On the face of things, a fall in the number of people infected with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) from 39.5m to 33.2m over the course of a single year, as reported in this year's AIDS epidemic update from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNAIDS, should be cause for rejoicing. Indeed, it is, for it means there are fewer people to treat, and fewer to pass the infection on, than was previously thought. But the fall is not a real fall. Rather, it is due to a change in the way the size of the epidemic is estimated.
　　If you factor in that change, the number of infected individuals has actually risen since last year, by 500,000. Yet even that is not necessarily bad news in the paradoxical world of AIDS. As treatment programmes are rolled out around the world, death rates are falling. According to the revised figures, the lethal peak, of 2.2m a year, was in 2005. Now the figure is 2.1m. Since the only way for an infected person to drop out of the statistics in reality (as opposed to by sleight of statistical hand) is for him to die, such increased survivorship inevitably pushes up the total size of the epidemic.　　The best news of all, however, is that the new figures confirm what had previously been suspected―that the epidemic has peaked. The highest annual number of new infections around the world was 3.4m in 1998. That figure has now fallen to 2.5m.　　Both the change in the death rate and the change in the infection rate are partly a consequence of the natural flow and ebb of any epidemic infection. But they are also a reflection of the hard graft of public-health workers in many countries, who have persuaded millions of people to modify or abandon risky behaviour, such as having unprotected sex, as they have also created the medical infrastructure needed to distribute anti-retroviral drugs that can keep symptoms at bay in those who do become infected.　　The revision of the figures is mainly a result of better data-collection methods, particularly in India (which accounts for half the downward revision) and five African countries (which account for another fifth). In India many more sampling points have been established, and in all countries better survey methods, relying on surveyors knocking on doors rather than asking questions at clinics, have gathered data from more representative samples.　　Sceptics will feel vindicated by the revision. They have suspected for a while that the older survey methods were biased, and that the inflation thus produced was tolerated because it helped twang the heart-strings of potential donors. However, the structures for collecting and distributing money to combat AIDS are now well established, and accurate data are crucial if that money is not to be misdirected. The new information also means that the goal of treatment for all who need it will be easier and cheaper to achieve. The WHO and UNAIDS are planning to publish a report on the matter early next year, but Paul De Lay, UNAIDS's director of evidence, monitoring and policy, says that the financial requirements for 2010 will probably be about 5% less than previously estimated, and that by 2015 that figure will have risen to 10%. Good news for everyone, then, donors and sufferers alike.　　1. Though the number of infected individuals has risen, it is still worth rejoicing because_____　　[A] the number of people who are dying from AIDS has decreased.　　[B] the total size of the epidemic is shrinking in a significant extent.　　[C] it is only a rise in the sense of statistics, instead of a real number.　　[D] in the paradoxical world of AIDS bad news can turn out to be good news.　　2. About the changes in the death rate and the infection rate of HIV, which one of the following statements is NOT true?　　[A] Any epidemic will naturally has such changes.　　[B] They are mainly aroused by the new statistic methods.　　[C] They clearly mirror of the essential achievements of public-health workers.　　[D] The death rate has been greatly suppressed due to massive implementation of treatment programmes.　　3. The word “vindicatde” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) most probably means_____　　[A] confused.　　[B] clarified.　　[C] doubting.　　[D] annoyed.　　4. By 2015, the financial requirements will _____　　[A] have risen by 10% more than what have been previously estimated.　　[B] be 10% of what have been previously estimated.　　[C] be 10% less than previously estimated.　　[D] be 15% less than previously estimated.　　5. Towards the revision, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____　　[A] negative.　　[B] positive.　　[C] indifferent.　　[D] neutral.　　文章剖析：　　这篇文章介绍了艾滋病统计新方法实施带来的变化。第一段讲述根据新的统计方法对于艾滋病数量带来的变化；第二段讲述着这种统计方法带来的死亡率变化；第三段讲述数据修改证实了一些猜测；第四段讲述数字的变化也反映了公共卫生做出的贡献；第五段讲述数据修改的途径；第六段讲述正确数据的重要性。　　词汇注释：　　factor in v. 计算入内 sleight n. 诡计，手法　　ebb n. 衰落 &&&&&& vindicate v. 证明…正确　　twang v. 拨动弦声　　难句突破：　　(1)&&&&& On the face of things, a fall in the number of people infected with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) from 39.5m to 33.2m over the course of a single year, as reported in this year's AIDS epidemic update from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNAIDS, should be cause for rejoicing.　　[主体句式]A fall should be cause for rejoicing.　　[结构分析] 这是一个简单句。On the face of things是句子的状语，而as 引导的定语从句是用来修饰前面的a fall in the number…。　　[句子译文] 世界卫生组织和UNAIDS报告的本年度艾滋病最新数据表明，在短短一年的时间内感染HIV(引发艾滋病的病毒)的人数从3950万人减少到3320万人，表面上来看这确实令人欣喜。　　(2) But they are also a reflection of the hard graft of public-health workers in many countries, who have persuaded millions of people to modify or abandon risky behaviour, such as having unprotected sex, as they have also created the medical infrastructure needed to distribute anti-retroviral drugs that can keep symptoms at bay in those who do become infected.　　[主体句式] But they are also a reflection of …　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句, 表语的定语结构比较复杂；在该定语中，who引导的定语从句修饰前面的workers，后面such as结构用来修饰risky behaviour； such as后面是两个并列的成分， 一个为动名词短语，一个是句子；在这个并列成分的句子中，有一个以that引导的定语从句用来修饰drugs。　　[句子译文] 但是也反映了许多公共卫生工作者的努力，他们成功说服了成百万上千万的人们改变或者放弃危险的性行为、如没有任何保护措施的性行为，他们还建立了医疗基础措施来分发反逆转药物，这种药物可以让那些已经被感染的患者症状消失。　　题目分析：　　1. Though the number of infected individuals has risen, it is still worth rejoicing because_____ 1. 尽管感染艾滋病的人数上升了，但是还是值得高兴，因为_____　　[A] the number of people who are dying from AIDS has decreased.&&&& [A] 死于艾滋病的人数减少了。　　[B] the total size of the epidemic is shrinking in a significant extent.&&&& [B] 这种传染病整体的数量下降了。　　[C] it is only a rise in the sense of statistics, instead of a real number. [C] 这只是统计上的增加，而不是实际数目的增加。　　[D]in the paradoxical world of AIDS bad news can turn out to be good news.&&&&& [D] 在荒谬、是非颠倒的艾滋病世界中，坏消息也能变成好消息。　　[答案]A　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆　　[分析] 推理题。本题针对的是文章的第一段和第二段。文章第二段提到，虽然感染的人数上升了，但并不是坏消息，因为随着全世界医疗水平的提高，爱滋病死亡率下降了。这个上升的数据对应的是死亡人数的减少，因此，选项中A符合题意。B选项显然是错误的，因为整体染病的人数还在上升，而下降的是增加人数的比率。C选项是对第一段“但这个数量的减少却不是真正的减少，而是因为评估该传染病数量的方法发生了改变”的误解。D选项是对第二段“Yet even that is not necessarily bad news in the paradoxical world of AIDS”的曲解，选项的表述过于绝对，而原文的语气没有这么肯定。　　2. About the changes in the death rate and the infection rate of HIV, which one of the following statements is NOT true?&&& 2. 关于HIV死亡率和感染率的变化，下列哪个选项是错误的?　　[A] Any epidemic will naturally has such changes&&&&& [A] 任何传染病都会很自然地有这样的变化。　　[B] They are mainly aroused by the new statistic methods. [B] 这些变化主要是因为新的统计方法引起的。　　[C] They clearly mirror of the essential achievements of public-health workers.&& [C] 这些变化清楚地反映了公共卫生工作人员的重要成绩。　　[D] The death rate has been greatly suppressed due to massive implementation of treatment programmes. [D] 由于大规模地实施了各种治疗项目，因此死亡率得到了极大的控制。　　[答案] B　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆　　[分析] 细节题。选项A，第四段提到，死亡率和感染率所发生的变化一部分原因是由于每种传染病都会有这样自然的起伏。选项B，第五段提到，数据的变化主要是由于采用了更好的数据收集方法，而不是统计方法。因此B是错误的，D是正确的。选项C，第五段提到了这一点。那么，选项B是正确答案。　　3. The word “vindicatde” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) most probably means_____&&&&&&&& 3. “vindicated”(第六段第一行)这个词最有可能的意思是_____　　[A] confused.&&&& [A] 迷惑的 。　　[B] clarified.&&&&&&& [B] 澄清的。　　[C] doubting.&&&&& [C] 怀疑的。　　[D] annoyed.&&&&& [D] 懊恼的。　　[答案]B　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆　　[分析] 猜词题。在第六段中，根据上下文，持怀疑态度者最开始怀疑老的调查方法有偏颇，但是现在新的方比较先进、科学，他们的疑虑应该打消了。因此，选项B最为符合题意。　　4. By 2015, the financial requirements will _____&&&&&&&& 4. 到2015年,财政需求将会_____　　[A] have risen by 10% more than what have been previously estimated.&&&&& [A] 比先前估计的上升10%。　　[B] be 10% of what have been previously estimated.&& [B] 是先前估计的10%。　　[C] be 10% less than previously estimated. [C] 比先前估计的少10%。　　[D] be 15% less than previously estimated.&&&&&&&&& [D] 比先前估计的少15%。　　[答案]C　　[难度系数] ☆☆　　[分析] 细节题。第六段中原文指出，到2010年财政需求可能要比先前估计的少 5%，而到2015年这个数字将涨到10%。那么也就是说，到了2015年，财政需求要比先前估计的少10%。选项C为正确答案。　　5. Towards the revision, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____ 5. 对于这次修订,作者的态度是_____　　[A] negative.&&&&& [A] 否定的。　　[B] positive.&&&&&&& [B] 肯定的。　　[C] indifferent.&&& [C] 不关心的。　　[D] neutral.&&&&&&&& [D] 中立的。　　[答案]B　　[难度系数] ☆　　[分析] 态度题。对于这次修订，作者在全文多次用了赞扬的语气，描述这样做了改变的好处，因此，作者的态度是肯定的，正确答案为B选项。　　参考译文：　　世界卫生组织和UNAIDS报告的本年度艾滋病最新数据表明，在短短一年的时间内感染HIV(引发艾滋病的病毒)的人数从3950万人减少到3320万人，表面上来看这确实令人欣喜。实际上也确实如此，因为这意味着需要治疗的人喝传播疾病的人比原来估计的要少。但这个数量的减少却不是真正的减少，而是因为估计该传染病规模的方法发生了改变。　　如果将这种改变考虑进来，受感染的人数实际上比去年增长了50万人。但是即便如此，这对于艾滋病世界来说也不一定是坏消息。随着全世界治疗方案的大量出现，死亡率开始有所下降。根据修改后的数据统计，死亡高峰出现在2005年即一年220万人死亡。现在这个数字为210万。因为受感染的患者要真正退出统计数字（而不是通过数据统计办法），唯一的方法就是死亡，存活患者人数的增加不免增加了感染者的总数。　　但是最好的消息就是新数据肯定了先前被怀疑的事实――感染人数已经过了最高点。1998年新感染者的最高总人数为340万人，现在降到250万人。　　死亡率的变化和感染率的变化部分是由于每一种传染病都存在的自然起落规律，但是也反映了许多公共卫生工作者的努力，他们成功说服了成百万上千万的人们改变或者放弃危险的性行为、如没有任何保护措施的性行为，他们还建立了医疗基础措施来分发反逆转药物，这种药物可以让那些已经被感染的患者症状消失。　　数据修改是实施了更好数据收集方法的结果，特别是在印度（该数据的下降有一半是因为印度数据的改变）和五个非洲国家（数据下降的1/5是因为这些国家）。印度建立了更多的取样点，而所有国家都实行了更好的调查方法，主要依靠上门调查而不是在诊所询问问题，这样收集到了更全面的病例数据。　　持怀疑态度的人会因为数据修改而证实了他们先前的怀疑。他们曾怀疑过去的调查方法有一定偏颇，由此导致的数据上涨也是在容许范围内，因此这样就可以使许多潜在的捐赠人动心。但是，现在为抗击艾滋病建立了收集和分发资金的结构，如果想要这些正确使用资金，那么正确的数据是非常重要的。新信息也意味着治疗所有患者的目标实现起来会更简单，更廉价。世界卫生组织和UNAIDS目前计划在明年年初发布一个报告，但是UNAIDS取证、监测和政策主任Paul De Lay称2010年财政需求要比先前预计的少5%，到2015年该数字将达到10%。这对于那是的每个人来说，不管是捐献者还是患者都是好消息。
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大学英语四级六级考前常见问题汇总：听力篇
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大学英语四级六级考前常见问题汇总：听力篇：6月18日就是2011年6月的英语四六级考试了！同学们准备的如何？在备考中遇到了哪些问题？又有哪些事情是我们在考前一周内可以集中解决的呢？
　　6月18日就是2011年6月的英语四六级考试了！同学们准备的如何？在备考中遇到了哪些问题？又有哪些事情是我们在考前一周内可以集中解决的呢？
　　6月12日下午，沪江英语特别请到沪江网校的四六级名师们，为各位同学在这最后阶段答疑解惑，讲解冲刺阶段最有效的复习办法，帮大家查缺补漏。一起来看看大家的问题吧，也许你也能从中受到很多启发哦。答疑会现场 &&
　　Q1：还剩下一周就考试了，求听力提高技巧！
　　A1：听力的话首先是需要靠平时的积累，你可以多利用网站里的听写酷功能，里面也有一些真题的听写。考前一周我们可以去认真研究一下历年真题，排查一下里面的句型和生词，历年听力里的词汇其实是很有限的，一些特定的背景环境，如果事先能熟悉一下，也是可以帮助你尽快进入情境的。沪江网上有模考，大家也可以去尝试下！戳此进入模考系统&&
　　Q2：最后一周了，英语六级听力和阅读练习还有用吗？
　　A2：听力不是短时间能够有好的提高的，放下急躁的心情，扎扎实实地坚持听才是正道。最后一周，保持每天的听力量及对考试听力的熟悉即可。建议在最后一周把更多时间和精力放在对之前做过的题中错题的巩固和总结上，以及对历年真题的复习；也可以在作文模板记忆方面下些功夫。
　　听力和阅读的提高不少一朝一夕的事情，当然也不是一周能有明显提高的，最后保持每天的做题量和听力练习即可。
　　Q3：听力总是做不好，因为只读一遍所以好多关键点没法把握。做听力有技巧吗？
　　A3：人的精力是有限的，听力考察的是获取关键信息的能力。筛选有用信息是很重要的，先要利用好试音的时间，快速浏览题干，做好标记，考试的时候，把精力集中在关键信息上。另外呢，对话里的回答，一般都是要设置题目的，也需要加倍注意。
　　考前一周我们可以去认真研究一下历年真题，排查一下里面的句型和生词，历年听力里的词汇其实是很有限的，一些特定的背景环境，如果事先能熟悉一下，也是可以帮助你尽快进入情境的。沪江网上有模考，大家也可以去尝试下！戳此进入模考系统&&
　　Q4：听力万一听不出，该怎么答题呢？
　　A4：万一听不出了，根据前后内容以及题目的信息来进行一下判断，如果还是判断不出来，就勇于放弃，不要过分纠结，接着做其他的题。
　　Q5：如何抓住听力长语句的要点？
　　A5：要根据题目，进行预测，对要考察的重点进行预判。另外，多关注，数字，原因，结果等细节问题。
　　Q6：听力复合句听写听了前面的后面的就不知道，写不出来，有什么好方法吗？
　　A6：复合式听写的难度是比较大的，首先，如果平时听力基础不好，不要指望在此题上有好的分数。3个长句的听写方面，要记住，写出来的必须是句子，如果是几个词，哪怕词都写对了，也是没有分数的。所以如果能听出关键词，听完之后，自己可以组织一下语言，把这些关键词串成正确的句子表达，才有得分的可能。
　　平时练听力，可以通过练习听写来提高水平，根据自己的水平，播放难度适中的句子，多听几遍，尽可能把句子写完整，然后自己检查，看句子是否有成分缺失，自行补充完整，然后再对照原文看差在哪里，这样才能有针对性地提高。
　　建议大家考试时在听第一遍的时候先把意思听好，第二遍的时候记录下关键字，第三遍的时候尽量完善整句句子。
　　Q7：如果没时间浏览选项，是不是可以听完所有内容后再去做题，还是在听力的同时快速浏览题目？
　　A7：这样做的风险较大，你无法保证在听的同时还可以同步浏览题目，所谓一心不可二用；听完所有内容再做题，对于内容把握题来说问题不大，但对于细节题，很可能无法做出判断。
　　Q8：听力的conversation和passage听的时候怎么快速记录？一直都是糊涂的听着对话，结果听到问题时发现答案找不到&&
　　A8：听力的时候一定要保持思想的集中，注意语调的变化以及一些转折词如：but、however，当出现这种情况的时候很有可能就是考点。
　　Q9：听力很不好，如何充分利用听力真题，在最后的时间提高一点听力水平？
　　A9：首先，真题听力中遇到的影响做题的词、句型和固定表达必须要熟记，保证听到的一瞬间即可反映出来是什么意思，不要在考场上听的过程中再去想是什么。
　　其次总结一下自己之前做的真题听力，错题的原因，找出失分最多的点儿，在最后一周有针对性地努力。
　　最后，保持每天听真题听力，让耳朵熟悉考试听力的读音。
　　Q10：听力先看题目时间不够怎么办？
　　A10：看题目不能太贪心，不要企图将所有的题目都看下来，这样的情况很可能你看了到之后也忘了。可以先扫一遍，在扫的时候将选项中的一些关键词划下来，这样之后听题目的时候重点关注这些关键词就可以了。
　　Q11：听力短文理解总是找不到感觉怎么办？
　　A11：听前抓紧时间看选项，提前预测一下要听的内容，可以划出选项的一些关键词，听不懂也就别纠结了，迅速去听下一题，能对的都尽量对了，分数也是有保证的，不要贪多哦。听力不是短时间能提高的，最后一周放松心情，保证每天听听力磨耳朵吧。
　　Q12：听力怎样听前预测？听的过程怎样快速记笔记？
　　A12：听前看看题目所给的选项，可以据此判断听力的大概内容，以及要考察的地方，那些选项都会提示一些信息，基本是干扰选项里面部分信息也是对的。至于记笔记，要在考前练习一下，看看常用的速记符号有哪些，自己提前体验体验。
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最新资料考试新闻考试资料2011年大学英语六级考试阅读考前辅导（2）
　　2　　A boy or a girl? That is usually the first question asked when a woman gives birth. Remarkably, the answer varies with where the mother lives. In rich countries the chances of its being a boy are about 5% higher than in poor ones. Equally remarkably, that figure has been falling recently. Several theories have been put forward to explain these observations. Some argue that smoking plays a role, others that diet may be important. Neither of these ideas has been supported by evidence from large studies. But new research poi
　　Strange as it might seem, the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 shed light on the enigma. Studies noting the sex of babies conceived in New York during the week of the attacks found a drop in the ratio of males to females. That is consistent with earlier studies, which revealed a similar shift in women who became pregnant during floods and earthquakes and in time of war. Moreover, a study carried out eight years ago by researchers at the University of Aarhus, in Denmark, revealed that women who suffered the death of a child or spouse from some catastrophic illness around the time they conceived were much more likely to give birth to girls than to boys.　　Taken together, these results suggest that acute stress to a woman at the time of conception shifts the sex ratio towards girls. However, Carsten Obel, a researcher at Aarhus who was not involved in the earlier study, wondered if the same might be true of chronic stress too. In a paper just published in Human Development, he shows that it is.　　Dr Obel used a set of data collected between 1989 and 1992. During that period 8,719 expectant mothers were asked to fill in questionnaires that inquired, among other things, about their level of stress. Dr Obel found that the more stressed a mother had been, the less chance she had of having given birth to a boy. Only 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males. That compared with 52% for women in the bottom quartile. Dr Obel suspects the immediate cause is that male pregnancies are more likely to miscarry in response to stress than female pregnancies are, especially during the first three months. However, that is difficult to prove. More intriguing, though, is the ultimate cause, for he thinks it might be adaptive, rather than pathological.　　That is because the chances are that a daughter who reaches adulthood will find a mate and thus produce grandchildren. A son is a different matter. Healthy, strapping sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren, by several women―or would have done in the hunter-gatherer societies in which most human evolution took place. Weak ones would be marginalised and maybe even killed in the cut and thrust of male competition. If a mother's stress adversely affects the development of her fetus then selectively aborting boys, rather than wasting time and resources on bringing them to term, would make evolutionary sense.　　That, in turn, would explain why women in rich countries, who are less likely to suffer from hunger and disease, are more likely to give birth to sons. That this likelihood is, nevertheless, falling suggests that rich women's lives may be more stressful than they used to be.　　1. The author begins the passage by_____　　[A] presenting an argumentation.　　[B] explaining a phenomenon.　　[C] raising a question.　　[D] making a comparison　　2. The ratio of giving birth to a boy is falling in rich countries because_____　　[A] the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 exerted huge negative impact.　　[B] women are facing greater pressure than past.　　[C] women are under new pressure now which they seldom faced in the past.　　[D] male pregnancies are more easily to miscarry.　　3. Which of the following can explain Dr Obel’s opinion that the ultimat cause is adaptive rather than pathological?　　[A] 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males while 52% in the bottom quartile.　　[B] Women in rich countries are more likely to give birth to boys.　　[C] Women selectively abort boys rather than waste time and resources on bringing them to term for fear of male competition.　　[D] Women who suffer from calamity in conception are more likely to give birth to girls.　　4. Women in the hunter-gatherer societies are more likely to give birth to daughters because_____　　[A] they agree that giving birth to daughters is beneficial in the evolutionary sense.　　[B] sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren with several women.　　[C] they think it is a better practice for a daughter to produce grandchildren with only one mate.　　[D] they think bringing sons to term is wasting time and resources.　　5.From this passage, we may draw a conclusion that_____　　[A] acute stress is more likely to cause women to choose aborting boys than chronic stress.　　[B] stress to a woman at the time of conception, whether acute or chronic, will shift the sex ratio towards girls.　　[C] more girls will be born in the future because today’s women, in both rich and poor countries, suffer from increasing pressure.　　[D] chronic stress is more decisive in influencing the women’s pregnancies.　　文章剖析：　　这篇文章是介绍影响婴儿出生性别原因的一个新的研究成果－－压力。文章第一段提出以往人们对该问题的看法，然后引出新的研究结果；第二段用一些事例来证明突发压力对于婴儿性别的影响；第三段、第四段讲述Obel博士调查研究表明慢性压力在这方面的影响；第五段对Obel博士的研究结果作了一些论证；第六段是对第一段提到的现象用得出的结论做解释。　　词汇注释：　　enigma n. 谜 &&&& conception n. 受精　　chronic adj. 长期的，持续的&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& questionnarie n. 调查表　　quartile n. 四分位值&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& miscarry v. 流产　　pathological adj. 病理的&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& strapping adj. 伟岸的，魁梧的　　fetus n. 胎儿　　难句突破：　　(1) Moreover, a study carried out eight years ago by researchers at the University of Aarhus, in Denmark, revealed that women who suffered the death of a child or spouse from some catastrophic illness around the time they conceived were much more likely to give birth to girls than to boys.　　[主体句式] A study revealed that…　　[结构分析]这是一个复合句，主语后面是一个过去分词短语做定语；revealed后面的宾语从句比较复杂，从句的主体句式为women or spouse were likely to …，状语中that 引导的定语从句用来修饰time, 第一个主语women后有一个以who引导的定语从句。　　[句子译文] 而且，八年前奥尔胡斯大学研究者们做的一项研究也表明，经过头胎死亡经历或配偶在其怀孕期间患上一些灾难性疾病的妇女更有可能生女孩。　　(2) If a mother's stress adversely affects the development of her fetus then selectively aborting boys, rather than wasting time and resources on bringing them to term, would make evolutionary sense.　　[主体句式] If… then selectively aborting boys…would make sense.　　[结构分析] 这是一个带有条件状语从句的复合句，主语由现在分词短语构成。　　[句子译文] 如果母亲受到的压力对胎儿发展起到相反作用，选择性地将男孩流产，而不是浪费时间和资源将他们养大，这从进化意义上说得通的。　　题目分析:　　1. The author begins the passage by_____&&&&&&&& 1. 作者展开这篇文章一开始_____　　[A] presenting an argumentation.&&&&&&& [A] 提出一个论点。　　[B] explaining a phenomenon.&&&& [B] 解释一个现象。　　[C] raising a question.&&&&&&&& [C] 提出一个问题。　　[D] making a comparison.&& [D] 做了一个比较。　　[答案]A　　[难度系数] ☆　　[分析]推理题。作者在文章一开始就指出在富裕国家中妇女生男孩的比率比贫穷国家高出5%，但目前这个比率在下降，有许多人给出自己的解释，但都不能被大型的研究所证明，而现在又有新的论点，就是压力的作用。接下来的几段就是对这个论点的证实。可见，作者是以提出一个论点的形式来开始这篇文章的。　　2. The ratio of giving birth to a boy is falling in rich countries because_____&&&&& 2.在富裕国家中男孩的出生率下降了是因为_____　　[A] the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 exerted huge negative impact.&&& [A] 日恐怖主义袭击带来了巨大的负面影响。　　[B] women are facing greater pressure than past.&&&&&&&& [B] 妇女现在面临的压力比以前大。　　[C] women are under new pressure now which they seldom faced in the past.&&&&& [C] 妇女现在要面临新的压力，这是她们以前没有遇到过的。　　[D] male pregnancies are more easily to miscarry.&&&&&&&& [D] 怀了男孩的女性更加容易流产。　　[答案]B　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆　　[分析]推理题。首先A选项明显是错误的，因为这个影响只限于美国，并不包括所有的富裕国家。D也是错误选项，因为文章第四段中提到了这一点，但是选项中却丢掉了一个重要前提，也就是在较大的压力下，怀了男孩的女性才更加容易流产。题干要求找出富裕国家目前男孩出生率下降的原因，文章整篇都在讨论压力对于婴儿性别的作用，而最后一段的最后一句话作者指出，目前这个比率下降可能是因为富裕国家妇女现在承受的压力要比以前多，但是没有说明有新的压力。因此，答案为B。　　3. Which of the following can explain Dr Obel’s opinion that the ultimat cause is adaptive rather than pathological?&&& 3.以下那一项可以解释Obel博士认为最根本的原因是适应性的而不是生理性的这个观点？　　[A] 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males while 52% in the bottom quartile.&&&&&& [A]压力最大的四成妇女47%生育的是男孩，而压力最小的四成妇女52%生育的是男孩。　　[B] Women in rich countries are more likely to give birth to boys because they are more stressful.&&&&&& [B]富裕国家的妇女生育男孩的几率更大，因为她们所承受的压力更大。　　[C] Women selectively abort boys rather than waste time and resources on bringing them to term for fear of male competition.&&& [C]妇女因为害怕男性竞争而选择将男婴流产，而不是浪费时间和养料将他们发育完整。　　[D] Women who suffer from calamity in conception are more likely to give birth to girls.&&&&& [D]受精期经历了灾难的妇女生育女孩的比率更大。　　[答案]C　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆　　[分析]细节题。第四段中提到，Obel博士认为导致女性在面临压力时生女孩的几率更大，其根本原因应该是适应性的原因而不是生理性原因。第四段提到，Obel怀疑是其直接原因是面临压力时如果怀孕的是男孩那么就更容易流产。紧接着第五段就给出了解释，那就是在资源紧缺的男性竞争社会中，弱小的男性更容易被边缘化，被淘汰，而女性则不存在这个问题，所以面对这种压力，妇女生育孩子时会选择将男婴流产，这是一种适应环境的做法。因此，答案中C是可以说明他的这个观点的，A、B、D只是一些表象。　　4. Women in the hunter-gatherer societies are more likely to give birth to daughters because_____&&&& 4.在原始狩猎社会中，妇女生育女儿的比率更大是因为_____　　[A] they agree that giving birth to daughters is beneficial in the evolutionary sense.&& [A] 他们一致认为在进化的意义上，生女儿在有利的。　　[B] sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren with several women.&&&& [B] 儿子会和几位女性一起生育许多后代。　　[C] they think it is a better practice for a daughter to produce grandchildren with only one mate. [C]他们认为女儿只和一个配偶生儿育女是一个更好的做法。　　[D] they think bringing sons to term is wasting time and resources.&&&& [D]他们认为将男婴养至足月是浪费时间和资源的。　　[答案]D　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆　　[分析]推理题。文章第五段指出在原始狩猎社会中，健康、强壮的男性可以和几位女性一起繁殖许多后代，而弱小的则会被边缘化甚至在男性竞争中被杀死。妇女在生育孩子时就会面临这样的压力，她更情愿将男婴流产，也不愿意花费了如此多的时间和精力后将男婴生出来，却面临被淘汰的压力。因此，在原始狩猎社会中，女孩出生率较高的原因是因为妇女生育时面临的这种压力。选项中，D为正确答案。A选项显然是错误的，原始人不会以进化的观点去思考问题。B选项的说法只是一个现象，并不是题干的原因。C选项的说法与原文相反。　　5.From this passage, we may draw a conclusion that_____&&&&&&&&& 5.从这篇文章我们可以得出一个结论____　　[A] acute stress is more likely to cause women to choose aborting boys than chronic stress.&&&&&& [A]突发的压力比持续的压力更能导致妇女选择将男婴流产。　　[B] stress to a woman at the time of conception, whether acute or chronic, will shift the sex ratio towards girls.&&& [B]妇女怀孕期间经受压力，无论是突发的还是持续的，都会导致婴儿性别比例偏向女孩。　　[C] more girls will be born in the future because today’s women, in both rich and poor countries, suffer from increasing pressure.&&&&&&& [C] 未来会有更多的女孩出生，因为现在不论是在富裕国家还是在贫穷国家，女性都面临着越来越大的压力。　　[D] chronic stress is more decisive in influencing the women’s pregnancies.&&&&&&& [D]在影响女性怀孕方面慢性的压力更具有决定性的作用。　　[答案]B　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆　　[分析] 推理题。题干要求根据整篇文章推导出一个结论，本文主要讲述了压力对于婴儿出生性别的影响，分别用一些数据和事实证明突发压力和慢性压力都有一定的影响，从中可以得出结论，就是突发与急性压力都会使得女孩出生率高一些。答案A、D文中并没有进行比较、缺少证据，C的内容也文中也没有提到。因此，正确答案为B。　　参考译文：　　男孩还是女孩？这通常是一个女人生完孩子后问的第一个问题。很显然的，因为这位母亲所在的地方不同答案也就不同。在富裕国家中生男孩的比率要比贫穷国家高5%。同样引人注目的是，最近这个数字有所降低。人们提出了几个理论来解释这些现象。有人认为吸烟可能是原因所在，也有人认为节食的影响较大。但大规模研究的证据却都不支持这两个观点，而新的研究指出了另外一个因素：压力。　　虽然看起来很奇怪，但2001年“9?11”恐怖袭击揭示了这个问题的谜底。对恐怖袭击的那一周在纽约出生婴儿的性别研究发现男女性别比例下降了，这与早期的研究一致。早期研究表明洪水、地震和战争期间怀孕妇女生育男女的比例也有相似的变化。而且，八年前奥尔胡斯大学研究者们做的一项研究也表明，经过头胎死亡经历或配偶在其怀孕期间患上一些灾难性疾病的妇女更有可能生女孩。　　综合这些研究结果表明女性在受精时如果受到突然的压力，那么生女孩的比例就会增大。但是，奥尔胡斯的一位研究者CarstenObel并没有参与早期的研究，他怀疑持续的压力是否也会有同样的影响。他刚刚在《人类发展》上发表的一篇论文表明事实确实如此。　　Obel博士使用了1989年至1992年间的一组数字。在这个时期，8791名妇女受邀填写问卷调查，调查其中一项就是她们压力程度。Obel博士发现一个妇女承受的压力越重，她生男孩的概率就越小。压力最大的四成妇女只有47%生育男孩，而最小的四成妇女比例为52%。Obel博士怀疑这种现象的直接原因是在压力的情况下，怀男婴的妇女比怀女婴的妇女更容易流产，尤其是在前三个月。这一点很难证实。更让人迷惑的是他认为根本原因是适应性的而不是生理性的。　　这是因为可能的情况是女孩成年后就要找一位男性，然后生育后代。而男孩则不一样。健康、魁梧的男性更有可能与几位女性生育很多后代，至少在原始狩猎族社会是这样的，大多数人类进化就是这样进行的。弱小的将会被边缘化，甚至有可能在男性的竞争性打斗中被杀死。如果母亲受到的压力对胎儿发展起到相反作用，选择性地将男孩流产，而不是浪费时间和资源将他们养大，这从进化意义上说得通的。　　这反过来也可以解释为什么在富裕国家中女性很少受到饥饿和疾病的威胁，更容易生育男孩。尽管存在这种可能，但是数据的下降说明富裕女性目前所受的压力要比以前大得多。
nts to a different factor: stress.
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