure current investors into putting in additional money. Other investors begin to participate, leading to a cascade effect. The &return& to the initial investors is paid out of the investments of new entrants, rather than solely from profits. This maintains the deception that the scheme is an investment with high returns. The promoter sees new cash flows as investors are told they cannot transfer money from the first plan to the second. Such liquidity crises often trigger panics, as more people start asking for their money, similar to a bank run. External market forces, such as a sharp decline in the economy, cause many investors to withdraw part or all of their funds.
Ponzi scheme
1920 photo of Charles Ponzi, the namesake of the scheme, while still working as a businessman in his office in Boston
It is owned by a subsidiary of Clarity Media Group, owned by Philip Anschutz. The publication is influential with conservative circles in government-related fields. Philip Anschutz purchased Journal Newspapers Inc. in October 2004. The new format has been compared to The Hill. Its managing editor is Philip Klein. The market for the weekly magazine is the &45,000 government, public affairs, advocacy, academia and political professionals in Washington, DC, state capitals.& When Anschutz started the Examiner in its daily format, he envisioned creating a conservative competitor to The Washington Post. The Examiner's writers have included Michael Barone, David Freddoso, Byron York. The Examiner endorsed Adrian Fenty in the Democratic primary for mayor in 2010. Official website The Washington Examiner at the Wayback Machine
Washington Examiner
Washington Examiner
In politics, the &revolving door& is a movement of personnel between roles as legislators and regulators and the industries affected by the legislation and regulation. In some cases, the roles in certain circumstances may be performed at the same time. The industry is especially affected by the revolving door concept, as the main asset for a lobbyist is contacts with and influence on government officials. This industrial climate is attractive for ex-government officials. It can also mean monetary rewards for the lobbying firms and government projects and contracts in the hundreds of millions for those they represent. Regulation relating to the related issues of lobbying and the funding of political parties varies considerably around the world. Here are details for a few sample jurisdictions: - In Australia, this is of public debate as many state leaders have become private consultants for corporations. There is no legislation against doing so. The appointment of Leung Chin-man as executive director of New World China Land in 2008 led to much controversy. Leung was previously a senior servant administrative officer in charge of lands. His appointment as an executive director of a subsidiary of a developer led to allegations of collusion of interests and delayed interests. The territory's Legislative Council had, for years, an inquiry into the matter. Amakudari is the institutionalized practice where senior bureaucrats retire to high-profile positions in the private and public sectors. The practice was increasingly viewed as corrupt and state which prevent economic and political reforms. In April 2007, a law to phase out amakudari prohibits ministries from attempting to place bureaucrats in industry with implementation in 2009.
Revolving door (politics)
The metaphor of a revolving door has been used to describe people switching jobs, from working as lawmakers, to being lobbyists, and vice versa.
Revolving door (politics)
Democratic Congressman Dick Gephardt became a lobbyist in 2007 after leaving his Congressional post.
A subsidy is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy. Although commonly extended from government, the term subsidy can relate to any type of support – for example from NGOs or as implicit subsidies. Subsidies come in various forms including: direct and indirect. Furthermore, they can be broad or narrow, legal or illegal, ethical or unethical. The most common forms of subsidies are those to the producer or the consumer. Producer/production subsidies ensure producers are better off by either supplying market price support, direct support, or payments to factors of production. Consumer/consumption subsidies commonly reduce the price of goods and services to the consumer. For example, in the US at one time it was cheaper to buy gasoline than bottled water. Whether subsidies are positive or negative is typically a normative judgment. As a form of economic intervention, subsidies are inherently contrary to the market's demands. However, they can also be used as tools of political and corporate cronyism. A production subsidy encourages suppliers to increase the output of a particular product by partially offsetting the production costs or losses. This type of subsidy is predominantly found in developed markets. Other examples of production subsidies include the assistance in the creation of a new firm, industry and even the development of certain areas. A consumption subsidy is one that subsidises the behavior of consumers.
The American Spectator was founded by George Jean Nathan and Truman Newberry. In 1967, the Saturday Evening Club re-christened it The Alternative: An American Spectator. In fact, Tyrrell had started the magazine as a conservative alternative in the 1960s. American Spectator is unrelated to The Spectator, anti-establishment conservatism. During the Reagan Administration, the magazine moved to suburban Washington, D.C.. The publication gained prominence by reporting on political scandals. The March 1992 issue contained David Brock's smear of Clarence Thomas accuser Anita Hill. Brock and his colleague Daniel Wattenberg soon aimed at a bigger target: Hillary and Bill Clinton. It only corroborated few if any elements of her story. This article was the basis for the claim of a sexual harassment lawsuit which started the chain of events resulting in President Clinton's impeachment. David Brock recanted his accusations from the conservative movement. He also denounced his Anita Hill article in his 2003 Blinded by the Right: the Conscience of an Ex-Conservative. He implies that Rush Limbaugh's coverage of his Anita Hill article instigated advertising on Limbaugh's network, which resulted in the magazine's circulation. He also implies that this caused the magazine's content to move'away' to ` hit jobs'. He never was able to interview her himself.
The American Spectator
The American Spectator