【上外?英语】2006年10月自学考试现代语言学试题（含答案）
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　　2006年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试卷
　　Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%&10=20%)：
　　1. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of(　　　)
　　A:all consonants
　　B:vowels only
　　C:all consonants and some vowels
　　D:all vowels and some consonants
　　答案：D
　　2. The negative prefix& in-&in English, when added to the adjective &possible&, is actually pronounced/im/,and spelt as &im&. This is the result of the ______________rule at work.(　　　)
　　A:deletion
　　B:assimilation
　　C:phonetic
　　D:sequential
　　答案：B
　　3. The word &ecology& is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.(　　　)
　　A:two roots
　　B:a root and a suffix
　　C:a root and a free morpheme
　　D:a prefix and a root
　　答案：A
　　4. When we move the adverbial phrase &every day& in the sentence &Every day, we study English& to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.(　　　)
　　A:rewriting
　　B:preposing
　　C:postposing
　　D:maintaining
　　答案：C
　　5. Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms?(　　　)
　　A:complementary
　　B:relational
　　C:superordinate
　　D:gradable
　　答案：C
　　6. In terms of predication analysis , the utterance& Is it going to snow this afternoon?& is a______________(　　　)
　　A:one-place predication
　　B:two-place predication
　　C:three-place predication
　　D:no-place predication
　　答案：D
　　7. In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English, word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.
　　(　　　)
　　答案：B
　　8. Black English is a kind of _______________dialect.(　　　)
　　A:regional
　　B:standard
　　C:ethnic
　　D:situational
　　答案：C
　　9. The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of _____________years old in one&s life, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.
　　(　　　)
　　B:2-12
　　C:1-12
　　D:13-18
　　答案：B
　　10. In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one language. What is meant by this ______________view of language acquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.(　　　)
　　A:behaviorist
　　B:nativist
　　C:mentalist
　　D:empiricist
　　答案：B
　　Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%&10=10%)：
　　1. A scientific study of language is based on the s________________ investigation of language data.
　　答案：
　　systematic
　　2. The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are called the p________________ medium of language.
　　答案：
　　phonic
　　3. phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length, due to their r________________ properties.
　　答案：
　　recursive
　　4. A f_________________ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone.
　　答案：
　　finite
　　5. In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship between X and Y is i_________________
　　答案：
　　inconsistent
　　6. In Austin& s early speech act theory, c________________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
　　答案：
　　constatives
　　7. In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss, sound a________________ and sound movement.
　　答案：
　　addition
　　8. Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be undesirable in f_________________ styles of language.
　　答案：
　　formal
　　9. D_________________ listening tests involve simultaneously presenting, through earphones, two different auditory signals, one to the right ear and the other to the left ear.
　　答案：
　　Dichotic
　　10. At children&s language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a concept or predication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word &dada& to mean &Dada, come here&, &more& to mean &Give me more candy&. Those utterances can also be called h_________________ sentences.
　　答案：
　　holophrastic
　　Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%&10=20%)：
　　1. ( )Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approaches are equally favored by modern linguists.
　　答案：
　　it is true that language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically . But they are not equally favored by modern linguists. Modem linguists tend to take a synchronic approach rather than a diachronic one.
　　2. ( )Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not with sentences.
　　答案：
　　Stress applies to both words and sentences .
　　3. ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between its components, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.
　　答案：
　　4. ( )Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical items in these categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.
　　答案：
　　Major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added .
　　5. ( )The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology of the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.
　　答案：
　　6. ( )The significance of Grice&s Cooperative Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.
　　答案：
　　7. ( )The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to extend its meaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or semantic representation of words may become broader.
　　答案：
　　8. ( )An official language is in fact a national language.
　　答案：
　　The two terms cannot be confused . An official language has been officially recognized by some government authority , while a national language can refer either to a language serving an entire nation or to a language functioning as a national symbol .
　　9. ( )Generally speaking, left-handed people have their language centers in the left hemisphere of the brain.
　　答案：
　　Many left-handed people have their language centers in the right hemisphere of the brain.
　　10. ( )A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.
　　答案：
　　Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%&10=30%)：
　　1. phonemic contrast
　　答案：
　　A relation between different phonemes . They can take the same position in a sound combination but they cause difference in meaning .For example , /P/and /b /are said to form a phonemic contrast because they both can occur at the beginning or at the end of a sound combination causing difference in meaning , as in / Pi : / and / bi :, / lip / and/lib / .
　　2. free morphemes
　　答案：
　　The independent units of meaning that can be used freely and all by themselves .
　　3. hierarchical structure
　　答案：
　　The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent , such as NP and VP .
　　4. co-hyponyms
　　答案：
　　Hyponyms that have the same superordinate are called co-hyponyms . For example , & tulip & , & violet & and & rose , , are co-hyponyms and & flower , ' is the superordinate.
　　5. utterance meaning
　　答案：
　　Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication . It is concrete and context-dependent . For example , the utterance meaning of &The bag is heavy & in different contexts can be a statement , a request for help and even declination to someone's request for help .
　　6. perlocutionary act
　　答案：
　　A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting fr it is the consequence of the change brought about by the utterance . For example , the perlocutionary act of & You have left the door wide open & can be the hearer&s closing the window or his refusal to comply with the request .
　　7. internal borrowing
　　答案：
　　Internal borrowing refers to a kind of change which can be thought of as & economy of memory &and which results in reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes .
　　8. subvocal speech
　　答案：
　　Subvocal speech is a term used to refer to thought when thought and language are identical or closely parallel to each other .
　　9. contrastive analysis
　　答案：
　　Contrastive analysis refers to a comparative procedure used to establish linguistic differences between two languages so as to predict learning difficulties caused by interference from the learner 's first language and prepare the type of teaching materials that will reduce the effects of interference .
　　10. caretaker speech
　　答案：
　　Caretakers speech refers to the simple , modified speech used by parents , baby -sitters , etc . when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language .
　　Answer the following questions.(10%&2=20%)：
　　1. Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animal communication system.
　　答案：
　　Any four of the following five features will be considered correct : arbitrariness , creativity ( productivity ) , duality ( double articulation ) , displacement , cultural transmission . arbitrariness : human language is arbitrary i.e . there is no logical connection between a linguistic sign and what it refers to .
　　Productivity: Human language allows human beings to produce and understand an unlimited number of sentences they have never heard before . Animals have a limited number of signals for communication.
　　Duality: Human language is structured as having two levels . On the lower level there exist a limited number of sounds which are by the on the higher level , there are an unlimited number of sound combinations , This feature gives human language great expressive power . Such a feature is totally lacking in any animal communication system.
　　Displacement : Humans with their language can talk about anything without being limited by time or space . But animal communication is limited to the &here& and & now &. Cultural transmission : Human language is not genetically transmitted , but is taught and learnt .Means of animal communication is genetically transmitted .
　　评分标准：本题回答要求包括四点，每一点为2 .5 分。每一点中人类语言特征占1.5 分，动物交际特征占l 分(arbitrariness 除外).
　　2. What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most bilingual communities have one thing in common?
　　答案：
　　Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers , such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation .
　　A bilingual community is such a community in which its members commonly and regularly use two languages in their daily lives. And a typical example of a bilingual community is an ethnic ghetto where most , if not all，of its inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants .
　　Most bilingual communities have one thing in common , that is , a fairly clear functional differentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situations kown as domain .
　　Thus in bilingual communities, one language may be used in some domains, such as the Home Domain and another language in other domains , such as the Employment Domain . 评分标准：本题由三个问题组成，回答也要求包括三点，其中第一、二点各占3 分，第三点占4 分。
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