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北京外国语大学考研辅导-盛世清北-翻译硕士专业-参考书
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&(12人收藏)&&&&新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生教材（新）：当代英国概况（第3版...
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　　&&& Holidays & Tourism
A perpetual holiday is a good working definition of hell.
G. B. Shaw （1856 & 1950， Irish playwright）， Parents And Children （1914） &
　　For my part， I travel not to go anywhere， but to go. I travel for travel&s sake. The great affair is to move.
　　Robert L. Stevenson （1850-94， Scottish novelist）， Travels with a Donkey
　　Abstract
　　In Chapter Seven we continue to look at the variety of ways in which people in Britain today spend their leisure time. We especially look at excursions away from home for a short or longer break. But we first look at the transport infrastructure of Great Britain & a network of airports， railway lines， motorways and other roads， which， together， connect up the even remotest parts of the country and help to make travel in Britain &efficient， comfortable and affordable&. We then examine holidays taken within Britain. There are a variety of things to do： for example， the seaside， areas of natural beauty and historical sites for long holidays or weekend breaks or day trips. We also examine holidays made by British people abroad. We look at the travellers& selection of destination and their expectations from holidays abroad. In the second part of the chapter， we shift our attention to the business of tourism and tourist organizations. We consider the impact of travel agents and other organisations on tourism. The chapter ends with a personal account of a university student on how she managed to make a trip through Europe.
　　Focus questions
　　1.How much do you already know about holidays in Britain？
　　2.Why do you think transportation in the British Isles is generally considered to be efficient， comfortable and affordable？
　　3.What places or sites in Britain most attract national holiday-makers？ Why？
　　4.Why do you think more and more people in Britain today choose to spend their holidays abroad？ What destinations are among their first choices？ Why？
　　5.How is a package holiday usually organized in Britain？
　　Facts and figures
　　General
　　In 1998， about 60 per cent of British residents took at least one holiday of four days or　more.　This proportion has remained fairly constant over the last three decades.
　　In 1998， 25 per cent of Britons took two holidays， compared with just 15 per cent in 1971.
　　In 1999 there were around 1.8 million jobs in tourism and related activities in Great Britain.
　　The top UK free tourist attraction in 1999 was Blackpool Pleasure Beach with 7.2 million visitors.　The British Museum in London was second with 5.5 million visitors.
　　The Channel Tunnel accounted for 11 per cent of all visits to and from the UK in 1999.
　　Passenger travel was 728 billion passenger-kilometres in Great Britain in 1999.　This compares with 218 billion in 1952
　　Travel by car accounts for 85 per cent of passenger mileage within Great Britain.
　　Travel by car， van and taxi has more than doubled in the past 30 years， but recently the rate of growth has slowed， and car traffic grew by just 1.7 per cent in 1999.　
　　In 1998， 82 per cent of men and 59 per cent of women held a car driving licence.　In 1976 the proportions were 69 per cent and 29 per cent respectively.
　　In 1999 there were 3，423 deaths from road accidents in Great Britain-- well below the record of over nine thousand in 1941.
　　Rail travel rose by about 6% in 1999 to its highest level since 1946
　　Water and Air
　　Over 50 million passenger journeys a year take place on ferry services linking the UK with Ireland and with mainland Europe.
　　London&s Heathrow is the world&s busiest international airport， with 62 million passengers arriving or departing in 1999
　　Others
　　The first 5，000 miles of the National Cycle Network opened in June 2000.　By 2005 the network will cover 10，000 miles， over a third of which will be entirely free from motor traffic by using old railway lines， canal towpaths， river paths and derelict land.
　　In England alone there are 106，000 miles of rights of way of which 80 per cent are footpaths.
　　SECTION A：　EXPOSITION TEXTS
　　The students are encouraged to find the information and pictures of the attractions that they are most interested in online and share them with their classmates in class.
　　SECTION B：　EXPLOITATION ACTIVITIES
　　1.&A Work individually &E
　　Look at the graphs &Holidays taken by residents of Great Britain， 1991 & 1998& （p. 117） and Package holidays abroad& （p. 124）. Answer the following questions.
　　&I Answers to the following are given in parentheses.
　　i） &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& How many people took holidays &
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 &&&&&&&&&&&&& in 1991？（about 54 million）
　　 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& in 1998？（about 57 million）
　　ii） &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& How many people took holidays at home （i.e. in the UK） &
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 &&&&&&&&&&&&& in 1991？（about 34 million）
　　&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& in 1998？（about 28 million）
　　iii） &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& How many people took holidays abroad &
　　&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& in 1991？（about 20 million）
　　&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& in 1998？（about 29 million）
　　The number of people travelling abroad has increased while those travelling inside Britain has decreased. The total number has generally increased but fell back in 1996 due to economic conditions.
　　&I&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Ask three or four students to read out their sentences to check comprehension.
　　2.&A Work in pairs &E
　　What kinds of people might be expected to go on the particular holidays listed below. Think about the attractions listed and what they offer， and what types of people you would expect to find there. Then， what types of accommodation you would expect these types of people to prefer. Fill in the table using these abbreviations：-
　　Y = young people， F = families， M = middle-aged people， E = elderly people
　　&I&&&&&& There will be some variations but below are some suggestions
　　Types of accommodation
Attraction
Youth hostels
Visiting scenic
　　places
Historic sites
Theatres， museums
Activity holidays e.g. skiing， walking
Y，M （walking）， F
Holiday camps or
　　villages
　　3. &A Writing task &E
　　Think about what tourist attractions there are in your own area （either your college/university town or your hometown）. Make a list.
　　Refer to the advertisement in the section on &Weekend Breaks& （page 119） for ideas， and also read the section Holidays Abroad （page 122 & 123）. Next， imagine you are a tour operator and draw up a plan for a two day trip which you think will be of interest to British tourists.
　　&I&&&&& You may give your students some advice as to where British tourists like to spend their holidays and their reasons for going there.
　　Background notes
　　Nowadays， in some Western developed countries， it&s becoming more and more difficult　in everyday life to achieve， let alone maintain， a balance over a long period of time. On the one hand， people are inundated with stimuli in the form of rush， noise and stress. On the other hand， many things are monotonous， unstimulating and one-sided： housing， the environment， the journey to work， work itself， even everyday leisure. Other key words are uneventfulness， sedentariness， lack of contact and mobility. In this case， it is not an exaggeration to say that everyday life is the sum of negative aspects of existence. Dirt & noise & work& rush & school & trouble & pollution. All this is part of everyday life. Thus， the possibility of leaving， going on a trip， is obviously something very important. To a certain extent， everyday life is bearable in the long run only if there is a chance to get away； otherwise people lose their balance and fall ill. Free time， and above all， travel are there to add some colour to this bare landscape. They are the vehicle for man&s restoration & his re-creation； they heal body and soul and bring vitality and new meaning to life.
　　&I&&&&&& The following is a brief account of some theories explaining why more and more people are developing a craving for travelling：
　　Travel is recuperation and regeneration. & Travel restores bodily and mental strength used up in everyday life， at work， school and in the family. It is a recharging of batteries.
　　Travel is compensation and social integration. & Travel compensates us for what we miss in everyday life. What people want is to find a compensation for the one-sided demands of their working life： they want to do and experience something that is different from the everyday routine， they seek diversion from the daily monotony， they long for fun and amusement.
　　Travel is escape. &.The theory sees the modern industrial world as a prison from which its inmates want to break out. Working life being in fact ugly， the environment mostly unpleasant， monotonous and polluted， a compulsive and irrepressible urge to get out of it all emerges.
　　Travel is communication. & Establishing contact with people， in contrast to the anonymity and alienation of everyday life， is an important aim of holiday-makers. They want to spend more time with their family and close friends as well as make new friends and acquaintances. All this is much easier during the holidays， since the atmosphere is more casual than at home.
　　Travel broadens the mind. & &Broaden one&s horizons， do something for one&s culture and education&， &Experience other countries， see the world， meet local people&， or &Experience something entirely different， see new thing&.
　　Travel is freedom and self-determination. & Freedom is， in the final analysis， the ability to make one&s own decisions about a course of action. Travel liberates people from obligations. They can break loose from the &must&， from the order and regulation which oppress us in everyday life. They can finally do what they want and what they think is right. They can also do nothing. They are free， unrestrained， their own masters.
　　Travel is self-realization. & Holidays， says this theory， provide an opportunity to confront the self， to test one&s soul， to come to terms with oneself， to measure oneself against others and discover one&s own abilities.
　　Travel is happiness. & In a recent study for tourism， human happiness is described as a harmonious state， trouble and tension-free， combined with a certain degree of self-realization. The probability of experiencing this state of happiness is supposed to be much greater during holidays than in everyday life.
　　Travel is & & The list of motives could be expanded at will. So encourage your students to give as many as possible.
　　SECTION C： EXTENSION TASKS
1.　　&A Discussion topic &E
　　It is predicted that tourism in Britain will continue to be a boom industry in the next decade. But while the sightseers bring much-needed income to local communities， they also threaten to overwhelm the historic cities and scenic countryside they come to enjoy. Discuss what might be done about this conflict between the tourist industry and the national heritage in Britain now and in the future.　Make a list of recommendations to the British Tourist Authority.
　　Extra ideas may be provided from Reading 4 from Supplementary Reading （Teacher） below.　Students should be encouraged to make an appropriate suggestion to deal with each problem raised concerning tourism&s negative impact on environment or culture.　These could include legal restrictions， penalties， taxes， incentives， government spending projects， public education， changes in work， holiday or transport arrangements， etc
　　Essay topics
　　1. Using the knowledge you have acquired in Chapters 6 & 7， identify what you think will be　
　　 the major national/international tourist destinations in Britain in the 21st century. Justify the
　　 choices that you have made.
　　2.How far does tourism support or damage what is best in British society and culture？
　　 SUPPLEMENTARY READING　　（Teacher）
　　1. Trends in tourism
　　By the 1990s the following trends in UK tourism were discernible：
　　a）&&& The percentage of British adults taking a domestic holiday has fallen steadily since 1975， reflecting the increasing popularity of holidays overseas. In particular more young people， people from the AB social-economic groups and residents of South East England are holidaying abroad.
b)　　Domestic holidaymakers are taking fewer long holidays of four nights or more in England.
c)　　The overall number of short holidays of up to three nights taken by domestic holidaymakers in England remain static. However， the number of short breaks taken in commercial accommodation as opposed to staying with friends or relations is growing steadily.
　　d）&&& Expenditure on short holidays is growing in real terms， while expenditure on long holidays is falling.
　　e）&&& More and more tourist attractions， most of them run on a commercial basis， are opening， and attendences at attractions are steadily rising.
　　f）&&&& Millions of pounds are being invested in opening new tourist products or upgrading existing ones. For example， Butlin&s has invested &21 million in up-grading its holiday centre at Pwllheli in North Wales， the largest ever single investment in Welsh tourism， while First Leisure Corporation has invested &3 million in a joint venture with Sea Life Center Ltd to create a Sea Life attraction in Blackpool.
　　g）&&& The number of overseas visitors to the UK had risen steadily.
　　h）&&& Self-catering is increasingly popular for long domestic holidays.
　　i）&&&& Travel agents are becoming more interested in domestic holidays as their profit margins are squeezed and the UK holiday product， especially short breaks， becomes increasingly packaged.
　　2. Problems facing the seaside resorts
　　Research suggests that most of the seaside resorts faced the following problems by the 1990s：
　　a）&&& Many of them began life in Victorian times and have now lost their architectural coherence as more and more buildings have been added in piecemeal fashion to accommodate a growing residential population. Many are no longer as attractive to look at as they once were. What&s more modern development often fails to make any distinction between seaside resorts and inland towns.
　　b）&&& Most of the resorts also developed in the pre-private car era， and their once attractive sea-fronts have since been disfigured by busy roads and car parks.
　　c）&&&& Many resorts have a large elderly residential population whose needs often dictate what changes and improvements can be made.
　　d）&&& There has been a gradual slide downmarket as wealthier holiday-makers have opted to go overseas. But price cutting has reduced the scope for investment in improving hotels， attractions， etc. The paraphernalia of downmarket tourism （amusements arcades， fast food restaurants， etc &） also tends to spoil once beautiful seaside promenades.
　　e）&&& Bad publicity about beach and sea pollution has further undermined the image of many resorts.
　　f）&&&& The ending of Section 4 tourism grants in 1990 and central government curbs on local authority spending have made it more difficult to find the money needed to invest for the future.
　　g）&&& Control of different elements of the visitor experience in resorts is split between hotellers， attraction owners， local authorities and many other people/organizations making it particularly difficult to co-ordinate improvements.
　　h）&&& The resorts face increasing competition， from the revamped holiday camps， from Centre Parcs and from British cities which are marketing themselves as inland resorts suitable for short breaks.
　　3. London
　　As the UK&s capital， London has the highest concentration of world-class museums， art galleries and other historic attractions. It is also home to the Royal Family and to the Houses of Parliament， both big tourist attractions in their own right. London also has more theatre than other British cities and is the base for many of the country&s world-class orchestras， opera companies， dance troupes， etc. Although many of its attractions are long established and historical， new ones are still opening. Two recent success stories are the Museum of the Moving Image on the South Bank and Rock Circus in Piccadilly.
　　Most transport systems converge on London， which is the most easily accessible place in the UK.
　　Although London is one of the world&s largest cities， tourist activity is concentrated within a relatively small part of it， particularly in the one square mile of the City of London， and in Westminster. However， tourism spills over into some of the other more attractive central boroughs， like Kensington and Chelsea， and into some of the leafier suburbs like Kew， Richmond， Hampstead， Wimbledon and Greenwich. The recent redevelopment of the East London docks will bring more tourists to that area too.
　　Although London is very built-up it does have many parks， including the Royal Parks， and other attractive open areas like Wimbledon Common and Hampstead Heath. The River Thames runs through the centre； until recently the river&s tourism potential had barely been tapped but now the Port of London Authority is working to promote its use.
　　London has three cathedrals： St. Paul&s， Southwark and Westminster. Westminster Abbey and Palace， and the Tower of London are designated World Heritage Sites.
　　Table： London&s most visited attractions in 1999
Visitor Nos. （millions）
　　1.　 British Museum
　　2.　 National Gallery
　　3.　 Segaworld， The Trocedero
　　4.　 Madame Tussaud&s
　　5.　 Tower of London
　　6.　 Tate Gallery
　　7.　 Natural History Museum
　　8.　 Science Museum
　　9.　 Royal Academy
　　10. Westminster Abbey
　　　　5.5
　　　　5.0
　　　　3.5
　　　　2.64
　　　　2.42
　　　　1.8
　　　　1.74
　　　　1.48
　　　　1.39
　　　　1.27
　　4. The impact of tourism on the UK
　　Tourism affects receiving countries in many different ways. Most obviously it brings in money and creates jobs. It may also result in the conservation of items， buildings and landscapes seen as likely to attract tourists. Facilities provided for visitors may also be available for local people as well. However， tourism can also lead to increased congestion on the roads， overcrowding of popular areas， damage to the landscape and the degradation of cultural traditions to suit the needs of those to whom they are unfamiliar. As the tourist industry grew to maturity in the 1980s these potential and actual problems were increasingly recognised， and by the 1990s &sustainability& （i.e. finding forms of tourism that would not self-destruct） was the buzz-word of much of the industry.
　　The following sections look at some of the economic， socio-cultural and environmental results of tourism in Great Britain.
　　The economic impact of tourism in the UK
　　Tourism is now one of the UK&s most profitable industries， earning more than either the car or aerospace industries. According to the OECD the only countries earning more from tourism in recent years have been the United States， Spain， France and Italy. In London it is the third most important economic activity， after financial services and the public sector， while in Scotland it is the single largest enterprise. In Devon， too， tourism is now more important to the local economy than traditional agriculture. Total spending on tourism in 1999 is estimated at &6.4 billion. Of this total， overseas visitors spent &12.5 billion on their visits.
　　Apart from the impact they have on the national economy tourists also affect local economies. In areas with a developed tourism industry local authorities used to benefit from the rates paid by tourism businesses. However， since the introduction of the uniform business rate central government has had more say over exactly how much of the amount collected stays in the local authority area. Because of tourism local authorities may incur extra costs for litter collection， street cleaning， providing public lavatories， etc. For example， Windsor Borough Council estimates that it spends an additional &1 million a year on services for its visitors. The Department of Environment takes the number of staying visitors into account when working out the annual Standard Spending Assessments （SSAs） on which decisions about support grants to local authorities are based. However， it doesn&t consider the extra cost of providing for day trippers who usually outnumber staying visitors， particularly in heritage towns， putting greater strain on facilities even though they usually contribute less to the local economy.
　　Environmental impact of tourism in the UK
　　In the late 1980s the growing &green& movement focused attention on the environmental problems created by tourism. In 1990 the government set up a Task Force to look into the whole subject of tourism and its impact on the environment. In May 1991 it produced its report， Tourism and the Environment： Maintaining the Balance， which examined the problem in detail.
　　The Task Force looked at the impact of tourism on the environment of：
　　Heritage sites which it defined as a &wide range of places of cultural and historic significance& including &cathedrals， churches， historic buildings of all shapes and sizes， museums， galleries， ancient monuments and gardens&.
　　Historic towns， including cathedral cities like Wells and Salisbury， spa towns like Leamington and Tunbridge Wells， market towns like Ludlow and Shrewsbury， and university towns like Oxford and Cambridge.
　　The countryside
　　Undoubtedly tourism has safeguarded the future of many heritage sites whose fate would have been uncertain otherwise. In the first place tourist visits provide a tangible reason for preserving old buildings. Then the revenue from gate admissions can provide at least some of the money needed to preserve them. Tourism may also provide a spur to the conversion of old buildings for new uses， as at Wigan Pier， or of derelict landscapes， as at Thorpe Park.
　　However， the number of tourists can result in overcrowding， particularly at the most popular， or &honeypot&， destinations. For example， some heritage sites are too small to absorb large numbers of visitors and quickly become overcrowded. When this happens there may be actual risk to the structure and contents， and increased costs for wear and tear. Visitors may also enjoy their visits less； for example when the crowds in front of a painting make it impossible to step back and appreciate it， or a cathedral nave is so crowded with tour groups that quiet contemplation is impossible. Luckily， in most places overcrowding is mainly a seasonal problem； there may be too many visitors from July to September， at weekends and over bank holidays， but the site may be comfortable to visit outside those times.
　　Tourists may also add to the litter problem. A recent London Tourist Board survey discovered， not surprisingly， that tourists are put off by the quantities of rubbish littering London streets. Since then the LTB has linked up with the Tidy Britain Group and the British Incoming Tour Operators Association to campaign for improved standards of cleanliness.
　　Tourists can also aggravate problems of traffic congestion. The worst damage is often done in rural areas where the lack of public transport may mean that almost all visitors arrive by car and where the tranquillity which cars destroy may be the main reason for visiting in the first place. In small villages cars also pollute the atmosphere and make for a generally noisy and less enjoyable experience for the visitor. Historic buildings are also damaged and blackened by exhaust fumes. Tourists often crowd into historic towns， like Canterbury and York， whose medieval street plans are ill-equipped to deal with the crush of cars. In Cambridge various ways of keeping cars and coaches out of the city centre have been tried. In Bath a draconian parking system backed up with a park and ride scheme keeps at least some cars out of the centre.
　　Large numbers of tourists inevitably lead to wear and tear which can take the form of damage to floors in churches and cathedrals； to paintings， textiles and carpets in historic houses， to grassed areas in parks and gardens； to riverbanks in waterside attractions； and to paths and fragile natural environments like sand-dunes and peat bogs in the countryside. The cost of making good the damage can be enormous； by 1991 the National Trust had probably spent &1.25 million just to repair soil erosion in upland areas of the Lake District.
　　The environment can also be damaged by inappropriate development， often to provide facilities like shops， toilets and car parks for visitors. Sometimes the damage is done by buildings which are out of proportion to what is already there； so Prince Charles& famous reference to the planned National Gallery extension as a &monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved friend& was mainly because it didn&t blend with existing Trafalgar Square buildings.
　　Social and cultural impact of tourism in the UK
　　It is quite clear that visitors also have an impact on the host communities of the places they choose to visit. In some ways this impact is the hardest of all to quantify since other outside influences will be affecting the same communities which are living， changing entitles. Deciding how much any individual change is the result of tourism rather than the influence of， say， television， can be extremely tricky.
　　In general tourism may enrich local communities by putting them in touch with a range of external views， life-styles and opinions. In rural areas where communities are small the social benefits of tourism may be particularly important. However， not all forms of tourism actually result in much contact between the visitors and their hosts. This is more likely when people take self-catering holidays or stay in local bed and breakfasts than when they stay in large hotels. Day trippers arriving at heritage sites in their cars may not speak to any local people at all during their visits.
　　Tourism may also make it possible for marginally profitable businesses like village post offices to stay open when local trade alone would not justify this. In large towns it may mean that a wider range of quality shops can be supported. Facilities largely provided for tourists will also be available for locals to use. For example， people living near large theme parks may make more visits to them then those living further afield. There is also evidence that local people visit local attractions more frequently when they themselves have visitors； in other words， the existence of local attractions makes their jobs as hosts much easier. Some public transport services used by local people would also be withdrawn as unprofitable were it not for the extra tourist traffic.
　　The interests of tourists can also ensure the survival of skills and crafts that might otherwise fade away， and in the 1980s many attractions opened craft workshops as additional lures for visitors. Sometimes crafts can be degraded by mass production for an undiscerning market. However， in general in the UK the craft revival has been of high quality， relatively expensive goods. The needs of tourists may also ensure a wider range of cultural and entertainment facilities than the local population alone could justify.
　　Tourism can also help improve an area&s image which might encourage companies to move there when they might not otherwise have done so， bringing jobs and greater prosperity for local people. For example， the report of the Tourism Study carried out for Merseyside Tourist Board in 1986 states that： & Generally， pleasure visitors to Merseyside developed more positive attitudes towards Merseyside during their stay showing that the image of Liverpool did not match reality. For example， 26% of staying visitors indicated that they thought Liverpool was a rough， violent and depressing place before their visit but only 2% felt that way after their visit.& Glasgow， too， has seen its image improve by leaps and bounds since the Greater Glasgow Tourist Board actively set out to promote it as a tourist destination.
　　However， problems can easily arise when the number of visitors exceeds the number of local residents. This regularly happens in small villages like Lacock which has a resident population of about 200 but receives about 5000，000 visitors a year to view the Abbey and Fox Talbot Photography Museum.
　　The sheer number of tourists can result in the transformation of villages in other ways， as traditional shops give way to souvenir shops and tea rooms. The problem may be less obvious in places like Welsh and Cornish coastal settlements with a long established tourist trade. However， tourism has also been blamed for the transformation of many Cotswold villages. While the changes at Bourton-on-the-Water and Broadway may well be primarily the result of tourism， in other villages they may really be the result of ex-city dwellers moving virtually empty during week-days and in the winter.
　　Another difficulty that can arise in small communities visited by large numbers of tourists is that the value of land and the cost of housing can rise steeply as speculators and developers buy land to build tourist facilities and houses to run into hotels or self-catering accommodation. Local people may then be forced out of the market for affordable local homes which inevitably causes resentment.
　　To keep conflicts between tourists and local people to a minimum all development strategies must try to involve the host community in the decision-making process， however hard it may be to decide how this should be done. Normal planning procedures already allow for public participation in development decisions， but local forums can also be used to allow everyone affected by a project to get involved. The tourism development action programmes already pull together many local tourism interests although it is usually businesses rather than individuals who become involved. A simple method of acknowledging local people is to let local community charge payers into attractions at a preferential rate， as already happens in Bath.
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