动词不定式用法小结_百度文库
两大类热门资源免费畅读
续费一年阅读会员，立省24元！
动词不定式用法小结
上传于||暂无简介
阅读已结束，如果下载本文需要使用0下载券
想免费下载更多文档？
下载文档到电脑，查找使用更方便
还剩8页未读，继续阅读
你可能喜欢动词不定式用法小结_百度文库
两大类热门资源免费畅读
续费一年阅读会员，立省24元！
动词不定式用法小结
上传于||暂无简介
阅读已结束，如果下载本文需要使用0下载券
想免费下载更多文档？
下载文档到电脑，查找使用更方便
还剩8页未读，继续阅读
你可能喜欢大学英语3阶段作业_百度文库
两大类热门资源免费畅读
续费一年阅读会员，立省24元！
大学英语3阶段作业
上传于||暂无简介
阅读已结束，如果下载本文需要使用0下载券
想免费下载更多文档？
下载文档到电脑，查找使用更方便
还剩18页未读，继续阅读
你可能喜欢【图文】M7U1上课用动词不定式归纳(晏鹏)_百度文库
两大类热门资源免费畅读
续费一年阅读会员，立省24元！
评价文档：
M7U1上课用动词不定式归纳(晏鹏)
上传于||暂无简介
大小：980.50KB
登录百度文库，专享文档复制特权，财富值每天免费拿！
你可能喜欢不定式概论--言小范文网
&不定式是动词的非限定，通常前面带有小品词to，有时也可不带to，它可以和助动词或情态动词构成谓语： They will set up more evening schools next year. 明年要办更多的夜校。 We mustn't fall behind the others. 不要落在别人后面。 也可以作主语(a)、宾语(b)、表语(c)、定语(d)或是状语(e)： a．To scold her would not be just. 责备她是不公平的。 b．We are planning to build a reservoir here. 计划里修一座水库。 C．One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture. 当前的主要任务之农业机械化。 d．Do you have anything to declare? 你有要申报吗? e. We have come to learn from you. 是来向你们学习的。 有时它还可以构成复合结构(类似汉语语法中的主谓结构)，作复合宾语等： He wants all of us to make rapid progress. 他希望大家都迅速进步。 不定式在句子里虽能担任种种成分，但它毕竟是动词，动词的许多特点。它可以有的宾语(a)或状语(b)，来和它构成不定式短语：
a．Would you like to tell me how you overcame the difficulties? 你可不可以告诉我你们怎样克服的？ b．I prefer to go there by bike. 我宁愿骑车去。 还有下面种种：
主 动 形 式 被 动 形 式 式 式 式 ________ 式 _________
，不定式在语法上有主语，但表示的是动作，在意思上是可以有主语的，主语可以称为逻辑上的主语(the Logical Subject)，以区别于语法上的主语。例如在We came to study．中，we是句子里的主语，to study的逻辑上的主语；又如在We'll send him to study abroad．中，him是句子里的宾语，而且是to study逻辑上的主语。不定式的逻辑上的主语，可以是句子中的主语、宾语等，也可以由用for引起的短语表示， 例如：It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese. 外国人学汉语是不容易的。
2. 作主语、宾语和表语用的不定式
不定式(短语)常用来作主语： To persevere means victory! 胜利！ To complete that building in ten months was a great achievement. 那座楼10个月就盖成是了不起的成就。 To ignore this would be a mistake. 点是错误的。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 To act like that is foolish. 做是愚蠢的。 To err is human, to forgive divine. 犯错误是人之常情，宽恕才难能可贵。 To know something about E to know English is quite another. 懂一点英语是一回事；英语完全是另一回事。 但在情况下，是在口语中，常常用代词it来代替它作主语，而把它移到句子后部去，使句子显得平稳： It isn't right to gossip about others. (=To gossip about others isn't right.) 说闲话是不对的。 It is nice not to be dependent on them. 不是好的。 It is not an easy thing to master a language. 学好语言是不容易的。 It seems a pity to refuse. 拒绝似乎是很遗憾的。
It only took (us) a year to complete the project. 这项工程只花了()一年。 What harm can it do to give advice? 给人出主意有不好的? How would it be to start tomorrow? 明天动身怎么样? How much did cost (you) to send the telegram? 拍这份电报(你)花了多少钱?" It made us very angry to hear him talk like that. 听他谈话非常气愤。 It feels good to be out here for a while. 儿待一待是挺舒服的。 It was beyond me to help them. 我无力帮助。 It was considered impossible to fail. 人们失败是不的。 It was decided to bring the matter up at the next meeting. 决定把这问题提到下次会上。 要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加for引起的短语： It is not hard for one to do a bit if good. 人做点好事并不难。 It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally. 来参加大会是很荣幸的。 It will be a mistake for us not to help them. 不帮助是错误的。
在以某些形容词(如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时，不定式前常可加of引起的短语，来说明不定式指的是谁的情况： It's kind of you to think so much of us. (=ou're so kind to...) 难为你替想。 (It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us. 非常感谢你来接。 It's very nice of you to be so considerate. 你们想得周到是的。 It's unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 拒绝采纳建议是不明智的。
不定式用作宾语的时候多： He offered to help us. 他要帮助。 Mary begged to go with us. 玛丽恳求和一道去。 I can't afford to buy a car. 我买不起小汽车。 We will arrange to see him tomorrow. 将安排明天见他。 Some people can't bear to watch a bullfight. 人不忍心看斗牛。 She determined to study harder. 她决心努力地学习。 I did not think (expect) to find you here. 没想到儿碰到你。 They proposed to attack the city at dawn. 打算在拂晓时对这城市发起进攻。 <ou should continue to learn as long as you live. 活到老学到老。 They demanded to know what I had been doing. 要求知道我一直在干。 He failed to see the other car in time. 他没看到那辆车。 Children love to listen to fairy tales. 孩子们喜欢听童话故事。 He pledged to stop smoking. 他戒烟。 They preferred not to put this on the agenda. 宁愿不把这列入议程。 She promised to return in an hour. 她答应一小时后回来。 I am preparing to take the examination on Monday. 我在参加礼拜一的考试。
能以不定式作宾语的动词，常见的有：want, like, wish, hate, prefer, hope, continue, manage, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise, mean, pretend, intend, begin, attempt, decide, learn, desire, agree, care, choose, determine, undertake, expect等。 ，tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget等动词，常用带连接代(副)词的不定式作宾语： They will teach us how to repair farm tools. 他仍将教怎样修农具。 We must decide whether to go or stay. 得决定去留。 He didn't know whether to laugh or to cry when he heard the words. 听了这话他是啼笑皆非。 No one could tell me where to get the book. 人能告诉我哪里能找到这本书。 I hope you'll advise me what to do. 我希望你给我出主意怎么办好。 The book explains how to solve the problem. 这本书解释如何回答问题。 Don't forget how to unlock it. 别忘了如何开锁。 <ou can learn how to type there. 在那里你可学习怎样打字。 She considered how to answer the question. 她考虑如何回答问题。
，在某些复合宾语中，常常先用it代表不定式，而把不定式放到后面去，如： They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 不把一切按时好。 She thought it unnecessary to argue with him about it. 觉得必要和他辨论。 I consider it better not to go. 我不去为好。 结构很有用处，例如下面这类句子就都可以翻译： 你难道不觉得译好些吗？ Don't you think it better to translate it this way? 种烦恼使她专心工作。 All these worries made it impossible for her to concentrate on her work. 他规定堂上只能讲英语。 He made it a rule only to speak English in class. 她感到有责任指出点。 She felt it her duty to point that out. 间或可以看到下面句子: I have long had it in mind to answer your letter. 我一直在想给你回信。 She took it on herself to apologize for me. 她出面替我道歉。 He regards it as important to help his friends. 他帮助朋友是要的。
******************** 注: 在的介词后可用"连接代(副)词+不定式"结构作宾语，如: Everyone has his own idea of how to do it. 如何做这件事各人都有不同的看法。 ********************
不定式有时也可用以用作表语: The problem is to find a solution. 问题是得找出解决办法。 Her wish was to become an artist. 她的志愿是艺术家。 The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福为大家的幸福而工作。 His job was to make contacts with the local people. 他的任务是当地。 To do this would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 做是削足适履。 The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最的是把理论变为。 What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand. 我喜欢的是在海里游泳，然后躺在暖和的沙上。 有时，在汉语句子中，主语很长而表语很短，在译为英语时，可以把两者颠倒，用上述结构来表示： 培养学生的独立工作能力是现在的主要任务。 Our main task now is to develop the students' ability to carry on independent work. 仔细分析当前的并从而制定的政策，是最迫切的任务。 Our most urgent task is to make a careful analysis of the present situation and form our policy on the basis of such an analysis.
3. 作定语用的不定式 不定式作定语的情况，在下面类型的句子中常可看到用法： a. She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings． 她晚上经常有会要开。 Do you have anything more to say? 你还有话要说吗? b. I want to get something to read during the vacation. 我想找点书假期看。 The teacher assigned us two exercises to do at home. 老师给留了两个练习在家做。 c. Is there anything else to put on the agenda? 还有要列入议程的? There are still two more items to include in the programme. 还有两个节目要列入节目单。 d. That will be the only thing to do now. 这恐怕是唯一可行的办法。 He is not a man to bow before difficulties. 他那种在面前低头的人。 e．She was the first person to think of the idea. 她个想到主意。 They are always the first to bear hardships, the last to enjoy comforts. 总是吃苦在前，享乐在后。 f. We need someone to help with the typing. 需要人帮助打字。 应当注意，不定式和它修饰的词有动宾关系(如前四类中的多数句子)。，不定式是不及物动词，它后面就应有必要的介词，如：
She has a lot of things to attend to. 她有事要管。 Let's first find a room to put the things in. 先找房间把东西搁在里面。 There is nothing (for us) to worry about. 值得发愁的。 She is a very nice person to work with. 她是共事的人。 Is this something to be ashamed of? 难道这有见人？
有些名词后常可用一不定式作定语： The workers and peasants felt a pressing need to learn to read and write. 工人农民那时迫切感到要学文化。 It is already time to start spring sowing. 现在是开始春播的时候了。 Is that the best way to solve the problem? 这是解决这问题的最好方法吗? No investigation, no right to speak. 调查就发言权。 They had no chance to go to school in those years. 那时候机会上学。 This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience. 这将是交流经验的好机会。 We are starting a movement to clean up the city. 在开始使城市清洁的运动。 We must have the courage to say that we are ignorant. 应当有勇气承认是无知的。 Only then can we have the motive force to go forward． 有才有前进的动力。 能用不定式作定语的名词，除了上面之外，还有reason, effort, drive, determination, decision, tendency, struggle, intention, campaign, ambition, wish等。
还有动词(a)和形容词(b)后面是经常跟不定式的，它们的同源名词也常用不定式作定语： The enemy failed in their attempt to land on the island. 敌人在岛上登陆的企图失败了。 (The enemy attempted to land on the island.) <ou haven't kept your promise to write us regularly. 你遵守给经常写信的诺言。 (ou promised to write us regularly．) I guess they will have to make some changes in their plan to open up rice fields. 我猜开发水稻田的计划得做些变动了。 (They are planning to open up more rice fields．) He has the inclination to overlook difficulties. 他有的倾向。 (He is inclined to overlook difficulties.) b. ou should have confidence in your ability to fulfil the task. 你们应对任务的能力有信心。 (ou are able to fulfil the task.) In his speech he expressed their determination to achieve their goal[1]&[2]&[3]&[4]&&下一页
s. 他在讲话中表达了的决心。 (They are determined to achieve their goals.) We could see her anxiety to settle the thing herself. 看得出她很想来解决问题。 (She was anxious to settle the thing herself.)
His eagernese to get back to work was quite obvious. 急于回去工作点是很的。 (He was eager to get back to work.)
，不定式还可以在下面这类句子中用作定语： We'll have more meetings like this in the few weeks to come. 在未来几周内还要开几次的会。 In the lectures to follow she will give us some information about the situation in Africa. 在以后几次讲演中，她将谈谈非洲的情况。 Among the men to take part in the work, he is probably the most active. 在要参加工作的人中，他恐怕是最的。 The conference to take place next month is bound to be a great success. 下月举行的会议会很。 这时，不定式几乎等于定语从句(例如to take part in the work可以说是who are to take Part in the work的紧缩)，都表示即将的动作。 间或还可以看到下面不定式短语作定语： She had no time left in which to pack her things. 她收拾行李了。 It was a bad season in which to have outings. 这是不适于郊游的季节。 Allow me one minute in which to change my costumes. 给我一分钟来卸装。
She had a little money in the bank, with which to help her mother. 她在银行有一点存款，用来帮助她的妈妈。
********************************* 注： 不定式间或可用作同位语(a)或是引起惊叹句(b)： a．Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。 We got no instructions to leave the city. 接到离开这座城市的指示。 b. To think he knew about it all the time! 没想他一直知道这事！ Oh! To be young again. 哦，要能再年轻就好了。 *********************************
4. 作状语用的不定式 不定式常可用来作状语，修饰动词，表示的目的(a)、结果(b)或原因(c)，如： a．They ran over to welcome the delegates. 跑欢迎代表们。 The vice-minister cut the ribbon to open the exhibition. 展览会开幕由副部长剪彩。 To do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具要对头。 We must do everything we can to help them. 要尽一切力量帮助。 b．He made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the subject. 他讲了一大段话，只暴露出他对这门学科一无所知。 What have I said to make you so excited? 我说了话使你激动? The curtain parted, to reveal a market scene. 帷幕分开，集市的场面。 She lived to be 100. 她活到一百岁。 He left, never to return. 他走了，再也回来。 C．We all rejoiced to hear of your success． 听说你们了都兴。 She shuddered to think of her bitter past. 她想起了辛酸的真是不寒而栗。 To hear him talk in that manner, you would think him a foreigner. 听他说话，你会以为他是外国人。
We jumped with joy to hear the news. 听到这消息高兴得跳了起来。 ，不定式也常用在so as (to)或in order (to)后，与它合起来作状语用，表示目的: Let's hurry so as not to be late for the meeting. 咱们快点走，免得开会迟到。 She decided to work harder in order (so as) to catch up with the others. 她决定加紧学习好赶上别人。 In order to achieve this aim, we must learn from other countries. ，向别的学习。 此外，还可和某些不及物动词连用： My blood pressure tends to be high. 我的血压偏高。 They burned to avenge his death. 一心要给他报仇。
不定式也可用在作表语用由形容词(或分词)后面作状语，说明产生情绪的原因或是在哪谓语所表示的情况等： I am sorry (glad) to hear it. 听了我很难过(高兴)。 He was annoyed to hear them talk like that. 听说话他很不高兴。 We are proud to be young people of China. 的青年感到自豪。 We shall be very happy to co-operate with you in the work. 将兴项工作中和你们合作。 We were surprised to find him there. 看到他在那里感到很惊奇。 We should "not feel ashamed to ask and learn from people below." 要"不耻下问"。 They are eager to take part in the work. 亟于参加工作。 We were grieved to learn of his death. 听说他去世都很悲痛。 She is always ready to help others. 她总是乐于帮助别人。 Be careful not to catch cold. 小心别着凉了。 I don't feel inclined to accept the invitation. 我不太想邀请。 <ou are very kind to say so. 谢谢你说。 能用类结构中的形容词和分词，常见的如：happy，lucky, fortunate, unfortunate, pained, ashamed, surprised, grieved, frightened, shocked, sorry, glad, delighted, able, unable, destined, apt, willing, unwilling, worthy, eager, proud, disappointed, angry, right, anxious, content, impatient, fit, ready, clever, unwise, naughty, quick, show, prompt, foolish, rude, thoughtless, (in) considerate, cruel, wrong等。
，种结构中还可以用easy， difficult, hard, comfortable等形容词，这时作句子主语的除了表示人的词外。还可以是表示事物的词： The girl was easy to get along with. 这女孩很容易相处。 He is worthy to take the position. 他配得上做这项工作。 The question is rather difficult to answer. 这问题难回答。 A foreign language is as a rule hard to learn. 外国语不好学。 The room is comfortable to live in. 这房间住起来很舒服。 This water is not fit to drink. 这水不适于喝。 Thousands of words are inadequate to express how grateful we are to you. 千言万语也说不尽对你的感激之情。 在用形容词构成复合宾语时，也能用不定式作状语，如： We found the house very comfortable to live in. 这房子住起来很舒服。 I don't think him hard to get along with. 我想他不难相处。 上面讲的句子，有些也可以改为下面： This is a very comfortable house to live in. 这是一栋住起来很舒服的房子。 I think him a very nice person to get along with. 我想他是一位容易相处的人。
这时不定式就成了定语。
******************************** 注： 下面句子中的不定式状语： Take care not to catch cold. 小心别着凉。 He has made up his mind to put his heart and soul into the work. 他决定全心全意投入这项工作。 ********************************
当句子里带有too或enough的词时，也常用不定式来作状语： She was too young to understand all that. 她太年轻理解。 We found the room too small to hold so many people. 房间太小坐不了这么多人。 I am sorry I am too much in a hurry to talk with you. 起，我有急事要办和你谈话。 We found the room not big enought to hold so many people. 这房间大，坐不了这么多人。 She was not old enough to understand all that. 她年岁大，理解切。 Have you got enough room to seat all of us? 你们这儿坐得下所有人吗? 有时在so...as (to)结构中也可以用不定式作状语： Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free. 时候有空希望来家玩。 Was he so conceited as not to believe in the wisdom of the masses? 他会高傲，不相信的智慧?
*************************** 注: 有时不定式可以用来说明说话人的，对整个句子解释： To tell you the truth, I am not in favour of your plan. 说老实话，我不赞成你的计划。 To be frank, we don't trust him. 坦白地说，不信任他。 To be fair, he is not at all an irresponsible man. 说句公道话，他不任的人。 To say the least, their techniques are old-fashioned. 说得再轻点，的工艺是太老了。 Among writers of his age, he was, so to speak, a giant among dwarfs. 在那时的作家中，他可以说是鹤立鸡群。 这类结构可称为句子状语，也可看作插入语。关于点可参阅 520。 ***************************
5. 在复合结构中用的不定式 不定式可以和名词(或代词)构成复合结构，作动词的宾语，称为复合宾语： I didn't expect you to arrive so early. 没想到你来得这么早。 We shouldn't allow such things to happen again. 不应允许再的事。 They encouraged her to try again. 鼓励她再试一次。 Her mother forbid her to go out. 她妈妈禁止她出去。 She asked me to call again. 她请我再去一次电话。 May I request you to be present at the ceremony? 我可否请你出席这次仪式? Would you like us to go with you? 你愿意和你一道去吗? I'll leave him to solve the problem for himself. 我将让他去解决问题。 He wants you to call him back at 11. 他要你十一点钟给他回电话。 He required us to write clearly. 他要求字迹要清楚。 His conscience compelled him to tell the truth. 他的良心他讲出了真情。 I'll get someone to repair the recorder for you. 我去找个人来帮你们修录音机。
在动词后面都可以有的宾语，常见的这类动词有：ask, tell, invite, compel, force, oblige, get, beg, allow, help, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, instruct, permit, remind, request, order, command, warn, cause, press, urge等。
在make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等动词后的复合宾语中，不定式都不带to： What made you think like that? 是使你想? Let me do it for you. 让我来替你做。 I hate to see you leave so soon. 我真不愿意你这么快就走。 Don't forget to have him come. 别忘了让他来。 I often hear them sing this song. 我常常听到唱这首歌。 Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense. 突然感到气氛紧张起来。 但句子变为被动结构。to就不要： She was often seen to act like that． 人们常常看见她做。 They were made to work day and night． 被迫日夜干活。
像think，consider，believe，suppose，know，feel，find，understand，declare，take这类动词后，也可以有复合宾语，但宾语中的不定式短语多由to be加一形容词构成： They believed there principles to be universally true. 原则是适用的。 He doesn't consider that to be important. 他并不这要。 Many people supposed him to be dead. 人都以为他死了。 I felt them to be right. 我觉得是对的。 They found the answer to be quite satisfactory. 对答复感到很满意。 She imagined herself to be superior to others. 她自以为比别人都高明。 结构在书面语中用得较多，在口语中多用宾语从句。在动词(如think，consider，find)后，不用to be，直接用形容词也可以： They found the answer quite satisfactory.
在某些成语动词(如wait for，call on，count upon，vote for，rely on，depend upon，long for，prevail upon，care for等)后面，也可以用的复合宾语，如： The government called on us to increase production. 号召生产。 <ou can count on us to give you full support. 你们放心，将给你们全力支持。 We'll vote for Peter to be our monitor. 将投票彼得的票，让他作班长。 We are all longing for the new term to begin. 都渴望新学期开始。 在listen to和look at后面的复合宾语中，不定式常不带to： She listened to the rain patter on the window-panes. 她倾听着雨水敲打着玻璃窗。 It is quite amusing to look at (=watch) other people play chess. 看别人下棋很有意思。
**************************** 注： 在help后，不定式可以带to也可以不带to： Can anyone help me (to) carry the suitcase upstairs? She will help (to) mend the coat for you. ****************************
上面谈到的这类句子，有时可以变为被动结构： The students are always encouraged to put forward their views. 总是鼓励学生的看法。 <ou are requested to be present at an English evening to be held at the school auditorium on Friday, at 7p.m. 谨订于本星期五晚七点在本院礼堂举行英语晚会，请出 席。 The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 看来很使人鼓舞。 Finally she was prevailed upon to take the job. 最后她被说服了工作。 Who can be depended upon to carry on the work? 可以人来工作。
除了上面带复合结构的句子外，还有两类复合结 构的句子。一类是以be said，be reported，be known，seem，happen，prove，appear等构成谓语的句子： He is said to be from a peasant family. (It is said that he is from a peasant family.) 据说他出身农民家庭。 The movenment was reported to be in full swing. (It was reported that th上一页&&[1]&[2]&[3]&[4]&&下一页
e movement was in full swing.) 据报导这运动正展开。 She doesn't seem to have enough confidence in herself. (It seems that she doesn't have enough confidence in herself.) 她似乎对信心。 The country is known to be rich in natural resources. (It is known that the country is rich in natural resources.) 据有的自然资源。 一类是以be likely，be certain，be sure，be unlikely，be destined等构成谓语的句子： They are likely to be on the school farm now. (It is likely that they are on the school farm now.) 现在多半在学校农场里。 She is unlikely to come back this week. (It is unlikely that she will come back this week.) 她这星期回来的 性不大。
On our road of advance we are bound to meet with difficulties. 在前进的道路上肯定会碰到。 Victory is sure to be ours. 胜利属于。 The growth in demand is certain to drive up the price. 需求的增长会使价格升高。 两节的句子中，不定式和前面的动词构成复合谓语，这问题在 句法中再详细。(可参阅42l。)
****************************** 注： 不定式与助动词或情态动词构成谓语的情况第十一章中已说得，这里就不再谈了。在I don't think it advisable to start so early.的句子中，不定式用来和别的词构成复合宾语，在第217节中讲到，这里也不再讲了。下面句子也可说包含复合谓语： How did you get to know it? 你怎么知道的? Now I'm coming to see it more and more clearly. 现在我看得越来越清楚了。 ******************************
6. 不定式的式、式和式
不定式的所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作(状态)(或几乎)(a)，或是在它之后(b)： a. Who heard him say that? 谁听见他说这话的? Tell her we shall be delighted to come． 告诉她会兴来的。 We rejoiced to see her back． 看到她回来了都兴。 b. They invited us to go there this summer． 邀请今年夏天到那儿去。 She is waiting to hear your answer． 她在等着听你的答复。 They arranged to start early． 安排好早动身。 假如不定式所表示的动作，在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前，这不定式就要用式，如： I am glad to have seen your mother. (= I am glad I have seen your mother.) 我兴，见到了你的妈妈。 (：I am glad to see you. 看到你真高兴。) 不定式的式常用来： 1)构成复合谓语： He is said to have written a new book about workers. (It is said that he has written a new book about workers.) 据说他又写了一本关于工人的书。 The enemy was reported to have surrendered. (It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.) 据报道敌人投降了。
She seemed to have heard about it already. (It seemed that she had already heard about it.) 她似乎已听到这事了。 I happened to have come across the book once. (It happened that I had come across the book once.) 我碰巧有一次见过这本书。 She is not likely to have got our letter. (It is not likely that she has got our letter.) 她多半还没接到的信。 2)在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语： <ou are lucky to have got tickets to the concert. (ou are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.) 你运气好弄到了音乐会的票。 I am very pleased to have been of help. 能够帮得上忙我兴。 I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. (I am sorry I have given you so much trouble.) 起给你添了这么多麻烦。 He felt ashamed to have done such a thing. 他很惭愧做了的事。 She was very glad to have done something for the community. 她兴为社会做了点事。 3) 在某些动词后作宾语： He pretended not to have seen me. 他假装没看见我。 I regret to have been the cause of all this trouble. 我很抱歉引起了这么多麻烦。
We interded to have included your name in the list. 本来预备把你的名字列入名单的。 I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. 我本想告诉你的，可是我忘记了。 I should like to have bought one. 我本想买一本(个)的。 He expects to have written it tomorrow morning. 他估计明天早上可以写好。 间或也可以作主语(a)，定语(b)或构成复合宾语(c)： a．It has been a privilege to have travelled so much in your country. 在贵国游览了这么多地方是很难得的。 It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village. 重访了家乡是非常愉快的事。 b. It was the first book to have appeared on the subject. 这是本关于这门学科的书。 So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms. 原来房间你打扫的。 It is one of the rare examples of this type of painting to have survived. 它是这类画仅存的样品。 They thought it a pity not to have invited her. 请她感到很遗憾。 She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. 参加了这项工作她感到很荣幸。
********************** 注1: 不定式的也有时和情态动词构成谓语： She may have lost your telephone number. 她忘了你的电话号码了。 He must have missed the train. 他准是误车了。 How could you have read so much in such a short time? 么短内你怎么看了这么多书? 用法在211中了，这里就不再多谈。，to be有时可以和一不定式的构成谓语，表示想做而未做的事： He was to have given the first talk, but he came late. 他本来个发言，但来晚了。 The plane was to have taken off at six, but something went wrong. 飞机本来在六点起飞的，但出了故障。
注2： 在不定式的后有时可以跟表示的状语： He may have left last Monday. 他星期一就走了。 He is believed to have left last Monday. 据信他星期一走了 这是和现在时不同的。 ***************************
主要谓语表示的动作(情况)时，不定式表示的动作正在，这时不定式就要用式。不定式的式主要可以用来： 1)构成复合谓语： <ou are not supposed to be working. ou haven't quite recovered yet. 你现在不应当工作，你的病还完全好哩。 They are said to be building another bridge across the river. 据说正条河上修另一座大桥。 They seem to be getting along quite well. 似乎相处得。 I happened to be going that way too. 我洽好到那儿去. How did you come to be working here? 你怎么来到这儿工作的? 2)在某些动词后构成复合宾语： We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here. 没想到你儿等。 Of course we should like everything to be going smoothly. 当然愿意一切都得很。 "Tom, I don't want you to be idling your time away like that." said the old man. 老头说："汤姆，我不愿意你把瞎混掉。" 3)在某些动词后作宾语： He pretended to be listening attentively. 他假装专心听讲的样子。 She wished to be travelling around too like them. 她希望也和一样到处游历。
Of course he doesn't like to be lagging behind the others. 他当然不愿意像现在落在别人后面。 <ou don't need to be worrying about her. She is safe at home. 你为她着急完全多余，她好好地在家里哩。 间或也可以用作状语(a)，或主语(b)： a. I am glad to be working with you. 和你在一道工作我兴。 How fortunate (I am) to be living here! 生活里多么幸福! b. It feels wonderful to be working out of doors in such weather. 天气在外面劳动很舒服。 It's nice of you to be thinking of us. 难为你想着。
*********************** 注: 不定式的式有时也可以表示反复的动作，这时带有感情色彩(关于点可参阅142)： It's remarkable of her to be always working like that. 她总是工作，真不错。 I don't like you to be constantly arguing about trifles. 我不喜欢你们老为小事争论不休。 **********************
在上节所讲的许多结构中，不定式表示的正在的动作，而是在谓语所表示之前一直的动作，就需要用： a. They are said to have been collecting folk songs unnan. (It's said that they have been collecting folk songs unnan.) 据说一直在云南收集民歌。 The struggle was known to have been going on for over twenty years. 据悉斗争已二十多年了。 b. They suspected us to have been quarrelling. 还疑心刚吵过架哩。 c. She wished to have been studying as hard as the others. 她真愿意也像人那样努力学习。 d. We are happy (It's been a great pleasure) to have been working with you. 兴段和你们在一起工作。 ***************************** 注：不定式的和也可以用在谓语中： Don't be making such a great noise, children. 孩子们，别闹。 They must have been discussing something important. 刚才准是在的事。
*****************************
7. 不定式的被动 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动。可以用来： 1)作主语： It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀里讲话。 Is it possible for our hopes to be realized? We believe it is. 的希望能吗? 相信是可以的。 It's necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings. 经常有人提醒注意缺点是必要的。 2)作宾语： She asked to be sent to work in Tibet. 她请求派她到西藏去工作。 He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 他宁愿给他些更重的工作做。 She hated to be flattered. 她讨厌受人奉承。 3)构成复合宾语： He wanted the letter to be typed at once． 他让把信马上打好。 She didn't like herself to be praised like that. 她不喜欢受到那样的赞扬。 He didn't expect the book to be so well received. 他没想到这本书会受到的欢迎。 4)构成复合谓语： This is bound to be found out. 这准会被人。 The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 书不许携出室外。
The date is expected to be announced soon. 估计日期不久就会宣布。 5)作定语： Are you going to the banquet to be given at the embassy? 你参加大使馆举行的宴会吗? There are a lot of things to be done. 有事要做。 It was the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers. 这是工程师设计的个这类工程。 The questions to be answered are on page 32. 需回答的问题在第32页上。 6)作状语： The kids went to the hospital to be inoculated. 孩子们到医院去种牛痘去了。 She was too young to be assigned such work. 她年纪太小，不适宜把这工作交她做。 逻辑上的主语不，只要在意思上是被动的，这不定式仍然要用被动式： It's a great honour to be elected a model teacher. 选为模范教师是的荣誉。 To be criticized might be a good thing. 受批评是件好事。
不定式有时还可以有式的被动式，在句中用作主语(a)，宾语(b)，或构成复合宾语(c)，或复合谓语(d)，间或用作定语(e): a. It is a good thing for him to have been criticized. 他受到批评是件好事。 b. She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. 她宁愿分给她的是更重的工作。 c. They knew him to have once been arrested by the police. 知道他被警察逮捕过。 He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. 被邀参加晚会他感到很荣幸。 d. The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 这书据说已被译成好几种语言。 He is not likely to have been notified about it. 这事多半还通知他。 e. She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. 她是个选上位置的妇女。 这时，这不定式表示的是比谓语动作得更早的动作。
********************************* 注：不定式的被动式用来构成谓语的情况在179中讲到，这里就不谈了。 *********************************
在某些结构中不定式表示被动的意思，用的却是： a. He has no one to take care of. 人需要他照顾。 (：He has no one to take care of him. 谁照顾他。) We still have many difficulties to overcome. 还有要克服。 b. Give him some books to read. 给他点书看。 He'll show you the right path to take. 他将告诉你该走道路。
c. They found the lecture hard to understand. 这报告不好懂。 I don't consider that a proper thing to do. 我想这的做法。 d. It is a hard nut (for one) to crack. 这是棘手的问题。 He is not easy (for anyone) to convince. 他不容易被说服。 在句子中，不定式与最近的名词(代词)有动宾关系，但与句子中另名词(代词)却有主谓关系，如前三类情况如此，这或许是用的原因。在a，b两类句子中，主谓关系，不定式就仍以用被动式，如： a． Have you anything to be taken to the city (by me or someone else)? 你有东西需要(让我或人)带到城里去? I have no more letters to be typed, thank you. 谢谢你，我信要打了。 b. Please give me the b上一页&&[1]&[2]&[3]&[4]&&下一页
ooks to be distributed among the students. 请把要发给学生的书交给我。 Let me show you the room to be used as the teacher's readingroom. 我来带你去看看要用作教员阅读室的那个房间吧。 ，在以there is (are)引起的句子中，用来修饰主语的不定式可以用被动式，也可以用： There is no time to lose (to be lost). 紧迫，耽误了。
There are still many things to take of (to be taken care of). 还有好些事要。 Are there any more items to put (to be put) on the agenda? 还有别的项目该列入议程？ 在口语中用的时候更多。但有时候两种表示不同的意思，如： There is nothing to do now. (We have nothing to do now.) 现在没事儿干。 和 There is nothing to done now. (We can do nothing now 现在办法了。
There is nothing to see (nothing worth seeing). 东西值得看。 和 There not