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Sensitive skin presents in a wide variety of ways with:
subjective symptoms such as stinging, itching, burning
and/or visible skin changes such as redness, dryness, scaling, peeling, bumps, hives.
Often, complaints of sensitive skin relate only to the face. Products that are tolerated on other sites cause i
are especially sensitive. Armpits, groin and genitals may also be more sensitive than other areas because of thinner skin.
Causes of sensitive skin
There are a number of recognised medical causes of sensitive skin
The term sensitive skin most often refers to a form of . This is defined as an inflammatory response of the skin to (an) externally applied agent(s) or factor(s) without requiring prior sensitisation, i.e., it is not due to allergy. Examples of such agents/factors include:
Skin irritants, of which wet work is the most important. Although some chemicals can cause skin irritation in most people if exposed, it is usually a combination of several mild irritant agents/factors adding up to ICD.
Irritating body fluids such as sweat, urine and faeces.
Environmental factors such as heat, cold, low humidity and ultraviolet light.
Mechanical factors eg friction, pressure, vibration and occlusion.
However host factors also influence susceptibility and these include age, sex, skin site and history of eczema.
Ten clinical types of ICD have been recognised, of which 8 present with clinically visible changes in the skin.
Hand dermatitis due to wet work
Reaction to adhesive plaster
Rash caused by acne cleanser
Irritant contact dermatitis
Two forms of ICD show no clinical changes and these are therefore worth mentioning in more detail.
1. Subjective/sensory irritation, also known as sensorineural irritation
This is characterised by sensory discomfort such as itching, stinging, tingling or burning, but in the absence of any clinical or histological evidence of inflammation. Involvement of nerves and blood vessels contribute to the development of the symptoms. Lactic acid and propylene glycol in cosmetic agents are common causes of this. The threshold for developing symptoms following application of these chemicals to the skin varies between individuals and does not correlate with the person's susceptibility to other forms of skin irritation. It is generally of acute onset. Avoiding the irritant or using personal protective equipment such as , and the frequent use of generous amounts of moisturiser usually results in a good outcome.
2. Non-erythematous irritation, also called suberythematous irritation
This form of irritant contact dermatitis differs from subjective irritation in that, although the person experiences similar symptoms and no rash is visible, there are changes of inflammation seen on skin biopsy. It often develops slowly and discomfort is experienced with multiple chemicals. Cocamidopropyl betaine and coconut diethanolamide are recognised causes of this and are common ingredients in cosmetics. The outcome with this form of ICD is variable.
is a skin reaction following the development of an allergic response to an externally applied agent and is less common than irritant contact dermatitis. It typically develops increasing intensity with time. Some chemicals are known to commonly cause an allergic reaction but usually it is only in occasional or rare individuals that such a reaction develops. The causative agent can be identified by .
Dermatitis on hands
Patch tests positive to rubber glove
Reaction to thiuram, a component of rubber gloves
Allergic contact dermatitis to rubber gloves
is a form of hives triggered by skin contact with an agent that causes immediate swelling and redness and resolves over hours. It can be confirmed by prick testing. There are irritant and allergic forms of contact urticaria.
Prick testing
Reaction to venison
Reaction to latex
Contact urticaria
is a common facial skin condition characterised by some or all of the following clinical features:
Persistent redness/broken capillaries ()
Acne-like rash of bumps and pimples
Localised facial swelling
Skin sensitivity
The skin sensitivity in this condition can present as skin redness or irritation after application to the face of the person's usual cosmetics and skin care products, often after years of uneventful use of the same product.
Physical urticaria refers to hives triggered by a physical event such as , heat,
or vibration. Thus the person may erupt in a red rash while taking a hot shower for example. In this case, it is a reaction to the temperature of the water, and not to water itself, and the rash resolves within an hour after cooling.
literally means to be able to write on the skin. The skin becomes red and puffy after a scratch.
Dermographism
In aquagenic pruritus, the skin becomes itchy following contact with water of any temperature.
from any cause is irritable and sensitive. Skin may be dry due to:
genetic reasons i.e.,
environmental factors such as low humidity or excessive washing
general health issues such as
medications.
Dry skin tends to be itchy, especially if overheated. The person is often using a number of products topically to try to improve this, and may therefore also develop a contact dermatitis.
Dryness due to ageing
Ichthyosis
Eczema due to dry skin
All forms of
(, , asteatotic, , etc.) can result in sensitive, easily irritated skin as the skin barrier has been disturbed, allowing external factors to penetrate. Eczema skin is usually itchy with a visible rash, which can further react to water, temperature, humidity and other environmental factors. Thus the presence of a second problem such as an irritant or allergic contact dermatitis to a product being applied to the skin may be overlooked. Eczema of any type is a well recognised predisposing factor for the development of irritant contact dermatitis.
Atopic eczema
Seborrhoeic eczema
Venous eczema
Skin sensitivity may take the form of a reaction to sunlight () either as easy , hives, blisters or sensory symptoms such as tingling. There are many photodermatoses and these are described in more detail elsewhere on this website.
Photosensitive eczema
is a rare group of conditions there are an excessive number of mast cells in the skin which can release histamine following stroking, pressure, heat, etc. This results in skin redness, puffiness and perhaps even blistering. The most common mastocystosis is called .
Urticaria pigmentosa in a child
Urticaria pigmentosa in an adult
Telangiectasia eruptiva macularis perstans
Mastocytosis
How is sensitive skin diagnosed?
The cause of the sensitive skin may be diagnosed clinically and/or may require additional tests such as
Close-up of positive reaction
Patch testing
Proposed mechanisms
Skin irritation is a complex biologic event involving a variety of different receptor types.
How is sensitive skin treated?
Usually treatment is aimed at the underlying condition and avoidance, where possible, of the triggering agent/factor(s). Management may also include:
Non-irritating
Related information
References:
Fluhr JW, Darlenski R, Angelova-Fischer I, Tsankov N, Basketter D. Skin irritation and sensitization: Mechanisms and new approaches for risk assessment. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 4–135.
Marriott M, Holmes J, Peters L, Cooper K, Rowson M, Basketter DA. The complex problem of sensitive skin. Contact Dermatitis –99.
Slodownik D, Lee A, Nixon R. Irritant contact dermatitis: A review. Australas. J. Dermatol. –11.
On DermNet NZ:
Other websites:
Books about skin diseases:
Author: Dr Delwyn Dyall-Smith FACD, dermatologist
DermNet NZ does not provide an online consultation service.
If you have any concerns with your skin or its treatment, see a dermatologist for advice.In the preceding chapters, you learned that external agents such 在前面的章节..
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