he abandoned castlehimsel...

I-_-●-_l-一一_-_-_-I__-_●-;曼皇望!竺呈!竺!塑!!!!竺:!丝!堂:::垒;to;withhiswishtowintlleelec;arouse;oVercomethemytllofci锣sed;people’ssympathyforClyde;unce以nof1lisactualidemi够;tllediversemateriall
I-_-●-_l-一一_-_-_-I__-_●-_-_―_-_-___-___●_――__-__-_-●―____-_●-_●-_●__―_――――_―_-―_l――-――●――●-―●-―_-――●―――――――――一一一
曼皇望!竺呈!竺!塑!!!!竺:!丝!堂:::垒堡翌兰!翌望堡垒里!!g!竺竺里!!篁竺!竺坚
withhiswishtowintlleelection;inorderaIldBell(1lapmakeanotherStor),t0novel,Clydeisstill
arouse
oVercomethemytllofci锣seducer,Jephson
people’ssympathyforClyde.Intheendof协e
unce以nof1lisactualidemi够眦illhisdeathinthatheisdeceiVedby
tllediversemateriallycons饥lctedself-images锄deValuationsofothers.
4.2AnEmp够PromiseofConsumerCulture
111彳,z彳me,.fca玎乃孵咖,Dreiserexplainstllatitis
趾ideal
nltilehopeofClyde
topursue
self缸oughcoInp撕son
andemulation,、析mrcspectto竹lesocialandfinaIlcial
distancebetweenhima11dthe
Lycu唱us
fl锄ily.Clyde’sdesire
eleVatedself
idemi够
ⅡlI.ou曲obtaining
consumergoodstumsoutt0be
illusion.With
imaginationof
amuenceandsupremacy,Clyde
disappointmem,hefindsllimself
gladlyacceptshisuncle’so矗;;erto
Lycurgus.Tbllis
outsideraIldintedoperdespiteKsrelationsmp
wealthy胁lily.Tothe
indicatestIlatheisfeelshehasdrawn
publicinthewholetown,Clyde’s
collllection埘Ⅱl廿leGrimthses
nephew
memberinupper-cl嬲sworld,and嬲a
S撇uelGrimths,he
nearer
t0thesubstamial、Ⅳealulandprominentpositionheislongingfor.
However,me渐伍t11ses
arrangement,Clydegets
merely仃eatmm嬲觚ordinar),employee.FollovvingSaIIluel’s
h啪blejob
minorsupervisorofnle
aIlypriVilege.
f.acto巧谢tll
meagre
salam
andheliVesin
bleak
boardin班ouse谢thout
Clydeisdiligemidentit)rseekerwho
le锄squicl【lytocomparewithandemulatethe
superior.A舭r
prestigea11dGilben
invidiouScomparison,ClydecomestoenVyhiscousinGilbert’sWealm,
t11athedeservesGilbert’sposition
st狐ls,硒s啪ing
byacquiringmequalities
tries
possesses.With
meirclose
physical
resemblance
a11d“n幽p,C1yde
emula:teGilbertalldactssuccessmllyClydeandthe
membcrofGri伍thses.DreiserreVealsthat
Lycu玛uSGri伍mses
s印aratedby觚immensegulfofsocialclass,
upbringingandsocialvalue.Thehighclassguests、VhoVisittheLycurgusGriffithsesall
丽tlldrawtlleir
interestinClyde
recogllizingMslimited
baCkground.Althou曲Clyde
isllIlexpectedlyfavoredbySondra,whomheregardspassporttotlle
e砷lyparadise,
heisabandonedrelentlesslyaRermeexposurcofllis‘‘crime’’aIld
indecent雄.airs
R-obena.Moreover,Sondra
comestodoubtofClyde’sdeclarationofillIlocenceaRer
discoV耐ng
诵lling
llisgenuineidernilyWhenthe仃ialtal(es
place,S锄uel伽伍ths
ismore
t0believemClyde’sguilta11dmerely
o虢rsllim恤minjm啪suppon.What
chapterFour
AmericaIlTragedy…ABroken
Dre锄ofConsumer
Culturc
worriesthemmostishowt0concealtheirrelationshipwimtheKansasGriffithses,a11dpreventt11eirownprestige丘.ombeing
miIled.Finally,t11eyresolVestogiVeupC1yde
matterheisguil够orimlocent.ItisquiteeVidem也atC1ydeisf打行om
upperclass
memberofthe
thecode
possessorofmeans,powerandposition.ForinstaIlce,heendorses
ofilandyintheuppercruSt,缸yingtomanifesthisgloryandsuperiorit),bycaptuI’ingbeauti如lgirls.Ho、veVer,unliketllosewhohaVewealthyaIldpowermlf.amilies
tobackup
haIldle仃oubles…1ikemea订.觚gement
acceptedbyboth
ofRoberta,ClydeiIldeedhas
meansof
being
therichalldtllepooLDreiser,here,intendstos仃en豇henthetheme
tllatClyde’sef.fort
decreaSetheidenti锣discr印aJlcybyemulation
is触ile.
InsteadofdefbndingClyde’sblindseIf二seeking,DreiserbelieVestheAmericansocietyis
blameforitidealizestllematerialgoalsofpeople.Aforcemldesireforprosperity
drivesClydetoendorsethecodeoftheLycu玛us
f.锄ily
blindeagemess.HoweVer,
selfi11order
Lycu玛us
f.amily
setinvisible
barriers
be铆eenMs
acnlal锄d胁ciedideal
di氲:rentiatethemselvesf南m11im.Clydefailst0recognizethatttle
Lycu略us
f.amily
closethedoorto11is
adVanc锄ent.Pizer鹕ues
in孤肋化西矿死P口矗鹏砒括盯…彳
its叩parentendorsementof
offfc口,舰方that“【t】he
worketllicof也eGrifjcimses,beneath
socie饥sen,esprincipallyt0pe印etuate
rigidsocial
hierarchy”(245).Dreiser
reinforcesme廿lemebym出ing
sha印contraStbet、Ⅳeenmet、vobranchesofthe
Gri衔thses.Hedisclosesthat
tohelp
themles
usedprimarily
aidthepeopleaIreadyinpower
themgain、waltll
maintainsoci出stanJs.Hence,ThediSparityinidentityis
deliberatelysetandhaLrdtoberemoVed.HussmanhasillustratedtllelinkbetweenpoVeny
andexchlsion.
InsteadofdefendingSaInuelGri币ths硒aminorleaguesupe咖aIl,Dreiserlacerates
AmericanversionofthecapitalisticsystemforallowingthedisparitybetweenpoVertyandwealtht0exist.TheprimaD,messageofthebookisthatAmerica’sdestructjVematerialisticgoals
fosteredbytheemulationofmenlikeSamuelGriffiths,whose雏cendancyisthe
resultofopponuni劬abili劬alldmthlessness,allofwhichonly
fewpossess(Hussm锄l30).
Seeking
idealident时by
emulationisl柚realistic,fornlet),picalidentit),-related
consumergoods
onlyaVailabletomegenuinewealmya11dpeoplewho
already咖d
f南mtllecrowd.
Ch印terFour
Americ矾1.ragedy―A
Broken
Dre锄ofConsumer
Cultu心
The掣eatdiVersit),ofconsumergoodshigh-streetchainslimitthenumberof
mass―producedandhenceidentical,although
ga加entsthereby
particular啪ge
preciselyt0aVoid
mallypeopleseeingtheirdressorsuitonsomebodyelsewalkingp懿tthemintheroad;the
altematiVeoptionofcustom?made,andrathertllaIlthe
uniquegoodsisaVailable伽Iy
thea御uent,beachieVed
ordina叫cons啪eLThus,tIleideathatuniquenessin
aparadox
idem渺caIl
mroughmaSs-producedandm鹤s-coIlsumedgoodsis
inandofitself(DI牡mar2l3).
ConsumergoodsStopSymbolizingcertainadmira_ble
q叫ities
expressingdistinctions
础erbeing
Widelysharedbypeople.Oncet11e
hi曲classgroupsdiscoVerthatthepreVious
“eXclusiVeness’’aIld“urliqueness’’筋l
beconVeyedbyspecificgoods,Ⅱleywould
themo行andquicl(1ychoosenewitemsto
cons咖ctadistinctive
image.It
is、v0础noting
t量latconsumergoodsmustbeexpensiVeenoughillordert0displaywealthaIldprominent
position,
therefore,the
materialamuenceaIld
sense
superiorit),aregenerally
caIlIlot
demonstratedbya‘‘conspicuous啪ste”,which
ordinaD,people
a行Iord.ItiseVident
thatthese“ideals”aredeflnedbyllighergroupswhilemostpeople
perfomling
passiVeaIldpowerlessrole嬲long嬲the、vealthgapexiSts.
彳门么所P,.fc硎孵砂demons协ates
culture.DreiserpoiIltsout
con仃aStwitll
Dreiser’smorematllre
staIldpoint
consumer
in£lc驯刀:“[Ⅵ●eeI巧oy
disdainⅥ慨、Ⅳe
haVebecauseof
whatwedo
haVe”(332).HeemphaSizesthatonlybycon仃asting
witllotllers,theselfimage
beperceiVedandshown.InⅣD纪J
D,z三狰heremarks:“【w】e
endlessVarietyofthings
omybeawareofourselVesbecause、Ⅳe
con仔ontedby
andpersonswhichobviouslynotuS”(195).As
whatnleG订筠thsesdoto11im,Clyde
1eanlStomaintain
distallce舶m
Dillard,whoisanxioustocultivate
a衔endship嘶th
him,toe11}lancet11ehonorandsupedorityofllisown.‘‘Althou曲pleasedby
thegirlsatt11echurchsocial,Clydeholds11imself
pretendingindi岱:rencetothe
aloof
possible”(Carey30).His
ordina巧peopleseⅣeshispurposetodi疗爸rentiatehimself
矗ommelower-classpeople.NeVenheless,Clydeisinc印ableofrealizir培thathehimselfisexcluded
bymehigher
cl嬲s.1№u曲feeling
toa11
himselfstill
outsideroftheLycu唱us
f.锄ily,Clydemerely
heViewSmal(e
misinte印retSit
inadequa惦emulation.Y|earningt0besomebody,
S锄uel嘶mths
pe疵ctid01.HoweVer'S锄uel僦mthsoIlly谢shes
wider绷lddeepergulfbetweenmem,mal(ingClyde
sustaj.nllisprideaIld
nobodyamidthe
Lycu昭us
f-锄ily.IIlordert0
positioni11respect
StatuS,S锄uel
situatesllis
nephew
atthelowest
110oIle
that“【w】imom
lowerclaSs,tlleuppercmst、vouldhaVe
_-―●_-_-_●-_--_●_●_-_●_-●●●_-●-_-__l_-_―●●●__-_●_-―_―●―__●_――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――一一一一一
superior
.曼h坐!兰2竺垒竺!!丝竺:!堡!!兰=:垒望!竺堕翌里!!!!堕曼竺竺竺里!!竺竺!竺!!Lycurgus触lily
to’’(Eby
138).Clyde’sa_untalsoshowsofrhernoblepositionbydisdailling
newrich.111e
satisfied诵m恤irdistaIlce舶m
mosewho
锄bitious
tomoveupward.V|eblenproposestllattllewealmyelitesdistinguishmemselVes
theⅦlgar
sociaJclimbers
subtle
mea邶ofdisplaying
their、Ⅳealth.S锄uel
例ffiths’smethod
ofpreservinghispositiVeselfimageistokeephisnephewaJldother
lo、vergroupsadmiring,emulatinganddreamingceaselessly.DreiserkeenlyperCeiVesthatitisoIlly
mirageforpeopletoseekaIl‘‘ideal’’imagebyacquiringconsumergoods.
ChapterFiVe
Dreiser,s
AmbiValenceofDreiser
attitude
towards
colls啪er
culture
isinconsiStentaIldaIllbiValent
mroughoutmslife.Heis
actiVesupporterofconsumerculnlreiIlllisearlyyears.He
defendspeople’smateri2LlpursuitforhebelieVesmatt:heunquenchabledesireformateriallygoodlifeis
questioner
ofmall’sstrongest
characteristics.Me锄wllile,Dreiseris
cons啪er
cultul.etimemarches.launches
man’s
self-seⅣing、Ⅳayoflife
andblirldpursuitofmaterial
success.
5.1HelplessnesstoIrresistibleDesire
7nleUmtedStatesmoved丘.om
production―orientedsocie锣to
cons啪er
societ),ill
nlelate19mandearly20thcenturies.Atthetumoftlleacquis“iveness
cen_tu吼ther印acious
selfseeking
bec锄e锄essential
fca_cureofAmericanlife.Dreiserismeearliest
ch?oIliclerofthistralnsfonnation.HelearIlstheruleiIlllis11ewso街cemat“cheatand、vin
you【are】all
right;behonesta11dloseaIldyou【are】fired”(McAleer19).Hethenfinds
ommatitisalsotheruleofthewholeworld,whichinfluIoncestlisviews
desireaIlddecayoftllat
thebuⅡlan
morali吼Since
theAlgerinemymissustainedbytlle
practicalView
matemlamuence
istIlemarkofGod’schosenpeople,itistakenforgrantedthatthe
unceasingdesirefor
mat耐alprosper时enables
people
theultimate
triumph
happiness.Ench觚tedby恤possibilities
happiness
int11eworld,Dreiserfollows也c
puUofmaterialdesire.Hemm汜sgreate行0rtst0becomeiIlNew
、Ⅳorldly
successmljournalistand、Vriter
showsadmirationfortIle
Y.ork,、杌肌ing
suCcess
greatmaterial
success
f.锄e.He
in11isfirst
novel鼢幼&l厂厂招by
depictinghow
young
co眦时girl
CarrieMeebermakes
expresses
bigf-0rnmeinNewYork、) ̄rithherlimitless
neVer
desires.WalterMichaels
in胁纪,.(勿∥把分P印zfZ卯z勋D即D,彤7t11atDreiser
condemnstllecapitalistic
societyinthisnovel,andmostofCarrie’sdesires
endorsedbyDreiserhimsel£
forthey
Dreiserobservesthathlrnanbeing’sdesires
neVercease
biologically
detemined.Dreiserhas
greatinterestinhumallbeing’sorigin,deStinyandsignificance.At
age,Dreiserisabsorbed
iIlHerbert
Spencer’s肌f
nf门印胁aIld
nlomas
Hu)【1ey’s
&fP甩cP
册d劬,.西f咖砂
胁6陀w胁硪砌忍,wllich晰ng
oVe刑helmingimpact,for“Huxleyassistsllimtofomlaldismissalofo玛aIlizedreligion;
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Theodore Dreiser 西奥多?德莱塞
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