【图文】2014新目标初中英语九年级unit10 Section B 1_百度文库
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&&&&&&Why is one man primarily responsible for the existence of the letter &J,& and what letter did it split off from?
Recently we asked you to let us know which of the twenty-six letters of the alphabet you’d like us to investigate. A resounding number of you suggested the consonant //. From its humble beginnings as a
to its eventual tenth position in the English alphabet, /j/ has had quite a linguistic journey.
“J” is a b after all, it was the last letter added to the alphabet. It is no coincidence that /i/ and /j/ stand side by side – they actually started out as the same character. The letter /j/ began as a , a typographical embellishment for the already existing /i/. With the introduction of lowercase letters to the Roman numeric system, /j/ was commonly used to denote the conclusion of a series of one’s – as in “xiij” for the number 13.
(By the way, what’s the and why do we use them? .)
J’s phonetic quest for independence probably began with the sound of the letter /i/. Originally a
pictogram representing a leg with a hand, and denoting a sound similar to the /y/ in “yes,” /i/ was later adopted by Semitic groups to describe the word “arm” which, in
languages, began with a /j/ – also possessing the same /y/ sound as in “yes.”
Both /i/ and /j/ were used interchangeably by scribes to express the sound of both the vowel and the consonant. It wasn’t until 1524 when Gian Giorgio Trissino, an Italian Renaissance grammarian known as the father of the letter /j/, made a clear distinction between the two sounds. Trissino’s contribution is important because once he distinguished the soft
/j/ sound, as in “jam” (probably a loan sound), he was able to identify the Greek “Iesus” a translation of the Hebrew “Yeshua,” as the Modern English “Jesus.” Thus the current phoneme for /j/ was born.
The English language is infamous for matching similar phonemes with different letters () and /j/ is certainly no exception. In addition to the aforementioned soft /j/ sound, as in “jam,” which is phonetically identical to the soft /g/ as in “general,” the /j/ in Taj Mahal takes on a slight variation of that same sound and is probably the closest to Trissino’s original phonetic interpretation. And coming full circle, the /j/ sound you hear in the word “hallelujah” is pronounced “halleluyah.”
It’s your turn again. Tell us which letter you would most like us to pursue next, and we will go after the story behind the alphabet member that receives the most suggestions in the comments.
CITIBANK RAMPS UP RETAIL DEPLOYMENT.
Bank Systems + Technology August 1, 1998 | Amato-McCoy, Deena Reflecting an industry focus on off-premises deployment, Citibank has signed a deal to install its ATMs in up to 3,000 Blockbuster Video stores across the nation.
The deal stands to balloon New York-based Citibanks ATM presence from nine states and the District of Columbia to 39 states and Washington, D.C., by mid-1999. NCR, Dayton, Ohio, supplies the $311 billion banks ATMs and, at presstime, was in talks to support the Blockbuster rollout, according to Mark Rodgers, Citibank spokesman.
We expect to make a lot of progress in our ATM installations by the end of 1998, Rodgers said. A bulk of the machines will be in place between the end of the year and early 1999. Once all 3,000 units are in place, we expect to begin evaluating feedback from our customers and improve even further from there.
Citibank tested the Blockbuster ATM concept in May at five stores: one in Westbury, N.Y., one in Las Vegas, one in Dallas and two in California. Rodgers said the new units would be installed in Blockbuster locations based on traffic patterns and proximity to other ATMs. Dallas-based Blockbuster has 6,000 video stores nationwide.
The Blockbuster ATMs are primarily cash dispensers, but as customer volume increases Citibank may add such functionality as deposits, funds transfers, multilingual touchscreens, and stock/mutual fund trading, Rodgers said.
Citibanks U.S. partnership with Blockbuster stemmed from a Latin American project with the video retailer last year.
We have a modest presence in the form of mini-branches in Lima [Peru]. Within four months [of going live], 44% of our total retail banking transactions were conducted at this Blockbuster location, Rodgers explained. This is a strong indication that customers enjoyed the convenience of doing business at this and other Blockbuster locations throughout Peru and Latin America because they are well-situated. That is when we looked at an alliance in the United States.
Citibank, too, is launching retail banking outlets in Kinkos copy centers. It expects to test between up to eight sales and information centers in Kinkos stores over the next year, according to Rodgers. The first pilot was in Las Vegas and, based on the pilots results, the bank may open more of the 500-square-foot outlets in the 880-store chains locations, Rodgers said.
We will use these centers to do demos of our on-line banking products on PCs available at the sites and to distribute applications to open new accounts at our branches, he added. The extended-hours centers also will feature interactive video screens that allow customers to remotely interact with Citibank service staff and specialists for investment services.
Citibanks alliances with national retailers like Blockbuster and Kinkos are part of a grand consumer strategy stretching into the millennium.
We have a mind-set, or long-term goal, to reach 1 billion customers by 2010, Rodgers said. This is the best time for us to start expanding our customer base, not through brick and mortar but through electronic access. There are new ways to achieve this milestone, and by forming strategic alliances we can attract more customers.
Amato-McCoy, Deena
“jam” does not have /j/. /j/ is the sound in “you”
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