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2月1日起 400多种药品下月起降价
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&中国国家发展改革委8日发出通知称，该机构已于日前发出通知，决定从日起调整呼吸、解热镇痛和专科特殊用药等药品最高零售限价，共涉及20类药品，400多个品种、700多个代表剂型规格，平均降价幅度为15%，其中高价药品平均降幅达到20%。
国家发展改革委有关负责人介绍，本批调价的化学药品，与2011至今已分四批调整的抗生素、循环、神经、激素、消化、抗肿瘤、免疫和血液等8类药品，属于同一轮次调价品种，大部分属于临床常用药品。国家降低这些药品的价格，可以有效减轻患者负担。
该负责人介绍说，此次国家在降低高价药品价格、减轻群众用药负担的同时，也注重加强了对低价药品的价格扶持。特别是对临床短缺的低价药品，国家发展改革委在开展成本价格调查、专家评审和广泛听取有关方面意见的基础上适当提高了价格，以鼓励低价药的生产供应，满足临床需要。
这位负责人介绍说，在本次调整后，本轮对化学药品价格的调整已经完成。下一步，官方将考虑调整中成药价格，方法和化学药品价格调整方法大致保持一致，但也会考虑到中成药的特点。
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长，取得了突出的业绩。1986年10
月，根据部队卫生建设需要，经上级批准，何天佐以成都军区体工大队卫生所为基础，创建了成都军区八一骨科医院，目前已发展为占地5.8亩、诊疗用房近三万平方米...
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如有转载或引用文章涉及版权问题，请与我们联系From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) ()
The Sd.Kfz. 251 ( 251)
designed and first built by the
company during , and based on their earlier, unarmored
vehicle. The larger of the pair (the
being the lighter one, designed and built by ) of the fully armored wartime
of the Wehrmacht, the Sd.Kfz. 251 was designed to transport the
of the German
corps into battle. Sd.Kfz. 251s were the most widely produced German half-tracks of the war, with at least 15,252 vehicles and variants produced by various manufacturers, and were commonly referred to simply as "" by both German and Allied soldiers.
There were four main model modifications (Ausführung A through D), which formed the basis for at least 22 variants. The initial idea was for a vehicle that could be used to transport a single
of 10 panzergrenadiers to the battlefield protected from enemy
fire, and with some protection from artillery fire. In addition, the standard mounting of at least one
allowed the vehicle to provide
for the infantry squad once they had disembarked in battle.
The armour plates were designed to stop penetration by standard rifle/heavy machine gun bullets (like the Mauser 7.9X57mm bullet) by using both metal thickness and armour sloping. The fairly vertical front-facing plates were 14.5 the sides were steeply angled, V-shape and just 8mm thick, saving weight. These plates were both safe against the normal (non-tungsten) rifle AP round, which could pierce about 8mm of vertical armour.
Positive aspects of the open top included greater situational awareness and faster egress by the infantry, as well as the ability to throw grenades and fire over the top of the fighting compartment as necessary while remaining under good horizontal . The downside was a major vulnerabil this included
and , as well as depressed-trajectory small arms fire from higher elevated positions, lobbed , even , and
by enemy aircraft.
The first two models were produced in small numbers from 1939. A and B models can be identified by the structure of the nose armor, which comprised two trapezoidal armor panels - the lower of which had a cooling hatch. The B model, which began production in 1940, eliminated the fighting compartment's side vision slits. The C model, which started production in mid-1942, featured a simplified hexagonal-shaped forward armored plate for the engine. Models A through C had rear doors that bulged out. The C model had a large production run, but was quite complex to build, involving many angled plates that gave reasonable protection from small arms fire. From early 1943, the D model was developed with the purpose of halving the number of angled body plates, simplifying the design and thus speeding up the production. D models can be easily recognized by their single piece sloping rear (with flat doors).
The standard personnel carrier version was equipped with a
machine gun mounted at the front of the open compartment, above and behind the driver. A second machine gun could be mounted at the rear on an anti-aircraft mount.
Variants were produced for specialized purposes, including with
guns, light howitzers, anti-tank guns and mortars or even large unguided , as well as a version with an
search light used to spot potential targets for associated
tanks equipped with infrared detectors.
Another potentially good design feature of the Sd.Kfz.251 was the large track area, with the characteristic "slack track" design with no return rollers for the upper run of track, and the Schachtellaufwerk system of overlapping and interleaved main road wheels common to virtually all German halftracks of the period. This lowered the
and provided better traction, giving the Sd.Kfz.251 better cross country performance than most other nations' half-tracked vehicles. The 251 also had tank steering, whereby the normal steering wheel moved the front wheels, but after more turning of the steering wheel, the tracks are braked to cause turning, like on a tank. This is more complicated, but gives greater mobility than US halftracks. However, the interleaved and overlapping main road wheels shared a major problem with the
tanks that also used such roadwheel configurations - in muddy or winter weather conditions, such as those during a
mud season or the coldest
conditions, accumulated mud and snow could freeze solid between the road wheels, immobilizing the vehicle.
The early production models of this vehicle were issued to the
These vehicles were meant to enable
to accompany panzers and provide infantry support as required. In practice, there were never enough of them to go around, and most panzergrenadier units had to make do with trucks for transport.
Sd.Kfz. 251/7 "Pionierpanzerwagen"
Sd.Kfz. 251/9 "Stummel"
Sd.Kfz. 251/1 Ausf.D captured by the Polish
during the
- a Czechoslovak post-war version of the SdKfz 251 produced by the company
There were 23 official variants, and sundry unofficial variants. Each variant is identified by a suffix however, there was some overlap in the variant numbers.
Sd.Kfz. 251/1 - Schützenpanzerwagen. Standard personnel carrier.
Sd.Kfz. 251/1 Ausf. A Ungepanzerte. Made with plain steel 5mm plates instead of armour, to make up numbers due to slow initial 251 production. Around 350 made upto mid 1940.
251/1 I - with intercom facilities
251/1 II - Rocket launcher (called "Stuka zu Fuss" (Walking ) or ) equipped with six side mounted frames for launching 280 mm or 320 mm .
Sd.Kfz. 251/1 - Falke Infrared imaging equipment for driver and mg42, to be used in combination with Sd.Kfz. 251/20 Uhu. Mostly Ausf. D variants.
Sd.Kfz. 251/2 - Schützenpanzerwagen (Granatwerfer). 81 mm
carrier. Carried 66 rounds for the GrW34. A base plate was also stored so that the mortar could be offloaded and used.
Sd.Kfz. 251/3 - mittlere Kommandopanzerwagen (Funkpanzerwagen). Communications vehicle, fitted with extra radio equipment for command use in Ausf. C and Ausf. D versions.
251/3 I - FuG8 and
251/3 II - FuG8 and FuG5 Radios
251/3 III - FuG7 and FuG1 Radios
251/3 IV - FuG11 and FuG12 Radios (with 9 m telescopic mast); Command vehicle variant (Kommandowagen)
251/3 V - FuG11 Radio
Sd.Kfz. 251/4 - Schützenpanzerwagen für Munition und Zubeh?r des leIG18. Gun-towing tractor, initially for use with the . Later used to tow the 50 mm , 75 mm
Light Field Howitzer.
Sd.Kfz. 251/5 - Schützenpanzerwagen für Pionierzug. Assault Engineer vehicle with inflatable boats stored in the side storage lockers, and light dismantleable assault bridges stored inside through loss of a seat for more storage space. Early command vehicles for Pioneer platoons (Pionierzug) were equipped with a 37 mm
anti-tank gun mount.
Sd.Kfz. 251/6 - mittlere Funkpanzerwagen (Kommandopanzerwagen). Command version equipped with map boards, cipher and encoding machines, enigma. Probably only made in versions Ausf. A and Ausf. B. Replaced by the 251/3 IV command SPW.
Sd.Kfz. 251/7 I - Pionierpanzerwagen. Another assa this had fittings to carry assault bridge ramps on the sides.
251/7 II - As above but with different radio.
Sd.Kfz. 251/8 I - Krankenpanzerwagen. Armored ambulance capable of carrying up to 8 seated casualties or 4 seated casualties and 2 stretcher cases.
251/8 II - As above but fitted with FuG5 radio and 2m rod antenna. Assigned to HQ and Panzer units.
Sd.Kfz. 251/9 - Schützenpanzerwagen (7.5 cm KwK37). Equipped with a
low velocity gun, using the same pedestal gun mount employed on the . Nicknamed "Stummel" ("stump"). In 1944, a revised modular gun mount was introduced to facilitate production that also incorporated a coaxial . This universal gun mount was also used to create the
variant and the Sd.Kfz.234/3.
Sd.Kfz. 251/10 - Schützenpanzerwagen (3.7 cm PaK). Equipped with a 37 mm
anti-tank gun mount. Issued to platoon leaders as a fire support vehicle. Early versions used the whole top half of a pak36 with full gunshield, but later ausf. C & D used a much smaller half-size gunshield so that the vehicle didn't advertise it's firepower, so it looked more like a regular 251/1
Sd.Kfz. 251/11 - Fernsprechpanzerwagen. Telephone line layer.
Sd.Kfz. 251/12 - Messtrupp und Ger?tpanzerwagen. Survey and instrument carrier for artillery units. Never built.
Sd.Kfz. 251/13 - Schallaufnahmepanzerwagen. Sound recording carrier for artillery units. Never built.
Sd.Kfz. 251/14 - Schallaufnahmepanzerwagen. Sound recording carrier for artillery units. Never built.
Sd.Kfz. 251/15 - Lichtauswertepanzerwagen. Flash spotting carrier for artillery units. Never built.
Sd.Kfz. 251/16 - Flammpanzerwagen. Fitted with two
and initially a rear mounted , detachable but still connected to the vehicle, to be operated by dismounted infantry. This was in addition to the standard forward machine gun mount. Six Sd.Kfz. 251/16 Flammpanzerwagens were authorised for issue to each
regiment or in the Pioneer battalion. Though vulnerable, they were used very successfully at night to quickly attack enemy infantry who had just captured German trenches, hitting the enemy before they could consolidate and bring up the heavy weapons that would make them much costlier to defeat later. Late ausf. D versions had larger gunshields.
Sd.Kfz. 251/17 - Schützenpanzerwagen (2 cm). Anti-aircraft vehicle armed with a
on a pedestal mounting with a small armored turret to protect the gunner. Late war, it was issued as a platoon commander's vehicle to replace the Sd.Kfz. 251/10.
Sd.Kfz. 251/18 I - Beobachtungspanzerwagen. Artillery observation vehicle.
251/18 Ia - Differences unknown, likely different radio fit.
251/18 II - Armored observation vehicle.
251/18 IIa - Different radio.
Sd.Kfz. 251/19 - Fernsprechbetriebspanzerwagen. Telephone exchange vehicle.
Sd.Kfz. 251/20 - Schützenpanzerwagen (Infrarotscheinwerfer) Introduced in late 1944, it mounted a 60 cm infrared searchlight with a range of 1.5 km for illuminating targets at night. Known as "Uhu" (Eagle Owl), they guided IR sight-equipped Panther tanks to targets that were out of range of their own smaller infrared searchlights.
Sd.Kfz. 251/21 - Schützenpanzerwagen (Drilling MG151s). Anti-aircraft and ground support variant equipped with a triple-mount ("Drilling" in German means "triple") early version being MG151/15 mm cannon, later being MG151/20 mm Luftwaffe cannon, on a Kriegsmarine triple mount. Awesome firepower, especially when organised into platoons of 6 SPW. But with each gun capable of firing 600+ rounds/minute, 3guns = 2000rpm, it could fire off its full load of 3000 rounds in just 90 seconds.
Sd.Kfz. 251/22 - 7.5 cm PaK40 L/46 auf Mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen. Fitted with a 75 mm
anti-tank gun. Probably too big a gun for the carriage, overloaded but effective, and the Yugoslav military was still using captured examples into the 1950s.
Sd.Kfz. 251/23 - 2 cm H?ngelafette 38 auf Mittlerer Schützenpanzerwagen. Reconnaissance variant intended to replace the
and fitted with the same turret mounting as the
armoured car. Probably never built.
produced version, made by
and . This version had an air cooled diesel engine, and an armored roof over the troop compartment. The vehicle was not liked by those who used it and was nicknamed "Hitler's revenge". A completely wheeled version is the .
Field modified variants - Various field modified variants also existed during World War II. There was a kit for installing an armoured map table in place of the forward MG34 mount in use in 1941. One interesting variant was made at the closing stages of the war, when German forces removed the armored bodies of damaged Sd.Kfz. 251s and installed them on light truck chassis, resulting in a wheeled variant of the Sd.Kfz. 251. At least two were made in this way judging by their number plates.
Green, Michael. Anderson, Thomas. Schulz, Frank. German Tanks of World War II. Zenith Imprint, 2000.
Sd.Kfz. 251/3 was produced after Sd.Kfz. 251/6, and changed designations in the process
Culver, B Laurier, Jim (Illustrator) (November 1998), SdKfz 251 Half-Track 1939-45, New Vanguard #25 (2nd ed.), Osprey Publishing,  
Kliment, C Greer, Don (March 1981), SdKfz 251 in action, Armor No.21 (1st ed.), Squadron/Signal Publications,  
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