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回到土地是农民最基础的人权
-----贺雪峰
中国是一个发展中国家，又是一个发展速度很快的国家，且是一个基尼系数越来越大，城乡差距越来越大的国家，在整个发展过程中，农民相对收入越来越少，相对状况越来越差，因此，社会各界似乎一致认为，中国必须改变城乡二元结构，以让农民和城市人同样享受到经济发展的好处，让农民也可以过上城市人的生活。
农民无疑是向往城市生活的，电视天天在向农民传播着现代城市人的生活方式，城市小
资生活情调让所有农村青少年陶醉其中，因此，无论从事农业生产是否赚钱，农村青少年在初中或高中毕业以后，几乎无例外地要到城市走一通，打工闯天下成为农村青少年仅次于读大学的梦想。
到了城市打工，农村青少年很快就会发现，城市梦仍然是有些遥远：虽然打工可以挣比农业生产更多的钱，但打工很辛苦，每天的劳动强度不大，劳动时间却很长，且不自由，城市的打工生活与电视告诉他们的城市小资生活，在情调上相差很远。好在青少年体力好，精力旺盛，可塑性强，他们很快就习惯于这种单调、乏味和长时间的打工生活，并且习惯于工厂生活的干净和规律。
进城务工的农村年轻人，除少数例外，绝大多数人很难在城市通过打工，获得足以在城市安居下来的收入，他们必须在农村奉养父母，依靠农村父母的农业收入来成家，来生儿育女，来完成劳动力的再生产，他们必须将自己的子女留在农村家中，让年老的父母照看，他们逐步成为从城市务工中赚取收入以维持在农村劳动力再生产的庞大群体。
随着时间的推移，进城务工的农村年轻人，年龄增大了，忍受强体力劳动的能力和完成技巧性劳动的能力降低，超长劳动时间难以忍受，务工收人并未随着务工年限的增长而增长，反而随着年龄增长而越来越少。到了中年，就很难再适应高强度的工厂劳动，这个时候，进城寻找小资情调的梦已破碎，对生活要求变得越来越现实，虽然他们已经不太适应农村的脏乱差，但他们也发现了农村的好处：农业生产很自由，农闲时间多，农村消费低，农村空气新鲜，果蔬新鲜，以及农村的钱耐用，农村用钱的地方也相对较少。近年来，随着农业税的取消和新农村建设发力，外出多年的农民突然发现，农村的生活条件大有改善，而农业机械化又极大地减轻了农作体力，农村并非他们青少年时期所想象的噩梦，而城市也并非他们所想象的天堂。他们认识到，他们过去所向往的城市光鲜生活，其实只是城市一部分人的生活，而农村生活中也不乏美好的东西：农村生活并不缺少美，而缺少发现。与其到城市做人下人，不如在农村做人上人。
农村因此成为进城务工但却不能因此创造在城市完成劳动力再生产条件的大部分进城务工人员的最终归属，或者说，进城失败的农民，他们还有一个相对不错的农村归属，他们在城市生活得艰难困苦时，就可以回到农村过那种有点世外桃源的温饱有余基础上的生活。又因为他们可以回去，而不必非得呆在城市忍受苦难。在当前中国的经济结构下面，进城务工农民中，只有不超过30％的农民可能在城市碰上好运气：获得稳定的高收入的就业机会或做生意赚了钱，而70％以上进城农民注定是不能获得在城市安居所需收入条件。也就是说，70％迸城农民最终都不得不再回到农村。问题是，进城务工失败的这70％农民还回不回得去农村，还能不能回去过那种温饱有余，与自然亲近，有点悠闲又花费不多的生活。若不能回去，数量庞大的不能真正在城市安居的农民，就不得不在城市寻找维持温饱的职业，城市那些仅够维持温饱的职业，就成为众多不再能回去农村的农民所竞争的目标，而越多的人来竞争这类目标，这些参与竞争的人们就越是难以获得良好的收入可能性。城市只有很少的人在拣破烂时，破烂王的收入可以支撑起他们在城市的体面生活。当越来越多进城农民不再能回到农村，而不得不在城市拣破烂时，拣破烂就只会有越来越少的收入。
正是因为当前中国在部分进城失败的农民可以返回农村，而不是不计代价地呆在城市竞
争维持温饱的边缘性就业机会，而使留在城市的农民工仍可以获得温饱线上的收入，回村的
农民工也可以获得体面的生活。这样一种格局下面，一方面是城乡差距在拉大，城市内部的结构也在分化，一方面是整个社会并未在局促有限的城市空间中形成严重的两极化，中国最底层的社会仍然可以保有温饱以上的生活，而不至于挨饿。这应该是中国经济发展和社会稳定的最大秘密，又是中国农民所享受到的底线人权。据国际粮食署的统计，当前世界，挨饿人口的数量约在9亿多人，而2008年挨饿人口又将增加7 500万。在全球近10亿挨饿的人群中，
中国挨饿人口应该是比较少的。据我们的调查，当前中国农村，温饱问题尚未解决的农民数
量应低于3 000万，如此算来，中国最下层的人口生活的质量，是远高于世界最下层人口生活的质量。按lO亿人挨饿的比例，全球每六个人就有一个挨饿，中国13亿人，应有二亿多人挨饿。实际上，中国未解决温饱问题的人口数量可能只有二亿多人的十分之一，这对于中国这样的发展中国家，的确是了不起的成就。
前不久到湖北京山农村调查，发现从20世纪90年代中期以来，农村出现了一个持续多年
的土地流转高潮。我们调查的孙桥镇沙岭湾村，90年代以来，共有约50户(全村500户)将房子和承包地一并卖给四川来的移民，而进到城镇务工经商。农民进城的动力既来自农业的
推力，又来自城市的拉力。农业的推力是90年代高额的农民负担，种田划不来，而城镇务工经商的诱惑，使农户愿意以极低的价格将房屋和承包地卖掉，而转移到城镇。我们调查的孙桥镇就在90年代中期修建了商贸一条街，均是上下两层的临街楼房，一层做商业门面，二层做家居用房。附近农民包括沙岭湾村农民将自己的房屋和承包地以极低价格卖给外地来的移民，而以较高的价格买了商贸街的临街房。这些买了临街房的农民，自然不可能都做成生意，
城镇并不因为开门店的人多起来了，就会有更多人来购物，城镇及推而广之的城市就业机会
并不因为人们有更强烈的就业愿望而无限增长。我们在调查期间，到让如此众多农户卖掉
房屋和承包地的商贸街考察，发现商贸街90％以上临街门面房都关门闭户，户主外出打工去
了，只有不足10％的门面仍在惨淡经营，其中不少家是开麻将馆供农民娱乐。沙岭村不仅在高农民负担阶段出现了一波农民卖断房屋及土地的高潮，而且在取消农业税后再次出现了卖断高潮，甚至有30例卖断发生在年。
不同的是，在90年代，一般农户卖断房屋和承包地(户均10亩)，价格大多不超过1万元，其价格甚至低于卖断住房的造价。而在取消农业税后，农民卖断房屋和承包地的价格上涨到3至5万元，其价格已在卖断房屋的价格之上了。最近出现的一例当地农民认为不可思议的高价卖断的例子是，一个农户竟以8．5万开价卖掉其房屋和16亩承包地，当然，这个农户的住房也的确是大而好的，是造价高的。目前，这个具有大而好的住房再加上16亩耕地承包权的农户还没有找到买主。农户卖断房屋及承包地，大多是要以此来应对他们的各种急需。2004年沙岭湾村一个农户以1．5万元卖掉自己的住房与14亩耕地，是因为在县城理发的儿子结婚，急需用钱。卖掉房子农户的弟弟非常希望获得自己兄弟土地的承包权，这样就可以有一个像样的经营规模(他自己有12亩土地)，但他说自己拿不出1．5万元钱，而之前的2003年，卖掉房子农户的弟弟花5万多元修建了新的楼房，且现在每年纯收入早已超过1万元。
问题不在于买房屋并因此获得土地承包权的农户，而在于那些要钱急用并因此卖掉房屋
和承包土地的农户的状况。除少数因为子女考上大学并因此在城市获得稳定就业和收入的家
庭，及少数在城市做生意发了财的农户，绝大多数卖掉房屋和承包地进城的农户的处境，似乎并未比在农村的原有处境好。糟糕的是，在沙岭湾村，在90年代卖掉土地进城的农民的生活状况，远不如那些仍在农村拥有房屋和承包地，从而可以有效依靠家庭人口生产周期来灵活应对务工务农，并因此可以获得更有体面及更多尊严，也生活得更好和更多预期的农户的状况。在农村占有土地和房屋的家庭，在务农与务工之间，在城市和乡村之间，可谓进退有据。
而那些卖断房屋及承包地的农户，随着年龄的增长，打工收入越来越少，务农收入一块又已不再有，这些家庭就越来越难以在城市生活下去，也越来越难以租得起房子。他们又不好意思再回到村庄生活。只有那些的确没有出路又“脸皮厚”的农户，不得不再回到村庄，找块荒地建一个又破又小的房子住着。他们没有了承包地，收入来源少，住得条件差，而10年前，他们绝决地将自己辛苦建造的住房和可以获得收入的承包地低价卖断给他人了。他们不得不过着比过去更加困难、更不体面的生活。十年前卖断房屋和承包地的农户，还只是
整个中国的极少数，而若现在是相当部5-1-农户卖断承包权，置自己于死地而希望在城市获新生，则进城农民之间的竞争就会更加残酷，且最终不得不沦入贫民窟及不得不重回村庄苦度余生的农民，就不会是一个小数目。这个意义上，让农民进城后，还可以回到村庄，回到过去那些温饱有余的生活当中，正是当前中国农民应该享有的最基础的人权。
回到土地是农民最基础的人权
To return property in land is the fundamental human right for peasants
(题目没看懂，英文直译是把土地所有权归还给农民是其基本人权)
-----贺雪峰
He Xuefeng
中国是一个发展中国家，又是一个发展速度很快的国家，且是一个基尼系数越来越大，城乡差距越来越大的国家。
As an rakish developing country, China has come to an effect that a bigger and bigger
Gini coefficient, which cause a growing income gap between urban and rural.
在整个发展过程中，农民相对收入越来越少，相对状况越来越差，
In the whole development process, peasant bear fewer and fewer income, which leads to worse and worse living condition.
因此，社会各界似乎一致认为，中国必须改变城乡二元结构，以让农民和城市人同样享受到经济发展的好处，让农民也可以过上城市人的生活。
Therefore, all social circles seems general agree that China has to
change the lack of urban-rural dual structure, and benefical for peasant have an equal right to enjoy fruit of economic development, and let peasant could live a city life.
农民无疑是向往城市生活的，电视天天在向农民传播着现代城市人的生活方式，
it is no doubt that peasants
yearn for city life, because all the TV programs show the urban life style they watching everyday.
城市小资生活情调让所有农村青少年陶醉其中，因此，无论从事农业生产是否赚钱，农村青少年在初中或高中毕业以后，几乎无例外地要到城市走一通，打工闯天下成为农村青少年仅次于读大学的梦想。
almost all the young people from countryside enjoyed in intoxicated in small property life, that's why no matter is the agricultural production work
could make a profit or not, these people will always choose to work in city for a while, as a result, set out for jobs had became the second dream only to go
to college .
到了城市打工，农村青少年很快就会发现，城市梦仍然是有些遥远：
After arrived in a city, these young peasants soonly found the city dream still seems a little bit far to realised.
虽然打工可以挣比农业生产更多的钱，但打工很辛苦，每天的劳动强度不大，劳动时间却很长，且不自由，城市的打工生活与电视告诉他们的城市小资生活，在情调上相差很远。
Even through they could earn more , but work for others really hard to bear, through sometimes they do not need to work day and night, but they need to work for years
without free mind. Compare to what they have told on TV, this kind of style is far different
好在青少年体力好，精力旺盛，可塑性强，他们很快就习惯于这种单调、乏味和长时间的打工生活，并且习惯于工厂生活的干净和规律。
the good news is that these young people have healthy body, verdure, and beflexible, they soonly get use to this kind of dull, boring and long time working life, also be habituated to neat and tidy but organized factory life.
你翻译到哪里了？
全部翻译完的话 我加分
仅翻译到前三段，后面还有的工程浩大，一两次是翻译不完了。。。我尽量。。。
嗯 感激不尽啊。
进城务工的农村年轻人，除少数例外，绝大多数人很难在城市通过打工，获得足以在城市安居下来的收入，
Almost all these young migrant city workers are seldom settled down only through their city job income.
他们必须在农村奉养父母，依靠农村父母的农业收入来成家，来生儿育女，来完成劳动力的再生产
because they have to rise their parents in countryside, and depend on the earnings from farm works to get married, bear their children, and carry out labour force.
，他们必须将自己的子女留在农村家中，让年老的父母照看，他们逐步成为从城市务工中赚取收入以维持在农村劳动力再生产的庞大群体。
and they have to keep their children in rural home, and let their old parents take care , as for them, their duty is to work in city and make money to earn a living.
没有下文了么- -
大哥大姐啊，太多了，看得我都头麻了，，，译不下去了，，，
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Back to the land of the most basic human rights are farmers
- - - - - HeXueFeng
China is a developing country, is a developing country, and the fast growing gini coefficient is one of the big gap between more and more, in the whole nation, development process, the farmer income, relatively less relatively worse condition, therefore, society seems to agree that China must change the urban-rural dual structure, to let farmers and urban people also enjoy the benefits of economic development, the farmers can also lead the city life.
Farmers is yearning of urban life, TV everyday to farmers in disseminating lifestyle of modern city, city is small
Information for all life emotional appeal of rural teenagers, therefore, no matter whether engaged in agriculture, rural teenagers money in middle or high school graduation after, almost without exception to the city to a part-time chuang world become rural teenagers after reading university's dream.
To work in the city and countryside youth will soon find that city is still some distant dream: although the job can earn more money than the agricultural production, but work hard every day, and the intensity of labor, labor time is very long, and not free, the city life with TV tell them working life in the city endowment, far on appeal. Fortunately, energetic youth physical, plasticity, they soon accustomed to this drab, dull and long working life, and used to clean and regularity of life factory.
The rural migrant workers to a young man, except for a few exceptions, most people to work in cities, get enough in through the city, they settled down in rural income to nourish parents, rely on rural agricultural income to the parents, children and family to complete the reproduction of labor, they must be their children in rural house, let the elderly parents care, they gradually become urban migrant workers from the revenue of rural labor reproduction to maintain in large groups.
With the passage of time, the rural migrant workers to young people, ages and ability to endure strong manual labor and technical ability of labor, long working time, workers receive unbearable person does not work with fixed, but increases with the age growth and less. In the middle, high strength, it is very hard to adapt to the factory, this time, work for the dream has broken bourgeois spirit, in life becomes more and more realistic, although they have not used rural dirty chaos is poor, but they also found that the benefits of agricultural production is free, and, in time, rural consumption is low, the air is fresh, fruits, vegetables, fresh countryside, rural money and durable, rural also relatively less money. In recent years, with the agricultural tax and new rural construction, the farmer suddenly found out for many years, rural living conditions improved, and agricultural mechanization and greatly reduce the strength, not their rural communes teenager imagines nightmares, nor is the city they imagined paradise. They realized that they look past the city life, in fact just HDTV part of people's life, urban and rural life there are good things: rural life, but not lacking beauty lack of discovery. Instead of being good to cities, in the countryside person.
Rural migrant workers to become but cannot be created in the city's most complete labor reproduction conditions of migrant workers, or to end the farmers, they still failed to a relatively good, they belong in the city of rural life, difficulties in that little xanadu food on the basis of more life. And because they can return, and don't have to stay in the city endure hardship. In China's current economic structure, migrant workers to farmers, only not exceed 30% of the farmers in cities with good luck may obtain stable high income, the employment opportunity or business earned money, and 70% of peasants is doomed to reside in the city cannot obtain required income condition. Namely, 70% of the fire shall not end city farmers to rural areas. Problem is, migrant workers to failure of the farmer returned to 70% to go to the countryside, still can go that hunger, and nature, a bit close to the life and inexpensive leisurely. If you cannot go, large quantities of real farmers live in cities, they had to find and maintain the city, who only enough to keep the city, the profession and become numerous can no longer go rural farmers to compete, objectives, and the more people to compete for these goals, these people will participate in the competition to get good possibility of income. Only a few people in the urban poor, PoLanWang picking up their income can be in the city's decent life. When more and more rural farmers can no longer back into the city, and had to pick tattered rags, jian is only have fewer income.
Because China's current in part of the farmers can return to failure of rural, not all costs in urban competition
Maintain the frontier and strife, and make the employment of rural migrant workers in cities is still can get stuck on the back of the village, the income
Migrant workers can also get a decent life. Under such a pattern, on the one hand, the gap is widening, the internal structure of the city in the society, on the one hand, differentiation in cramped space of limited formed in serious polarization, China still can maintain the bottom and social life, and not the above to starve. This is China's economic development and social stability, is the biggest secret which the Chinese farmers' rights to bottom. According to the statistics, the international food agency in the current world, the number of people starving in about nine million people, but the hungry again in 2008 will increase 7 million. Nearly 10 million in global starving crowd,
China's population should be less hungry. According to our survey, the Chinese countryside, the peasants and the unsolved problems
Should be less than 3 000 million quantity, exasperated, China's population of lower the quality of life, is far higher than the world's population lives below the quality. According to the proportion of starving lO million people worldwide, every six have a starving, China's 1.3 billion people, have 200 people starving. In fact, China's hunger problem of population may only 200 people, and for the tithes of the developing countries such as China, is really great achievements.
Recently in hubei rural survey found from jingshan, since the mid 1990s, rural areas have emerged a last for years
The land circulation climax. Our investigation of the wan, sunqiao since the early 1990s, there are about 50 households (500) will be the house and contracted with the immigration sold in sichuan, and into the urban migrant workers in business. Farmers into power is from agriculture
From the city, and thrust tension. Agriculture is the thrust of the 1990s, high burden on farmers and workers earned uneconomic town business temptation, enable farmers willing with extremely low price and sold the house, and transfer to voluntarily town. Our survey in the 1990s town sunqiao built business street, middle layer are two of the street, one layer do business buildings, 2 do household room appearance. ShaLing bay near by peasants including their houses and contracted with extremely low price sold outside of immigrants, and with higher price bought the house ShangMaoJie street. These bought the house, natural street farmers could not all business,
Not because of the town more stores opened up, there will be more people want to shopping, town and city of employment opportunities
Not because people have more intense employment desire and infinite growth. During the investigation, we sell to let so many households
The ShangMaoJie houses and contracted, found ShangMaoJie 90% street appearance room have a head every house is shut up, go
The only less than 10% of the facade is still in the struggle, many of which are open for farmers mahjong entertainment. Not only ShaLing village in high burden on farmers stage appeared a farmer houses and sell the land, and the abolition of agricultural tax again, even sell 30 cases have occurred in 2004, sell in 2006.
Different is, in the 1990s, average household sell houses and contracted (000 worth ten acres), the price does not exceed 1 million, mostly sell its price even lower the cost of housing. But in the abolition of agricultural tax, farmers sell houses and contracted land prices to 3 to 5 million yuan, the price has already sell in house prices. Recently a local farmers that incredible price sell example is a farmer, but to offer to sell their houses 8.5 million acres of contracted and 16, of course, the farmer's housing also is really big and good, is the high cost. At present, this is great and good housing plus 16 acres of farmland in further farmers didn't find buyers. Farmers sell houses and contracted, mostly to in order to deal with their various needs. In 2004 ShaLing wan to 1.5 million yuan, a farmer to sell their housing and 14 hectares of arable land, because in the barber's son married, be badly in need of spending money. The farmer brother sold the house is hoping to get his brother, so that the land further can have a decent operation scale (he had 12 acres), but he said he couldn't take 1.5 million yuan, in 2003, and before the farmer brother flower house sold 50,000 built new buildings, diversity and now has more than 1 million each year net income.
The question is not whether buying the house and the land contract right, but in those farmers and therefore urgent need money selling houses
And the farmer contracted land. Except a few for children and so on college city stability of employment and income
In the city, and a wealth of business, most farmers sell houses and contracted the farmers into the situation, do not seem less in the original situation in rural. Unfortunately, in ShaLing wan, in the 1990s to sell the land into the living condition of the farmers, who is still in the countryside than with houses and contracted, effectively on population and family production cycle to work flexible coping, and therefore can obtain farming is more and more dignity and decent life better and more expectations of farmers. Occupy land and buildings in rural families with migrant workers in farming, between city and countryside, between according to the dilemma.
But those who sell the house and contracted, along with the growth of the age, part-time income less, farming income and no longer has a more difficult, these families live in cities, also more and more difficult to afford to rent the house. They also embarrassed back to life. Villages Only those who really have no way of &and& thick-skinned, shall not return to farmers, looking for a desert villages built a small house and lived. They have the contracted land, source of income is less, the living condition, and ten years ago, they should be rejected his hard to build houses and can obtain the contracted land sell low income to others. They had more difficult than in the past, the more respectable life. Ten years ago, sell houses and contracted, but the farmers
The whole of China's few, but if now is quite part 5-1 - farmers sell yourself to death, further and hope in the city by city, the competition between farmers will be more cruel, and eventually fell into the slums and have to return to the rest of the degree of suffering village peasants, would not be a small number. In this sense, let farmers into villages, can return to feed those who abound past, present, and the life of the Chinese peasants should enjoy the most basic human rights.
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