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Austen power: 200 years of Pride and Prejudice
Two hundred years after it was first published, Pride and Prejudice has now sold more than 20 million copies and spawned everything from a Bollywood film to a zombie 'mash-up'. John Walsh examines the impact it had on Georgian Britain then – and the world ever since.
Saturday 19 January
Austen power: 200 years of Pride and Prejudice
Austen power: 200 years of Pride and Prejudice
Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen starred in the big screen adaptation of Austen's novel in 2005
Austen wrote the novel at the age of 20 after meeting, and falling in love, with a young Irishman called Tom Lefroy
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Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier as Elizabeth and Darcy in 1940
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Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth in the BBC's adaptation of the book
A first edition of Pride and Prejudice, published in January 1813
One of the worst commercial decisions in history was made by Thomas Cadell, a London publisher, in November 1797. Cadell was new to the job. His father was a leading light in the publishing industry, a friend of Samuel Johnson and the publisher of Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman E but the young Cadell was a tyro. So when he received a letter from one Rev George Austen, an unknown Hampshire clergyman, he wasn't impressed.The Rev Austen told him that he had "in my possession a Manuscript Novel comprised in three Vols, about the length of Miss [Fanny] Burney's Evelina" and entitled First Impressions. What, he asked, would it cost him to get it published, and how much might Cadell be prepared to pay for the copyright? The reply came with frankly insulting speed. Austen's letter was sent back with the words 'Declined by Return of Post' scrawled across the top.Like the Decca executive who turned down The Beatles in 1962 (saying "guitar groups are on the way out"), Cadell lived to regret his decision. For the Rev George had written on behalf of his daughter Jane, and the book First Impressions would eventually be published, 16 years later on 28 January 1813, with the title changed to Pride and Prejudice, one of the beacons of literary history. In the past 200 years, it has sold 20 million copies worldwide and never been out of print. Its first line is so well-known it's become a cliché. It is a truth universally acknowledged that Pride and Prejudice is the nation's favourite novel.The story of the Bennet family's adventures in the marriage market of the early 19th century has been adapted for TV and the big screen umpteen times (Greer Garson played Lizzie in 1940 against a surly Laurence Olivier as D Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen played them most recently in 2005), but has proved weirdly adaptable to different cultures and performance genres. There's been a Bollywood version (Bride & Prejudice), a Galilee-based Israeli TV mini-series, a Japanese comedy version (Hana Yori Dango), a Mormon-university update (Pride & Prejudice: a Latter-Day Comedy), a Broadway musical version of First Impressions and a concept album.The book has been given dozens of metafictional rewrites and sequels (PD James wrote a murder mystery called Death Comes to Pemberley in 2011) including a notorious 'mash-up', Pride and Prejudice and Zombies, featuring cannibalism, ninjas and hordes of the walking undead. Lizzie Bennet has been given her own video blog (The Lizzie Bennet Diaries) and a TV mini-series, Lost in Austen, in which she swaps lives with a modern American woman, while Mr Darcy's side of the story has spawned a trilogy, by Pamela Aidan, called Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman and an octet of spin-off books by Abigail Reynolds that include To Conquer Mr Darcy and What Would Mr Darcy Do?.Jane Austen's publishing career began in 1810, when the publisher Thomas Egerton agreed to publish Sense and Sensibility – on commission, with Egerton holding the copyright. Jane's brother, Henry, and his wife (and cousin) Eliza jointly paid the printing costs. When the debut novel hit the streets on 31 October 1811, a newspaper advertisement coyly called it 'A New Novel by a Lady'. It was well reviewed, and much discussed in polite society, and netted its author ?140. Egerton offered Jane ?110 for the copyright to Pride and Prejudice.It came out in January 1813, price 18 shillings, and was an instant hit. Richard Sheridan, the playwright, called it one of the cleverest things he'd ever read. George Henry Lewes, the critic and long-term partner of George Eliot, declared that he "would rather have written Pride and Prejudice, or Tom Jones, than any of the Waverley Novels," which was high praise at the time. A literary acquaintance of Jane's brother, Henry, assured him that it was "much too clever to be the work of a woman". Jane Austen herself stayed at home in Chawton, closeted with her mother, taking it in turns to read chapters of the book aloud to their poor spinster neighbour, Miss Benn. But her delight in what she called "my own darling Child" is evident in a letter she wrote to her sister Cassandra, which includes this tongue-in-cheek criticism:"The work is rather too light & bright & – – it wants to be stretched out here & there with a long Chapter – of sense if it could be had, if not of solemn specious nonsense – about something unconn an essay on Writing, a critique on Walter Scott, or the history of Buonaparte – or anything that would form a contrast & bring the reader with increased delight to the playfulness and Epigrammatism of the general stile…"What events, what concatenation of local circumstances, prompted her to write Pride and Prejudice – or First Impressions – in a stunning nine-month burst of activity between October 1796 and summer 1797? Many people attribute it to her meeting, and falling in love, with a young Irishman called Tom Lefroy. He and Jane were the same age – 20 – and met at a ball. He had completed a degree in Dublin, and was going to study for the Bar in London. At Christmas 1795, he had come to Hampshire to visit his aunt and uncle Lefroy at Ashe parsonage. And being handsome and charming as well as clever, he was invited everywhere. In the earliest of Jane's letters to survive, we read her breathless descriptions of a ball at Manydown House, the attentiveness of "this gentlemanlike, good-looking, pleasant young man" and how she gave "lessons" to the other dancers in showing a particular interest in a partner.Displaying what Bridget Jones would later call "mention-itis", Jane brings up Lefroy's name again and again, mentions her visits to his uncle's parsonage, and rather scandalously invites Cassandra to imagine what they got up to, "everything most profligate and shocking in the way of dancing and sitting down together". She breaks off the letter to answer the door – and finds it is Mr Lefroy coming a-calling with a chaperone.In all this activity – the ball, the dancing, the flirting, the (we assume) kissing, the writing, the visiting, the dreaming – Jane is as much the heroine as the spectator, says Claire Tomalin, Austen's most sympathetic biographer: "Jane is clearly writing as the heroine of her own youthful story, living for herself the short period of power, excitement and adventure that might come to a young woman when she was thinking of choosing a husband". But, of course, it was a Christmas romance that led nowhere. Their mutual attraction was evidently well- and Tom Lefroy was sent away before things became serious. There was an economic impulse behind his banishment: he was expected to become a barrister and the family breadwinner, and could not risk his life by marrying the daughter of a penniless clergyman. Jane never saw him after this Christmas visit.But from then on, the feelings released inside her by this moment in love's spotlight also released her as a writer. "From now on," writes Tomalin, "she carried in her own flesh and blood, and not just gleaned from books and plays, the knowledge of sexual vulnerability: of what it is to be entranced by th to hope, and to to wince, to long for what you are not going to have and had better not mention. Her writing becomes informed by this knowledge, running like a dark undercurrent beneath the comedy."Though Jane Austen was 37 when Pride and Prejudice was published, she was just 20 when she invented Lizzie Bennet – who is also, and forever, 20. It's easy to forget that the book concerns a sorority of teenagers and a succession of potential suitors – Bingley, Darcy, Wickham, Colonel Fitzwilliam – mostly in their twenties. Mrs Bennet has been portrayed in successive adaptations as a fusspot matron of mature years, but is barely into her forties, an immature, ditzy romantic who embarrasses her girls with her vulgarity. We can infer that Mr Bennet married her, without much thought to the future, when she was a sexy young minx and he was dazzled by her. Although a succession of adaptations has given the book a reputation for bonnets, minuets and genteel behaviour, the book is all about sex – and, of course, about the endless niceties of civilised discourse, the displays of accomplishments and minute calibrations of economic value that must be negotiated before the characters can get their hands on each other.While the book proceeds in a brisk and brilliant succession of encounters, alternately comic and dramatic – Mr Collins's proposal, Lizzie's response, her father's reaction, Jane and Mr Bingley, Jane's illness, Mrs Bennet's hysterics, Wickham's lies to Lizzie about Darcy, Lydia and Mr Wickham – there's one apparently false note: Darcy. Has a supposedly romantic hero ever seemed less agreeable, less attractive or less charming? At a dance, he tells Bingley, in everyone's hearing, that it would be a punishment for him to dance with any of the ladies present. What, Bingham asks, about Lizzie Bennet? Darcy regards our lively, clever, witty heroine and says, "She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me."This is not 'pride'. It's rudeness, bad manners, the words of (let us not mince words here) a stuck-up fool. We know he is "well-bred" – can breeding make one so socially maladroit? He is hopeless at conversation. He is rude to Miss Bingley. He is awkwardly icy with Lizzie. Even when he finally proposes to her, he's unforgiveably rude about her mother's vulgarity, her own "inferiority" and how degrading it would be for him to marry her. He admits, without apology, trying to derail the romance between Lizzie's sister Jane and Bingley. The reader may be forgiven for wondering when any recognisably heroic virtues will appear.Yet in the second half of the book, he changes beyond recognition. He's discovered at his mansion, Pemberley, being charming, attentive and kind. We hear about his man-of-action heroics in persuading Wickham to marry Lydia. What has brought about this transformation?Andrew Davies, who adapted the book for BBC TV in 1995, offered, at the time, a rather shocking analysis of the urgency of Darcy's feelings. From the start, says Davies, Darcy has been wrestling with a strong sexual attraction to Lizzie, which has upset all his notions about marriage. Must he really trade his fortune, his house and his future just for the pleasure of parting the socially inferior Lizzie from her foundation garments? It's when he decides the deal is worth it, that he becomes heroic.Davies identifies the turning point: "There's quite a well-known scene when Elizabeth, because she's worried that her sister is ill, walks and runs across muddy fields to Netherfield. She happens to bump into Mr Darcy just as he's coming out of the house, and he finds that he responds very well to her looks. So I wrote in a stage direction: 'Darcy is surprised to find that he has an instant erection'. I felt obliged to add, 'I don't mean we need to focus on his trousers, just that it's what should be going through the actor's mind'. Darcy's obviously turned on by this heart-throbbing, muddy, warm girl."The book's core, however, is Lizzie Bennet, so sprightly, so confident, so morally centred, such a shrewd judge of character. The arc of the narrative sees her learning to back her judgements, to make up her mind independently of others – and to learn a lesson in how the world works. It's hard for her to accept that Darcy is right about her family's low status, and the social unsuitability of their union. But in the book's climactic scene, when Lady Catherine De Bourgh explains to Lizzie why she should not presume to marry Darcy (her nephew), pride flashes a sudden fin in Lizzie's heart and she does just that.Readers everywhere have cheered at this happy outcome. Successive generations have closed the book regretfully, sorry to leave the chattering, fretful, quarrelsome, scheming, romancing community of the novel behind. And some have pondered the paradox that such a legendarily romantic work should be centrally concerned with money, wills, land and great estates. Among them was the poet WH Auden who, in his "Letter to Lord Byron" (1937) wrote:"You could not shock her more than she shocks me,Beside her, Joyce seems innocent as grass.It makes me most uncomfortable to seeAn English spinster of the middle classDescribe the amorous effects of 'brass',Reveal so frankly and with such sobrietyThe economic basis of society."
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April 2010Innocent - definition of innocent by The Free Dictionary /innocent
innocent Also found in: , , , , , .
in·no·cent
(ĭn′ə-sənt)adj.1.
Uncorrupted by evil, malice, sinless: an innocent child.2. a.
Not guilty of a speci legally blameless: was innocent of all charges.b.
Within, allowed by, or s lawful.3. a.
innocuous: an innocent prank.b.
C straightforward: a child's innocent stare.4. a.
Not ex naive.b.
Betraying or suggesting n artless.5. a.
Not exposed to or familiar with ignorant: American tourists wholly innocent of French.b.
Unaware: She remained innocent of the complications she had caused.6.
Lacking, deprived, or devoid of something: a novel innocent of literary merit.n.1.
A person, especially a child, who is free of evil or sin.2.
A simple, guileless, inexperienced, or unsophisticated person.3.
A very young child.[Middle English, from Old French, from Latin innocēns, innocent- : in-, not; see
in-1 + nocēns, present participle of nocēre, to harm; see
nek-1 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]in′no·cent·ly adv.innocent ('?n?s?nt) adj1. not corrupted or tainted with evil o pure2.
(Law) not guilty o blameless3.
(foll by: of) free (of); lacking: innocent of all knowledge of history. 4. a. harmless or innocuous: an innocent game. b. not cancerous: an innocent tumour. 5. credulous, naive, or artless6. simple- slow-wittedn7. an innocent person, esp a young child or an ingenuous adult8. a simple- simpleton 'innocently advin•no•cent
(ˈɪn ə sənt)
free from leg guiltless.
not involving evil intent or motive.
not causing phys harmless:
innocent fun.
devoid (usu. fol. by of):
a law innocent of merit.
having or showing the simplicity or naiveté of an unworldly person.
u ignorant.
an innocent person.
a young child.
[;1200; Middle English & Latin innocent-, s. of innocēns=in- -3 + nocēns, present participle of nocēre to harm]
in′no•cent•ly, adv.
In•no•cent
(ˈɪn ə sənt)
Innocent I, Saint, died A.D. 417, Italian pope 401&#.
Innocent II, (Gregorio Papareschi) died 1143, Italian pope ;43.
Innocent III, (Giovanni Lotario de' Conti) 1161?&#, Italian pope ;1216.
Innocent IV, (Sinbaldo de Fieschi) c;1254, Italian pope ;54.
Innocent XI, (Benedetto Odescalchi) ;89, Italian pope ;89.
innocent - From Latin in-, "free from," and nocere, "hurt, injure."See also related terms for .
Switch to Noun1.innocent - a person who lacks knowledge of evil, , , , ,
- "there was too much for one person to do" - a man who is considered naive,
- a sweet innocent mild-mannered person (especially a child) - a naive or inexperienced person - a person who has never had sexAdj.1.innocent - fre "an innocent child"; "the principle that one is innocent until proved guilty",
- clearing of guilt or blame - characterized by or proceeding from accepted standards of "the...prayer of a righteous man availeth much"- James 5:16 - responsible for or chargeable with "guilty of murder"; "the guilty person"; "secret guilty deeds"2.innocent - lacking intent o "an innocent prank" - not causing or cap "harmless bacteria"; "rendered the bomb harmless"3.innocent - free from sin,
- morally excellent4.innocent - lacking in sophistic "a child's innocent stare"; "his ingenuous explanation that he would not have burned the church if he had not thought the bishop was in it",
- marked by or showing unaffected simplicity and lack of guile o "a teenager's naive ignorance of life"; "the naive assumption that things can only get better"; "this naive simple creature with wide friendly eyes so eager to believe appearances"5.innocent - not knowledgeable about "American tourists wholly innocent of French"; "a person unacquainted with our customs" - lacking in know "the uninformed public"6.innocent - completel "writing barren of insight"; "young recruits destitute of experience"; "innocent of literary merit"; "the sentence was devoid of meaning", , ,
- not having existence o "chimeras are nonexistent"7.innocent - (used of things) lackin "fine innocent weather",
- the use of an archaic expression - lacking awareness and the capacity for sensory perception
"lay unconscious on the floor"innocentadjective1. , , , , , , , , , , ,
The police knew from day one that I was innocent. not guilty , , , 2. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
(informal),
They seemed so young and innocent. naive , , , 3. , , , , , ,
It was probably an innocent question, but he got very flustered. harmless , , , , , 4. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
that innocent virgin, Clarissa pure , , , , noun1. , ,
(informal),
(informal), ingénue or (masc.) ingénu He was a hopeless innocent where women were concerned.innocent of , , unaware of, ignorant of, untouched by, , , , , nescient of She was completely natural and innocent of any airs and graces.innocentadjective1. Free from evil and corruption:, , , , , , , , , , , , .Idiom: .2. Free from guilt or blame:, , , , , , .Slang:
.Idiom: .3. Within, allowed by, or sanctioned by the law:, , , .Slang:
.4. Devoid of hurtful qualities:, , , , .5. Free from guile, cunning, or deceit:, , , , , , , , , .6. Not aware or informed:, , , , , , , , , .Idiom: .7. Not having a desirable element:, , , , , , .Idiom: in want of.noun1. A pure, uncorrupted person:, , .2. A guileless, unsophisticated person:, , , .Idiom: .3. A young person between birth and puberty:, , , , , .Informal:
?????????? ??????nevinn?naivníuskyldigharml?snaivsyyt?nnevin barnalegurmeinlaussaklaus潔白な???naivumasnaivusnekaitīgsnevainīgs??īstsvientiesīgsnevinn?naivennedol?enoskyldig??????????su?suzgünahs?zng?y th?Innocent [ˈɪnəsnt] N (= pope) → innocent [ˈɪnəsnt]A. ADJ1. (= not guilty) → to find sb innocent →
a algnto be innocent of a crime → ser
de un he was found innocent of murder → lo
de 2. (= innocuous) [question, remark] → , sin ; [fun] → sin ; [mistake] → 3. (= naive) → , they seemed so young and innocent →
or she stood facing him with that innocent air she had → estaba
él, con ese
que see also 4. (liter) (= devoid) to be innocent of sth: he was innocent of any desire to harm her → no
de hacerle a face innocent of any trace of make-up → una
sin ningún
de B. N →
mfhe's an innocent when it comes to women → cuando se
or I'm not a total innocent → no soy
the Massacre of the Holy Innocents → la
innocent [ˈɪnəsənt] adj (LAW) [crime] → (e)to be innocent of a crime → être (e) d'un He was accused of a crime of which he was innocent → Il a
dont il était . (= naive) [person, child] → (e) (= not involved) [person, victim] → (e) [remark, question] → (e) nplthe innocent → les personnes
nto play the innocent →
l'innocentDon't play the innocent with me! → Ne
pas l'innocent avec moi!innocent adj → ; mistake, misrepresentation → ; she is innocent of the crime → sie ist an dem
; a defendant is innocent until proved guilty → ein
als , bis ihm seine
; to put on an innocent air → eine
; as innocent as a newborn babe →
wie ein ; he is innocent about night life in a big city → er ist die
(= innocuous) question → ; remark → ; amusement →
innocent of (liter) (= ignorant) →
mit; (= devoid of) → frei von, ohne n →
f; he’s a bit of an innocent → er ist eine
; the massacre of the Holy Innocents (Rel) → der Kindermord zu ; Holy Innocents’ Day → das
innocent [ˈɪnəsnt] adj → to put on an innocent air →
l'innocente or l'ingenuo/ainnocent ('in?snt)
adjective1.
not guilty (of a crime, misdeed etc). A man should be presumed innocent of a crime until They hanged an innocent man. onskuldig
невинен
tidak bersalah
nevainīgs
tidak bersalah
??? ?????.?????? ? ?? ?????
???????????????? (??????)
невинний
(of an action etc) harmless or without harmful or hidden intentions. innocent
an innocent remark. onskuldig
????? ??????
безвреден
ártalmatlan
tak berbahaya
nevainī nekaitīgs
tidak berbahaya ,
?????????????
無害的，沒有惡意的
нешк?дливий
无害的，没有恶意的 3.
free from, or knowing nothing about, evil etc.
You can't be so innocent as to believe what advertisements say! na?ef
наивен
nevinn?, naivní
lihtsameelne
????, ????
prostodu?an
tak berdosa
barnalegur
???, ?????
nevainī ??ī vientiesīgs
tidak berdosa ,
невинный; наивный
nevinn?, naivn?, nepo?kvrnen?
oskyldig, l?ttrogen
?????????????? , , günahs?z
на?вний
ng?y th? 'innocently adverb onskuldig
наивно
inocentemente
viattomasti
???????????
???????, ?????
ártatlanul
secara polos
sakleysislega
nevainī ??ī vientiesīgi
dengan tidak bersalah ,
??????? ? ????????
inocentemente
cu candoare
невинно;
???????????????????????
masumca, saf?a
清白地, 沒有惡意地，天真地
невинно
??????? ??
m?t cách v? h?i
清白地，无罪地，天真地 'innocence nounHe at last managed to the innocence of a child. onskuld
невинност
inocência
die Unschuld
süütus, lihtsameelsus
?? ?????? ???????
viattomuus
????? ???????
ártatlanság
nekaltumas, naivumas
nevainī ??īstī vientiesī nevainīgums
tidak bersalah ,
.?? ?????? ???????
ino-cen?? ;
nevina, nevinnos?
nedol?nost
oskuld, oskyldighet
?????????????? , safl?k
清白，無惡意，天真
невинн?сть, чистота
清白，无辜，天真 innocent →
nevinn? uskyldig
潔白な ???
oskyldig ??????????
ng?y th? in·no·cent a. inocente.
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The big chamber was the scene of many innocent revels. He had always before thought of women as quite innocent things, much like his grandmother, but after that one experience in the room he dismissed women from his mind. The last thing to go was a ti innocent little scribblings that Desiree had sent to him during the days of their espousal. In this mortifying abasement, the colonists, though innocent of her imbecility, and too humble to be the agents of her blunders, were but the natural participators. The innocent husbandman was shot down, while busy cultivating the soil for his family's supply. I have watched John when he did not know I was looking, and come into the room suddenly on the most innocent excuses, and I've caught him several times LOOKING AT THE PAPER She, in fact, felt a reverence for the pictured visage, of which only a far-descended and time-stricken virgin
and this forbidding scowl was the innocent result of her near-sightedness, and an effort so to concentrate her powers of vision as to substitute a firm outline of the object instead of a vague one. Strong intuitions of the man assure the mariners he can be no innocent. I mention this circumstance, because, as if the cows and calves had been purposely locked up in and as if the wide extent of the herd had hitherto prevented them from learning the precise c or, possibly, being so young, unsophisticated, and every way innocent however it may have been, these smaller whales --now and then visiting our becalmed boat from the margin of the lake --evinced a wondrous fearlessness and confidence, or else a still becharmed panic which it was impossible not to marvel at. If they would break their own bones, and smash their own carts, and lame their own horses, that would be their own affair, and we might let them alone, but it seems to me that the innocent and then they talk about compensation And yet somehow the most matter-of-fact person could not help
they were so innocent, they cam and they were so very human in their protests--and so perfectly within their rights These works, which had stood in innocent nakedness for ages, are all fig-leaved now.
▲innocent▼
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