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意大利语语法：意大利语最高级形式
意大利语属于印欧语系，罗曼语族，西罗曼语支。意大利语是一门形态变化丰富的语言，学好语法是关键。本系列文章给大家汇集了意大利语语法讲解，一起来学习吧！
What about the most delicious pasta? The ultimate gelato? The absolute superlative expresses the concepts of very, extremely, or most. In Italian, superlatives are formed by adding the suffix -issimo to an adjective or adverb after dropping the final vowel. There are four forms corresponding to gender and number).
FORMING SUPERLATIVES IN ITALIAN
alto (tall)
altissimo, altissima, altissimi, altissime
buono (good)
buonissimo, buonissima, buonissimi, buonissime
veloce (quick)
velocissimo, velocissima, velocissimi, velocissime
There are several adjectives that have irregular comparative and superlative forms.
IRREGULAR ITALIAN ADJECTIVES
COMPARATIVE
ABSOLUTE SUPERLATIVE
alto (high)
superiore (higher)
supremo/sommo (highest)
basso (low)
inferiore (lower)
infimo (lowest)
buono (good)
migliore (better)
ottimo (best)
cattivo (bad)
peggiore (worse)
pessimo (worst)
grande (big)
maggiore (big)
massimo (biggest)
piccolo (small)
minore (smaller)
minimo (smallest)
There are other ways to express the absolute superior that don't require the -issimo form of the adjective. For example, the terms molto (a lot of), tanto (much), estremamente (extremely), or assai (very) can be used before the unchanged adjective. It depends on how dramatic the speaker wants to be! Compare: molto piccolo (very small) and piccolissimo (smallest)&it depends on the context.
NOTE: When forming the absolute superlative of adjectives ending in -co, -go, -ca, and -ga, add an h to the ending before -issimo: ricca/ricchissima, larga/larghissima, stanco/stanchissimo. This is done to maintain the hard &c& or hard &g& sound.
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Long vowels
Short vowels
The letter e
Vowel length
Consonants
Irregular pronunciation
Diacritics
Irregular pronunciation
There are a few types of words that deviate from the pronunciation rules:
The Dutch indefinite article een (English a or an) is written with a
However, this ee is pronounced as a
(as in English e in waited or ''full').
The Dutch word for one is &&n, which is pronounced with a long ee. To make it a long ee, we use an
. Note that this is an exception. Normally, a double ee is pronounced as a long vowel, and does not need accents to make it long.
All adjectives that end in the suffix -lijk
In these words ij is pronounced like English e in waited:
fatsoenlijk
cheerful, happy
ongelooflijk
incredible
begrijpelijk
understandable
Sometimes, the -lijk ending is not a suffix, so it is pronounced with the normal (long) ij:
je hebt gelijk
you are right
All adjectives that end with the suffix -ig
i is pronounced like the English e in waited (or, in Dutch, ):
hooghartig
All words that end in the suffix -tie
This suffix is pronounced as the English tsee:
tolerantie
Where the Dutch say 'tsee', the Flemish only pronounce 'see'.
In the letter combination chtj, the letter t is not pronounced
quietly, gently
'little' fur
'little' sigh
'little' smell, perfume
When the word possesses the letter combination th, we only pronounce t
All adjectives that end in the suffix -isch
We pronounce 'isch' simply as English ies in candies. So why don't the Dutch simply write 'ies'? They have considered this option in the latest spelling revision, but the Dutch appeared to be too attached to the old spelling form. Sticking to the old writing is of course a great compromise to the modern spelling rules, because (1) the letter 'i' is written as a short vowel, but pronounced as a long one and (2) the consonant combination 'sch' is reduced to a simple 's' in spoken language.
islamitisch
idealistisch
idealistic
ego?stisch
In the word terug (back) e is not pronounced. So we say: trug.
Rode and goede
In the words rode (red) and goede (good) the letter d is pronounced as a Dutch j (or English y in Yankee ). This is how it should be pronounced, but not everybody knows that.
In written Dutch, you may come across rooie and goeie, but this is only used in informal texts. The same goes for goeiemorgen (good morning), goeiemiddag (good afternoon), goeienavond (good evening), and goeienacht (good night), which should be written as goedemorgen, goedemiddag, goedenavond, and goedenacht.
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Last updated on June 28, 2008 ::Position of Adjectives
Where an adjective goes in a sentence?
Usually an adjective comes in front of the noun it is describing.
The big balloon floated over the dark sea.
An adjective can also come after a , like to be, and describe the subject of the sentence.
In this case it is called predicate adjective.
The balloon was big.
The sea seems dark.
Comparison of Adjectives
Adjectives have three forms of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative.
Positive degree expresses the quality without comparison.
Comparative degree compares two things or persons.
Superlative degree compares three or more things or persons.
PositiveComparativeSuperlative
largelargerlargest
horriblemore horriblemost horrible
Adjective Comparison
1. Add er and est to short adjectives of one syllable (sometimes two syllables)
PositiveComparativeSuperlative
shortshortershortest
greatgreatergreatest
smallsmallersmallest
oldolderoldest
2. If a short adjective ends with consonant and y, change the y to i and add er and est.
PositiveComparativeSuperlative
luckyluckierluckiest
heavyheavierheaviest
happyhappierhappiest
sillysilliersilliest
uglyuglierugliest
3. If a short adjective ends with e, add r and st.
PositiveComparativeSuperlative
littlelittlerlittlest
finefinerfinest
4. Put more(less) and most(least) in front of longer adjectives (with two or more syllables) to show comparison.
PositiveComparativeSuperlative
appealingless appealingleast appealing
remarkablemore remarkablemost remarkable
beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful
alertmore alertmost alert
If you are uncertain whether to add er and est or to use more and most,
then check dictionary. In most cases, you can trust your ears.
Never use er or est at the same time you use more or most.
These are incorrect: more shorter, most alertest
Irregular Adjectives
Some adjectives are irregular adjectives and don't follow thee rules.
They change form considerably from one degree to the next.
You need to study these changes carefully in order to recognize them easily.
List of irregular adjectives
PositiveComparativeSuperlative
badworseworst
farfurtherfurthest
farfartherfarthest
goodbetterbest
manymoremost
littlelessleast
oldeldereldest
well (healthy)betterbest
Incomparable
Adjectives
Some adjectives cannot be compared because the positive (simplest) form expresses the only degree possible.
List of incomparable adjectives:
perfect, unique, fatal, universal, dead, wrong, straight, blind, final, vertical, right, left