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for , from
λ?ρα) is a small . It is one of 48 listed by the 2nd century astronomer , and is one of the 88 constellations recognized by the . Lyra was often represented on star maps as a
carrying a lyre, and hence sometimes referred to as Aquila Cadens or Vultur Cadens. Beginning at the north, Lyra is bordered by , , , and . Lyra is visible from the northern hemisphere from spring through autumn, and nearly overhead, in temperate latitudes, during the summer months. From the southern hemisphere, it is visible low in the northern sky during the winter months.
, Lyra's brightest star is , and forms a corner of the famed
is the prototype of a class of stars known as . These binary stars are so close to each other that they become egg-shaped and material flows from one to the other. , known informally as the Double Double, is a complex multiple star system. Lyra also hosts the , the second-discovered and best-known .
Lyra can be seen on the right of this c. 1825 star map from .
In , Lyra represents the
of . Made by
shell, given to
as a bargain, it was said to be the first lyre ever produced. Orpheus's music was said to be so great that even inanimate objects such as , , and
could be charmed. Joining
and the , his music was able to quell the voices of the dangerous , who sang tempting songs to the Argonauts.
At one point, Orpheus married , a nymph. While fleeing from an attack by , she stepped on a snake that bit her, killing her. To reclaim her, Orpheus entered the , where the music from his lyre charmed . Hades relented and let Orpheus bring Eurydice back, on the condition that he never once look back until outside. Unfortunately, near the very end, Orpheus faltered and looked back, causing Eurydice to be left in the Underworld forever. Orpheus spent the rest of his life strumming his lyre while wandering aimlessly through the land, rejecting all marriage offers from women.
There are two competing myths relating to the death of Orpheus. According to , Orpheus failed to make a necessary sacrifice to
due to his regard for
as the supreme deity instead. Dionysus then sent his followers to rip Orpheus apart.
tells a rather different story, saying that women, in retribution for Orpheus's rejection of marriage offers, ganged up and threw stones and . At first, his music charmed them as well, but eventually their numbers and clamor overwhelmed his music and he was hit by the spears. Both myths then state that his lyre was placed in the sky by the .
Vega and its surrounding stars are also treated as a constellation in other cultures. The area corresponding to Lyra was seen by the Arabs as a
carrying a lyre, either enclosed in its wings, or in its beak. In , Lyra is known as King Arthur's Harp (Talyn Arthur), and King David's harp. The Persian
called it the Lyre of Zurah. It has been called the Manger of the Infant Saviour, Praesepe Salvatoris. In Australian , Lyra is known by the
constellation. Lyra was known as
and was worshipped as an animal deity.
Lyra is bordered by
to the south,
to the east,
to the north, and
to the west. Covering 286.5 , it ranks 52nd of the
in size. It appears prominently in the northern sky during the Nouthern Hemisphere's summer, and the whole constellation is visible for at least part of the year to observers north of latitude 42°S. Its main
consists of six stars, and 73 stars in total are brighter than magnitude 6.5. The constellation's boundaries, as set by
in 1930, are defined by a 17-sided polygon. In the , the
coordinates of these borders lie between 18h 14m and 19h 28m, while the
coordinates are between +25.66° and +47.71°. The
(IAU) adopted the three-letter abbreviation "Lyr" for the constellation in 1922.
The constellation Lyra as it can be seen by the naked eye.
The brightest and by far the most well-known star in the constellation is , a
A0Va. Only 7.7 parsecs distant, is a , varying between
-0.02 and 0.07 over 0.2 days. On average, it is the second brightest star of the northern hemisphere (after ) and the fifth brightest star in all, surpassed only by Arcturus, , , and . Vega was the
in the year 12000 BCE, and will again become the pole star around 14000 CE.
Vega is one of the most-studied of all stars, and has been called "arguably the next most important star in the sky after the ". Vega was the first star other than the Sun to be , as well as the first to have a clear
recorded, showing
for the first time. The star was the first single main-sequence star other than the Sun to be known to emit , and is surrounded by a circumstellar , similar to the . Vega forms one corner of
along with
and , these three stars form a prominent triangle during the northern hemisphere summer.
Vega also forms one vertex of a much smaller triangle, along with
and . Zeta forms a wide
visible in binoculars, consisting of an
and an F-type . The Am star has an additional close companion, bringing the total number of stars in the system to three. Epsilon is a more famous wide binary that can even be separated by the naked eye under good conditions. Both components are themselves close binaries which can be seen with telescopes to consist of A- and F-type stars, and a faint star was recently found to orbit component C as well, for a total of five stars.
In contrast to Zeta and Epsilon Lyrae, Delta Lyrae is an , with the two stars simply lying along the same line of sight east of Zeta. The brighter and closer of the two, , is a 4th-magnitude red
that varies
by around 0.2 magnitudes with a dominant period of 79 days, while the fainter
consisting of a B-type primary and an unknown secondary. Both systems, however, have very similar , and are the two brightest members of a sparse open cluster known as the . South of Delta is , a
and the second-brightest star in the constellation. Around 190 parsecs distant, it has been referred to as a "superficially normal" star.
The final star forming the lyre's figure is , also a binary composed of a blue bright giant and an early B-type star. In this case, the stars are so close together that the larger giant is overflowing its
and transferring material to the secondary, forming a
system. The secondary, originally the less massive of the two, has accreted so much mass that it is now substantially more massive, albeit smaller, than the primary, and is surrounded by a thick . The plane of the orbit is aligned with Earth and the system thus shows , dropping nearly a full magnitude from its 3rd-magnitude baseline every 13 days, although its period is increasing by around 19 seconds per year. It is the prototype of the , eclipsing semidetached binaries of early spectral types in which there are no exact onsets of eclipses, but rather continuous changes in brightness.
A long-exposure image of Lyra
Another easy-to-spot variable is the bright , north of the main asterism. Also known as 13 Lyrae, it is a 4th-magnitude
semiregular variable that varies by several tenths of a magnitude. Its periodicity is complex, with several different periods of varying lengths, most notably one of 46 days and one of 64 days. Even further north is , a much fainter 9th-magnitude
that drops by half a magnitude every 2.18 days during the primary eclipse. Both components are main-sequence stars, the primary being late F-type and the secondary late G-type. The system was one of the first main-sequence eclipsing binaries containing G-type star to have its properties known as well as the better-studied early-type eclipsing binaries.
At the very northernmost edge of the constellation is the even fainter , an eclipsing binary that does not easily fall into one of the traditional classes, with features of Beta Lyrae, , and . It may be a representative of a very brief phase in which the system is transitioning into a . It can be found less than a degree away from the naked-eye star , a 5th-magnitude A-type subgiant located around 37 parsecs distant.
The brightest star not included in the asterism and the westernmost cataloged by Bayer or Flamsteed is , a typical red giant around 73 parsecs distant. Similar bright orange or red giants include the 4th-magnitude , , and . Lambda is located just south of Gamma, Theta is positioned in the east, and HD 173780, the brightest star in the constellation with no Bayer or Flamsteed designation, is more southernly. Just north of Theta and of almost exactly the same magnitude is , a blue subgiant with a near-solar metal abundance. Also nearby is the faint , a
that shows variability. The reason for its variability is still a mystery: first cataloged as an eclipsing binary, it was theorized to be an
in 2002, but if so, it would be by far the hottest such variable discovered.
In the extreme east is , the prototype of the large class of variables known as , which are pulsating variables similar to , but are evolved
of spectral types A and F. Such stars are usually not found in a galaxy's , but rather in the . Such stars serve as , and thus are a reliable way to calculate distances to the globular clusters in which they reside. RR Lyrae itself varies between magnitudes 7 and 8 while exhibiting the . The easternmost star designated by , , is also a small-amplitude variable, an
with a period of just over one day.
Another evolved star is the naked-eye variable , a red bright giant just north of Vega that varies between 6th and 7th magnitudes over a period of 120 days. Also just visible to the naked eye is the peculiar
. It is unique in that it is the only known Cepheid in the
to undergo periodic phase and amplitude changes, analogous to the Blazhko effect in RR Lyrae stars. At 1.5 days, its period was the shortest known for a classical Cepheid at the time of its discovery.
are two of the many
in Lyra. W varies between 7th and 12th magnitudes over approximately 200 days, while S, slightly fainter, is a silicate , likely of the . Another evolved star is , a faint RV Tauri variable and an "extreme example" of a post-AGB star. It and a likely companion are surrounded by a circumstellar disk of material.
Rather close to Earth at a distance of only 16 parsecs (52 ly) is . The sunlike pimary star has a
companion, the coldest to have been imaged around a sunlike star in thermal light when it was discovered in 2009. Only slightly farther away is , an eclipsing
whose primary star shows active
One of the most peculiar systems in Lyra is , a
consisting of a
and a . Originally classified as a
due to spending most time at maximum brightness, since around 1979 the system has been dominantly at minimum brightness, with periodic outbursts. Its nature is still not fully understood. Another outbursting star is , an -type
that has undergone several superoutbursts. Of the same type is , notable for an extremely short period between superoutbursts coupled with one of the highest amplitudes for such a period. The true
flared in 1919 to a maximum magnitude of 6.5, over 9.5 magnitudes higher than in quiescence. Some of its characteristics are similar to those of .
is composed of a large number of stars, tightly bound to each other by gravity. In Lyra are the objects M56, M57, and Kuiper 90.
is a rather loose
at a distance of approximately 32,900 , with a diameter of about 85 light years. Its apparent brightness is 8.3m.
, also known as the "Ring Nebula" and NGC 6720, has a diameter of one light-year and is at a distance of 2,000 light-years from Earth. It is one of the best known
and the sec its integrated magnitude is 8.8. It was discovered in 1779 by , 15 years after
discovered the . Astronomers have determined that it is between 6,000 and 8,000 it is approximately one light-year in diameter. The outer part of the nebula appears red in photographs because of emission from . The middle reg
emits greenish-blue light. The hottest region, closest to the central star, appears blue because of emission from . The central star itself is a
with a temperature of 120,000 . In telescopes, the nebula appears as a visible rin it is slightly elliptical because its three-dimensional shape is a
seen from a slight angle. It can be found halfway between
Another planetary nebula in Lyra is . The central star, , is an eclipsing , consisting of a white dwarf primary and an oversized secondary component due to recent accretion. The nebula itself is of relatively low surface brightness compared to the central star, and is undersized for the primary's mass for reasons not yet fully understood.
is an irregular
in Lyra that is at a distance of 208 million light-years. Several million years ago, it
with a smaller galaxy, which created a region filled with young, hot, blue stars. Astronomers do not know if the collision was simply a glancing blow or a prelude to a full-on merger, which would end with the two galaxies incorporated into one larger, probably .
A remarkable long-duration
was , which flared in 2005. The
re-brightened at 33 minutes after the original burst, only the third found to exhibit such an effect in the timeframe, and unable to be completely explained by known phenomena. The light curve observed over the next 100 days was consistent with that of a
or even a , dubbed . The host galaxy proved elusive to find at first, although it was subsequently identified.
In orbit around the orange subgiant star
is one of the earliest
to be detected. A jovian-mass planet, it orbits in an eccentric orbit with a period of 390 days. A second planet closer to the star was discovered in 2011. Visible to the naked eye are , a
hosting a planet over twice the mass of Jupiter discovered in 2009; and , a low-mass binary star containing another high-mass planet. Just short of naked-eye visibility is , a triple system consisting of a close binary and a visually separable sunlike star. The sunlike star has a planet with over 6 Jupiter masses discovered in 2001, the second found in a triple system after that of .
One of the most-studied exoplanets in the night sky is , in orbit around the star . Detected from a
of its parent star, the planet has around 3/4 the mass of Jupiter, yet orbits its parent star in only three days. The transits have been reported to have anomalies multiple times. Originally thought to be possibly due to the presence of an Earth-like planet, it is now accepted that the irregularities are due to a large starspot. Also discovered by the transit method is , with 1.75 times the mass of Jupiter. At the time of its discovery, it was one of the hottest known exoplanets, in orbit around the
. Similar to TrES-1b, irregularities in the transits had left open the possibility of a second planet, although this now appears unlikely as well.
Lyra is one of three constellations (along with neighboring Cygnus and Draco) to be in the 's field of view, and as such it contains many more known exoplanets than most constellations. One of the first discovered by the mission is , an extremely low-density exoplanet with less than half the mass of Jupiter, yet nearly 1.5 times the radius. Almost as sparse is , only slightly more massive and of a similar radius. The
system contain three of them are only slightly smaller than , and two while the other two are some of the first -sized exoplanets to be discovered.
is another star with an exoplanet discovered by K the planet is the smallest known
known as of February 2013.
In April 2013, it was announced that of the five planets orbiting , at least two— and —are within the boundaries of the
of that star, where scientists think liquid water could exist, and are both candidates for being a solid, rocky, earth-like planet. The
are 1.6 and 1.4 times the diameter of
respectively, with their star
at a distance of 1,200 light-years.
The nearby stars are , the red dwarf double star GJ 747, and the brown dwarf .
While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between 42°S and 64°S, stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.
Assuming the visual binary
is counted as single stars, and only one of
is counted as part of the pattern.
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