主动语态和被动语态讲义
主动语态和被动语态
专项密训词汇班课程设置
第二章 语态 一、 主动语态 二、 被动语态
第十六讲 主动语态和被动语态
语态课程内容 1、语态概述 2、两种语态区别 3、被动语态构成 4、语态转换 5、特殊被动语态结构
1、语态概述英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态：主语是动作的执行者时， 动词用主动语态形式。 例如：We clean our classroom every day.被动语态：主语是动作的承受者时， 动词则用被动语态形式。 例如：The room is cleaned by Jim.
2、两种语态区别主动语态与被动语态的区别：在主动语态中，主语是谓语动词的使动方。 在被动语态中，主语是谓语动词的受动方。　 在语法结构上，主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于，主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语，然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法； 而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语，各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。
3、被动语态构成被动语态构成： 助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词。 be 有各种人称和时态的变化。 The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children. 孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。 He is regarded as brilliant by people. 人们认为他很有才华。 My shoes had been cleaned by somebody. 有人早已把我的鞋子擦了。
4、语态转换主动语态变被动语态的方法： 1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 2）把主动语态的谓语动词变为被动语态的谓语动词结构。 3）把主动语态的主语变为被动语态介词 by 的宾语。 4）主动语态变为被动语态时，时态不变。 5）动词要和主语一致。 Note:当动作的执行者不必说明或者没有必要强调时， by 短语可省略。
They grow tea in Southeast China. Tea is grown in Southeast China.She often takes care of the baby. The baby is often taken care of by her.The boys played football last Sunday. Football was played by the boys last Sunday.The workers will build some new roads next year.Some new roads will be built by the workers next year.
4、语态转换
4、语态转换
5、特殊被动语态结构1）带情态动词的被动结构： The problem must be solved soon.主动语态 We must plant more trees被动语态 More trees must be planted.
2）带不定式的被动结构： The homework needs to be done with care. 主动语态中有些动词如:make, see, listen, watch, feel后常跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态要带上to He made the boy work for him. →The boy was made to work for him.
3）短语动词的被动结构： The room is going to be painted. 短语动词的被动结构有经下几种：（1）（不及物）动词+介词：若这类短语动词是及物性的，则可用于被动语态，如:laugh at, look after, talk about, think of 等。若这类这类短语动词是及物性的，则可用被动语态。5、特殊被动语态结构（2）（及物）动词+副词：bring about, carry out, find out, make out等。（3）动词+副词+介词：do away with, face up to, give in to, look down upon, make up for等。（4）动词+名词+介词：catch sight of, keep an eyes on, make a fool of,等。
4）主动语态中若有双宾语,变为被动语态时,有下列二种情况 主动语态 My father bought me a new watch.被动语态 I was bought a new watch by my father.（表示人的间接宾语做主语）=A new watch was bought for me by my father.（表示物的直接宾语做主语） 表示物的直接宾语做被动语态的主语时， 要在表示人的间接宾语前加介词for或 to 加to的情况 give, pass, show 加for的情况 buy, mend 5）带复合宾语的动词在改为动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如：We always keep the classroom clean.The classroom is always kept clean.
6）主动形式表示被动意义的词。常见的有：（1）动词后用动名词的主动形式，这时动名词句中的主语有动宾关系。例如：This point deserves mentioning. The window requires repairing. （2）有些及物动词后须加副词（如well, easily等），有些不可加，如act, clean, cut, draw, lock, open, play, read, sell, shut, strike, wash, write等 例如：The clothes washes/sells well. The play won’t act.（3）形容词后直接加动词。 例如：The book is worth reading twice.（4）某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。例如：The fish is not fit to eat. （5）某些感官动词的形式和系动词（如feel, look, prove, smell, sound, taste, 等）与形容词连用时。 如：The water feels very cold. 这水摸上去很冷。
7) 被动形式表示主动意义 be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, get married He is graduated from a famous university. 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。 He married a rich girl.=He got married to a rich girl.
8）以下动词构成的句子不能改为被动句；（1）动词leave, enter, reach 等的宾语是表示处所、地点（国家、团体、组织、军队）等。（2）表示动态的动词，如become, benefit, cost, contain, equal, fit, fail, have, lack, last, mean, suit, look like等。5、特殊被动语态结构（3）下例不及物动词及短语动词：appear, belong to, break out, die, happen, lie, occur, rise, take place, agree with, belong to, consist of, have on, keep up with 及一些固定词组，如keep word, lose heart, make a face等。（4）宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、不定式、动名词、抽象名词等。
9）汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示.例如: 有人相信……It is believed that…大家认为…….It is generally considered that…众所周知……..It is well known that…必须指出……..It must be pointed out that…据推测说…….It is supposed that…希望……… It is hoped that…据说……. It is said that…有人会说……It will be said that…
练习 1.They asked me to come a little later. →I ___ _______ to come a little later. 2.Women often talk about food and clothes. →Food and clothes ____ often _____ about by women. 3.Do they make this kind of truck in Shanghai? → ___this kind of truck _____ in Shanghai? 4.We must clean our teeth twice a day. →Our teeth must ___ ____ twice a day. 5.Can I answer this question in Chinese? →_____this question __ ______ in Chinese? 6. You must not put the bike there. → The bike ___ ____ _____there.
答案： 1.was asked 2.are talked 3.Is made 4.be cleaned 5.Can be answered 6.mustn't be put被动语态_图文_百度文库
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你可能喜欢英语语法中,动词不定式to do表示被动和动词不定式的被动语态to be done表示被动有什么用法区别
亲爱的轮回47X
用to do 表被动式主动表被动的特殊情况,适用于某些特定的词或句式,主要用于以下几种情况：1.with 结构中,表有事情要做,用 with sth to do ,而不用with sth to be done .2 主系表结构中to do 的宾语是该句的主语：如：The work is easy to do.(不用the work is easy to be done),而如果是形式主语It ,则用该用It is easy for the glass to be broken.3.有事情要做 have sth to do 4.woth sth is woth doing 5.sth require/want /need doing(=to be done)
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其他类似问题
to do 是“有什么事情需要做”，为主动语态，不是被动语态，而它的被动语态就是to be done，不要弄混淆了哦
to do 常常做是目的，或做宾补，不是被动， to be done 才是被动
扫描下载二维码英语被动语态_百度百科
英语被动语态
被动语态，即不知道动作执行者或强调动作承受者的一种语态。的语态是通过形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：和被动语态。主动语态表示是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。[1]
英语被动语态结构
英语被动语态的构成通常是：“be+done”。但“get+done”也可以构成，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如： The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？
例如：Chinese is spoken by many people. 中文Chinese是动词speak的承受者。被例如中文常说：我被他打，这就是一种被动。但有时由于句子结构上的需要也要用被动，例如It is not unusual for workers in that region to be paid more than a month it 在句中作。而to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”。
英语被动语态语法要点
当要被改成被动的时候，我们把原句的宾语提前，作为该句的主语，主语后置，作为宾语。因此有一点要注意，由于不加宾语，没有被动形式，但不及物动词如果与某些介词构成，可以用被动。例如The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived. Put在此处是不及物动词，但put out是及物动词。
am\is\are+(p.p)
will\be going to
will be +(p.p)
am\is\are+V.ing
am\is\are+being+(p.p)
①was\were②V.ed
was\were+(p.p)
have\has+V.p.p
have\has+been+(p.p)
过去完成时
had+been+(p.p)
过去进行时
was\were+V.ing
was\were+being+(p.p)
情态动词+V.
情态动词+be+(p.p)
英语被动语态句型概述
①（，一般将来时）：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done . 例如： Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为有“引起，产生”的含义，do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象，谓语应当用被动语态。
④ 其他以此类推，可得到结果。
⑤的被动语态：主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词，例如Your teeth must be brushed.
⑥不定式的被动语态：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人。
英语被动语态特殊情况
① 有些动词在主动结构中，后面接不带to的不定式，但如果改为被动，则需把省略的to加上，这类有 [let, make, have,help]和感官动词[feel,see,hear,watch,look at,listen to]，如：The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.
② 含有的主动结构变为被动，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面/也可采用另一种形式，这类动词有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等
③ 不是所有的主动句都可以变换成，更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动句。虽然语法原则上允许主动和被动句的互相转换，但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺或不地道的英语句子。因此，在某些题目里，这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的依据。
例：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.
在这段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van这句被动句强调出读到文章的人最关心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital这句话则说明了孩子被送到医院的事实，至于是由谁（某个过路人？或肇事司机？）送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm这句被动句无须说出treat这个动作的发出者，因为在医院，伤病员自然由医务人员处理，无须啰嗦。这样，这段文章就重点突出，条理清楚了。
④ 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。多是把变为主语。这样句子自然些。变为主语时，间接宾语要变为某个介词的宾语，介词to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改为This house was left (to) him by his father.
⑤ 有些动词虽为及物，但宾语并非是动作承受者，不能转换，这些动词有have, hold（容纳）,suit, fit, lack, become（适合）contain, cost, last, mean, suffice（足够）等。
⑥ 当直接宾语为反身代词、或宾语前有指代主语的时不用被动，如I shook my head.我摇摇头。
⑦ 当宾语为（与主句指同一人），，或一个时不用被动。如John enjoyed seeing the fil,.
⑧ 在一些固定说法中，有些名词和动词结合的固定说法，不能改We Chinese always keep our word.
⑨ 某些从不及物动词转化来的及物动词，直接宾语在表示动作的方式或效果时，这些动词在意思上起的作用，没有被动The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.(这个女孩说了并且亲了他的男朋友）
⑩ 表地点\处所\组织\长度\大小\数量\程度\抽象名词的词做宾语时不用被动.
(11) 某些“不及物动词+介词”短语walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被动。
(12) 某些词用主动表被动：sell, miss, build, grow, smell, taste, sound, feel等
英语被动语态时态问题
1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2.的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3.的被动语态构成：has / have + been +的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4.的被动语态构成：will/shall+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6.的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being +的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7.的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
8.过去将来时的被动语态：would /should+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
He said he would finish the work soon.
He said the work would be finished soon by him.
英语被动语态注意事项
1.不及物动词无被动语态。
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。这些动词主语以物居多，谓语动词一般表示主语的性质和特征。这类动词有许多，如: write, break, selld等。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3.或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 感官动词有smell,sound,taste,fell等。使役动词有let,make,have,help,hear,see,watch,notise,look,listen.
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
His mother gave him a present for his birthday.→ He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，(物)作主语，那么动词后要用，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5.一些用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或。
We can't laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
6.一些表示状态的动词没有被动语态。如：have, belong to等。
英语被动语态变换规则
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：
1. 先找出；
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；
4. 注意人称、和数的变化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.
英语被动语态新兴形式
Get+过去分词也可以构成，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如： The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？
著名学者教授在论文《Get-Passive研究》中指出：Get+过去分词的被动语态是一种新兴的被动语态形式；相对来说它的使用还没有Be+过去分词构成的被动语态那么广泛，一般限于和非正式；但它却有着用得愈来愈多的趋势，是一种生气蓬勃的语言现象。[2]
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．中国知网．[引用日期]
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